OUTLOOK AFRICA INVESTING IN AFRICA S GROWTH AND HEALTH

Transcription

1 OUTLOOK AFRICA INVESTING IN AFRICA S GROWTH AND HEALTH Summer 2009 Media Partner

2 Total Worldwide A global multi-energy provider Total is the world s fourth-largest publicly-traded integrated oil and gas company 1, with operations in more than 130 countries worldwide spanning all the aspects of the petroleum industry, including Upstream operations (oil and gas exploration, development and production, LNG) and Downstream operations (refining, marketing and the trading and shipping of crude oil and petroleum products). Total is also a world-class chemicals producer (Base chemicals: petrochemicals and fertilizers, and Specialties: rubber processing, resins, adhesives and electroplating) and has interests in the coal-mining and power generation sectors. In addition, Total is helping to secure the future of energy through its commitment to developing renewable energies, such as wind, solar and photovoltaic power and alternative fuels. With more than 95,000 employees worldwide, Total reported sales of billion in A leader in each of the core businesses Upstream: - Exploration and production activities in 42 countries - Producer in 30 countries - Production: 2.36 million barrels of oil equivalent per day - Proved reserves: 11.1 billion barrels of oil equivalent 2 - Proved and probable reserves: 20.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent 3 Downstream: No. 1 Western European Refiner-Marketer 4, No.1 Marketer in Africa 5 Our responsibilities as a manufacturer - Refining capacity: approximately 2.7 million barrels per day - Sales of petroleum products: approximately 3.8 million barrels per day - Retail network: nearly 17,000 service stations - Brands: TOTAL, Elf, Elan, AS 24 Chemicals: Total is one of the world s largest integrated producers 6 and a European or global leader in each of our markets: Petrochemicals and Fertilizers, Specialties. As an international energy provider and chemicals producer, we are directly concerned by major global economic, human resources and environmental issues. We are committed to tangible objectives as part of our corporate social responsibility process, whose procedures, practices and performance are clearly defined and disclosed. Total s main challenges as a manufacturer are sustainably developing energy supply, ensuring the safety of operations and reducing their environmental footprint, helping to combat climate change, respecting and promoting human rights, respecting neighboring communities, and contributing to the development of host countries. Source: 2006 Registration Document 1. Based on market capitalization as of December 31, Based on year-end Brent price of $/b 3. Limited to proved and probable reserves covered by E&P contracts on fields that have been drilled and for which technical studies have demonstrated economic development in a 40$/b Brent environment, including the portion of heavy oil in the Joslyn field developed by mining 4. Company sources, Oil and Gas Journal of December 18, Company sources, PFC Energy, December Company data, based on annual sales

3 OUTLOOK AFRICA INVESTING IN Africa s GROWTH AND HEALTH Report of the second International Policy Summit on Africa co-organised by Friends of Europe, Total, the World Bank and Gallup with media partner Europe s World Summer 2009 Bibliothèque Solvay, Brussels

4 The views expressed in this report are the private views of individuals and are not necessarily the views of the organisations they represent, nor of Friends of Europe, its Board of Trustees, members and partners. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted, provided that full credit is given to Friends of Europe, and provided that any such reproduction, whether in whole or in part, is not sold unless incorporated in other works. This report is printed on recycled paper. Rapporteur: Mike Scott Publisher: Geert Cami Project Director: Nathalie Furrer Project Manager: Ringaile Trakymaite Photographer: David Plas Design & Layout:

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY REMARKS INTRODUCTION CAN WE PROTECT AFRICA FROM THE ECONOMIC CRISIS?...9 Keynote speech: Louis Michel, EU Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid...9 Keeping our promises...11 High stakes Push for the private sector...15 Governance concerns FINE-TUNING EU-AFRICA TRADE AND INVESTMENT...21 Paradigm shift...21 Problem of dependency and lack of skills GETTING AFRICA S INFRASTRUCTURE RIGHT...29 Infrastructure gap...29 Access to energy and water...32 Creating opportunities Problem of perception OVERCOMING AFRICA S HEALTHCARE CHALLENGES...41 A long list...41 Resource mismatch...45 Distribution network...47 Seeking success stories CONCLUSION p 3

6

7 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS It is with great pleasure that we present this report on the second international policy summit that focuses on the African continent, Outlook Africa: Investing in Africa s Growth and Health. It was held at the Bibliothèque Solvay on April 29 & 30, 2009, and brought together an array of expertise from Africa, Europe and the rest of the world. Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis, speakers agreed that now more than ever Africa is poised to play a great role in the new world order. Panellists, along with some 300 of the participants, discussed the impact of the global financial meltdown on African economies, Europe s commitments to the continent and the new era of EU-Africa relations in the aftermath of the 2007 Joint EU-Africa Strategy. The summit s second day looked in detail at three aspects of co-operation between the EU and Africa: trade and investment strategies and opportunities; infrastructure projects, their sustainability, funding and transparency; and finally Africa s healthcare challenges and investment in healthcare infrastructure. We hope this report gives useful insights into our debate on the outlook for Africa, its growth and health. Despite enormous challenges, a growing number of success stories in public and private sectors must not be forgotten. This report offers examples of these. We would certainly encourage you to take part in forthcoming summits on Africa that we see as regular events here in Brussels. Giles Merritt Secretary General Friends of Europe Christian Chavane Vice-President European Affairs Total Shantayanan Devarajan Chief Economist, Africa Region The World Bank Robert Manchin Chairman Gallup Europe p 5

8

9 INTRODUCTION The economic boom that saw the global economy grow dramatically in the years immediately prior to the financial crisis may have been led by and focused on the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China), but Africa got caught up in the excitement, too. The World Bank reports that average growth has been more than 5% a year since 2000 and in 2007, the amount of private capital the continent attracted exceeded the amount of aid for the first time. There have been notable success stories in many countries and in a number of areas, including governance, healthcare, infrastructure and education, but the financial crisis has highlighted the fragility of that growth and Africa s continuing reliance on external aid. It threatens to undo much of the progress that has been made in recent years. African countries, already reeling from the dramatic increase in fuel and food prices in 2008, fear that their Western donors will be unable to meet their commitments on Official Development Assistance (ODA) because of their own economic troubles, which also affect African earnings from exports to the developed world. There has been disagreement over new Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), which the EU says will help develop stronger regional markets and attract investment in key areas such as telecoms, construction and financial services. However, African governments, businesses and workers fear the consequences of having to open 80% of their markets to the economic might of the EU. There are significant gaps in the infrastructure that Africa needs to be able to generate sustainable economic growth and private investors wishing to put money into various projects face considerable obstacles. The continent faces a number of significant challenges to its continued development, including climate change, rapid population growth, water shortages and huge healthcare challenges including not just communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, but also non-communicable conditions such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. p 7

10 Governance and transparency remain problems in many countries and have been exacerbated by the arrival of new players, less prepared to hold African leaders to account than the EU. The importance of the continent to Europe has been thrown into sharp relief by the arrival of this new wave of donors and investors such as China, India, and Malaysia, whose interests in investing in Africa are often different from or in competition with Europe s. Their intrusion into an area that Europe has traditionally considered its own for geographical and historical reasons has shaken up Europe s relations with its southern neighbours. The fact remains, however, that the EU is still, by some distance, the largest donor of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and European companies are among the biggest private donors to Africa. Moreover, Africa and Europe share a strong historical, cultural and language heritage, so links will stay strong for the foreseeable future. Against this backdrop, the second two-day international policy summit Outlook Africa: Investing in Africa s Growth and Health, co-organised by Friends of Europe, Total, the World Bank and Gallup, explored the ways Africa s recent momentum can be continued and how it can cope with global economic turmoil. Q & A with the audience: Eugene Owusu, Senior Advisor for Strategic Africa Partnerships at UN Office in Brussels-UNDP p 8

11 CAN WE PROTECT AFRICA FROM THE ECONOMIC CRISIS? Opening the two-day international policy summit Outlook Africa: Investing in Africa s Growth and Health, Viscount Etienne Davignon, President of Friends of Europe, pointed out that the world is living in difficult times. This does not affect everyone in the same fashion. The weak get hit more than those with more resistance capacity. Development progress is set back and this is dangerous. Keynote speech: Louis Michel, EU Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid Louis Michel, EU Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid, started his keynote address by saying that some might think investing in Africa in the current precarious circumstances would not make good economic sense. It is true that Africa is hit hard by the impact of the crisis in socio-economic terms, he said. However, the crisis also represents an opportunity for Africa: this crisis is hastening the reshuffling of the cards in the world in terms of wealth, power and world governance. With its rich economic and human potential, Africa is poised to play a greater role in this emerging new world order. It is in the economic and political interests of Europe to help it do so. The crisis also represents an opportunity for Africa: this crisis is hastening the reshuffling of the cards in the world in terms of wealth, power and world governance. With its rich economic and human potential, Africa is poised to play a greater role in this emerging new world order. It is in the economic and political interests of Europe to help it do so. Louis Michel EU Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid p 9

12 Africa has returned to the geopolitical arena over the last two decades as globalisation spread, partly because of its tremendous natural resources. It is now in a position to move into the gap vacated by China, India and other emerging economies as they move up the value chain in the way Japan and South Korea had done before them. It can attract low-cost manufacturing and processing activities and find niche markets, Michel added. Africa, the next workshop of the world? This may no longer be a remote dream. Africa is vital to meeting a range of global challenges. Migration, however, is a constant cause of tension between African and European countries. The migration issue is complicated, encompassing illegal African migrants who will risk everything to reach Europe, ageing European societies lacking workers, and migrants who send up to e20bn back to Africa every year. Lastly, there is the brain drain, particularly of health care workers who leave Africa to settle in Europe or the United States. It is a kind of subsidy we receive from developing countries which have invested in educating and training these workers. Given Africa s marginal role in the world economy only 2.5% of global GDP and international trade some might find his analysis excessively positive. True, in the great international geopolitical game, Africa is still a playing field rather than a decisive player. True, African development is hampered by many domestic problems. However, Africa has the potential to change this situation. And given our interdependence with Africa, we in Europe have an interest in helping it. Otherwise others will step in and reap the benefits. In reply to those who criticise the growing influence of China and India in Africa, I would say quite simply that China and India are right. What will make a difference is not ethical arguments, but concrete economic investments. European governments and companies must look at Africa in the same way as others: as a place of opportunities for both, Michel continued. The African Development Bank says that the average growth of over 5% since 2000 will plummet to 2.8% in 2009, with private capital and the value of African exports set to halve in As a result, a number of countries risk falling back into the trap of over-indebtedness from which many have only just managed to emerge and the Millennium Development Goals are in doubt. p 10

13 Europe, he added, has, more than others, mobilised its efforts towards ensuring that the poorest countries, in particular those of Africa, are not the flotsam and jetsam of international recovery schemes. We must help Africa recover the momentum of economic expansion it has been building up for several years. While measures announced at the G20 summit in London would help, they would need to be scaled up. On top of that, for countries affected by a crisis which is not of their making, there is obviously a shocking discrepancy between the $4,000bn for recovery plans and the shortfall of $20bn in the development aid promised at Gleneagles. Keeping our promises The economic recession must not, cannot and will not be used as an excuse or pretext for failing to meet our promises to increase aid, Michel said. The Commission had promised to do more, faster and better. More the EU is by far the world s biggest aid donor and the Commissioner committed to maintain the EU s proposed e3bn increase in Official Development Assistance (ODA). Faster e3bn needs to be released now for the ACP countries in order to safeguard welfare expenditure, and e500m before the end of the year for a new flexibility measure designed to offset losses from our partners falling exports. Better The EU is the first donor to have quantified the cost of "non-europe" in development. Preliminary results show that for the 27 EU member states and the European Commission, this efficiency requirement might result in an annual saving of e5bn to e7bn. The Commission also continues to support the increased participation of Africa in international governance, but Africa's clout on the international scene and capacity to generate endogenous growth will also rest on its ability to further its integration process at both a regional and continental level. The EU-Africa partnership established between Africa and the EU at the Lisbon Summit in December 2007 covers eight themes aimed at fostering African growth. p 11

14 These include improving governance and macro-economic management. This should not be seen as an externally imposed condition but rather as a sine qua non for Africa s own development, Commissioner Michel said. Revenue from natural resources should be better accounted for in national budgets and countries that rely on one or two basic products should set up savings funds in times of prosperity to help them through bad times as Botswana did with its diamond revenues. Preventing tax evasion and guaranteeing security of investment would make it easier to attract foreign investors and international credit. Countries like Rwanda, Ghana, Mauritius or Mali show that governance and economic reforms pay off. Fostering regional integration is also vital. Building regional markets can generate a virtuous circle thanks to the bigger size of markets, economies of scale, the free flow of goods and services, and the harmonisation of rules and standards, the Commissioner stated. The European Union s own experience illustrates the transforming power of regional integration. Europe s support for African regional economic integration comes through Economic Partnership Agreements and aid for trade regional packages, he added. Infrastructure is the backbone of economic development and the lack of access to affordable energy is one of the main obstacles to the development of African business. Electricity prices in West Africa are among the highest in the world, he pointed out, more than double the average price in Europe. Transport costs also weaken African competitiveness. Developing the links between the main infrastructures within and between African regions is therefore the name of the game. Agriculture can become a key asset in Africa s economic development, as the sustained rise in demand for food worldwide provides strong incentives for African farmers to produce and export. But more investment is needed. The stunning example of Malawi, which, some years ago, was still a net importer of agricultural products and is now an exporter, should be duplicated elsewhere in Africa. Technological shortcuts such as the jump directly to mobile communications offer p 12

15 extraordinary economic opportunities for growth and development in Africa, while social business ventures following the model developed by Mohamed Yunus can combine economic development with social welfare and social justice. The poor are not destined to remain poor forever. If they are offered opportunities, they can be entrepreneurs and consumers, the Commissioner pointed out. Above all, we have to change our perception a key factor where investment is concerned and regard Africa as an emerging market in the process of being created, with a middle class developing in several countries and with businesses geared to populations with very low incomes, he concluded. High stakes The stakes are very high and the global economic deterioration has moved much more quickly than anticipated, said Michael Keating, Director of the Africa Progress Panel. As recently as September 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was reported as saying that Africa would probably not be affected by the financial crisis. They are certainly not saying that now. Economic growth rates and progress in poverty reduction are being affected and there is a serious threat of political instability, he added. The degree to which leaders are seen as accountable to their citizens will make a huge difference. We will see certain countries survive better than others regardless of their economic performance. Michael Keating Director, Africa Progress Panel A drop in income means selling household goods, spending a bigger share of money on food, children not going to school, an increase in food insecurity and higher demand for health services, while women are finding themselves under enormous pressure, he pointed out. p 13

16 However, it is important to remember that Africa is not homogenous. The degree to which each country is affected depends on its reliance on exports, particularly commodities, its dependency on aid, remittances and the state of governance. The degree to which leaders are seen as accountable to their citizens will make a huge difference. We will see certain countries survive better than others regardless of their economic performance. James Musoni, Rwanda s Minister for Finance and Economic Planning, agreed, saying that while his country which had demonstrated strong leadership expected GDP growth to drop from 11% to 6%, this would not be as big a fall as in some other countries, which would help Rwanda to mitigate some of the consequences of the crisis such as social unrest. A number of governments have started very concrete talks with donors about what can be done in terms of financial and banking regulations, tax revenues and the like, said Andreas Proksch, Director General for Africa of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), but in other countries, these talks have not even started. Africa needs help to maintain spending on social services such as health and education and to identify investment opportunities. There is a big role for the private sector, with more opportunities and interest than you might imagine, according to Keating. The leadership must come from African leaders themselves, on a national, regional and global scale. A clear example of this leadership came at a meeting of African finance ministers to discuss the financial crisis, said Koen Vervaeke, Head of Delegation, European Union Special Representative to the African Union. They were not just asking for help but also asking what they could do to strengthen their economies. While the G20 summit in April set in place a process for helping Africa, it remains unclear how countries will access the money that was promised. While aid is not the whole answer, it remains important to leverage private capital and political solidarity, p 14

17 therefore recent commitments from the UK and the European Commission to maintain aid levels are important. However, many other countries are wobbling and trying to wriggle out of their commitments, Keating added. Push for the private sector Speaking from the floor, Sean de Cleene of Yara International asked whether there was a way to improve incentives for the private sector to invest in Africa. There is tremendous potential for investment because of the potential returns. How do we promote the private sector as a partner beyond the infrastructure sector? Should we look at further measures such as tax incentives? With the vast majority of Africans engaged in agriculture, it is important to strengthen agricultural value chains by reducing food waste and increasing access to seeds and fertilizer, said Keating. We need to look at how to retain value in the country there are vast opportunities there. Participating in the summit, Christian Meeus, Head of Corporate International Relations with Efico, agreed that agricultural infrastructure is vital and expressed surprise that it had hardly been mentioned. The biggest danger is lack of investment and lack of credit for farmers, along with the lack of stability in export rules. Business could also get more involved in an area that is a bit scary for them governance. It is not just Do no harm business should form partnerships with each other and engage governments to look at how the business environment can be improved. Furthermore, said Viscount Davignon, the questions that foreign investors ask, African investors are asking as well. There should be a community of European and African investors to change the whole outlook of the dialogue. It would make the dialogue with governments and political institutions much easier and would eliminate the barrier between foreign and local investors. p 15

18 Minister Musoni said that the continent s recent growth record had been strong his country s 11.2% growth in 2008 came on the back of strong economic management, which attracted large amounts of private capital. Another recent landmark was that in 2007, for the first time, Africa attracted more private capital than aid. This trend is being reversed by events elsewhere. Africa is less integrated with the global economy than other emerging markets and it is likely to be worse hit by the crisis. We were already coping with the fallout from the increase in food and oil prices, the minister said. Not only are stock markets down by some 40%, but export receipts have been hit by the fall in commodity prices and remittances from Africans working overseas, which had seen double digit growth every year since 1990, are expected to fall by 4.4% in 2009 from 2008 s $20bn. While aid increased significantly in 2008, it was still $20bn short of the commitments made at Gleneagles in 2005, which were made when the economy globally was more robust. If we are to sustain strong growth, we need inclusive economic development across the whole world. When you create imbalance, it cuts growth. It is high time we looked at an inclusive approach to addressing this crisis. James Musoni Rwanda s Minister for Finance and Economic Planning The net result is that forecasts for the growth of the African economy have dropped from 6% to 2.4% and while this looks very healthy compared to the developed world, for low income countries this creates a lot of impact. Countries are failing to sustain investment in social infrastructure such as health, education and other basic necessities, Musoni pointed out. He was feeling frustrated after meetings with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank because after the promises of the G20 summit, we p 16

19 were expecting clear action programmes but there are no extra commitments for low-income countries (LICs). They have only said they will front-load existing arrangements. Because revenues have gone down, countries do not have the capacity to meet their budgetary obligations, infrastructure projects are being delayed and job creation is coming to a halt. The IMF s decisions on borrowing essentially mean that LICs cannot access the funds, he claimed. If we are to sustain strong growth, we need inclusive economic development across the whole world. When you create imbalance, it cuts growth. It is high time we looked at an inclusive approach to addressing this crisis, he concluded. Governance concerns Commissioner Michel regretted that Africa had not been included in the G20 re-launch plan, but it was politically impossible. It would have been easier to convince the other rich countries to help Africa if they were able to have more trust in African governance. We have to tell African governments and their citizens that they also have a responsibility. In Rwanda, for example, you very quickly feel confidence because they have systematic processes in place and you can talk to them. There is no problem of good governance. We have to link political dialogue, governance progress and budget support. Budget support, which has doubled under Michel s mandate, is important, because it strengthens our relationship with partner countries significantly. The budget indeed reflects a country's fundamental policy choices and priorities. Combined with public finances capacity building, it allows countries to build up good governance. Proksch of GTZ started his comments with an African proverb. When the elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers and when the elephants love each other, it is also the grass that suffers. What this means is that, especially in times of crisis, there is a tendency to forget about the weakest partners in the world community. So far this has not happened but it is clear that in reference to the title of the session we cannot protect Africa from the economic crisis because we cannot even protect p 17

20 our own countries. Germany s economy is forecast to shrink by 6% in 2009, for example. Furthermore, it is not our role to protect Africa. It is the role of African leaders and governments. For us [in the West], the question is: Can we support them and to what extent? It is not our role to protect Africa. It is the role of African leaders and governments. For us [in the West], the question is: Can we support them and to what extent? Andreas Proksch Director General for Africa, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) There is tremendous concern in the ministries of Africa that aid is going down in spite of the commitments that have been made. African governments are afraid that the West will have such severe economic problems that it will not be able to meet its commitments, Proksch said. Commissioner Michel s confirmation that this would not be the case for the EU is good news, he added. The immediacy of the crisis has meant that very little thought has been given to what will happen in two or three years time, Proksch stated. Once the first tide is over, many countries might find themselves back where they started. This crisis might erase two decades of development co-operation, especially when it comes to debt. We need a group of wise people from Europe and Africa to think about levels of debt sustainability and the long-term needs of Africa. There are no safety nets in Africa, said EU s Envoy to the African Union Vervaeke, when it comes to policy, society and security issues. But he added that whatever we do to stabilise our own economic and financial sectors will help Africa, though this is not sufficient. The risk is that we leave aside the most vulnerable developing countries. The EU is not just talking about Africa, he explained a lot is going on. Honouring our official development aid is a credibility test for the EU and its member states. If we p 18

21 continue on track, that will mean an extra e20bn, of which half will go to Africa. Front-loading, or releasing money earlier than foreseen, is important because it is important to act now. Vervaeke also highlighted the EU s responsibilities on global trade, resisting protectionism and concluding the Doha round of trade talks, as well as continuing to encourage African economic integration. There is recognition that we cannot help Africa without listening to Africa and hearing what their priorities are. Honouring our official development aid is a credibility test for the EU and its member states. Koen Vervaeke Head of Delegation, EU Special Representative to the African Union The EU has developed a completely different way of working with Africa, not just on development aid but also on infrastructure and governance issues. The quality of this partnership should attract other partners such as China and India and we should be open to that. Speakers and moderators meeting before the session p 19

22 Africa Conference Report_CS3.indd 20 7/10/09 9:43:51 AM

23 FINE-TUNING EU-AFRICA TRADE AND INVESTMENT In the opening session of the second day of the summit, João Aguiar Machado, European Commission Deputy Director General for Trade and Chief Negotiator for the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), acknowledged that there had been a great deal of polemic around the EPAs, the chief instrument of EU trade policy with Africa. He pointed out that the background to their introduction was the acceptance by both sides that 20 years of development aid and preferential access to EU markets for African countries had not led to diversification of African economies and African exports to the EU were losing ground in relation to other developing economies. Charles Dan, Regional Director for Africa, International Labour Organisation (ILO), said that Africa s share of imports to the EU in 1975 was 7%, but this figure fell to 3% by Paradigm shift There was a common realisation that a shift in paradigm was needed to address issues that 20-year-old policies had been unable to address. The idea that the EU was imposing the EPAs could not have been further from the truth, Aguiar Machado said. The EPAs would offer duty free, quota free access to EU markets which no other trading partner has but this would go alongside policy reforms and the adoption of rules on services and investment which was crucial to attract foreign investors to Africa. The EPAs are organised on a regional basis because individual markets were not big enough to offer economies of scale and provide a sizeable consumer base. Negotiations started in 2002 and the talks faced a deadline at the end of 2007 because the EU could not any longer provide preferential market access due to obligations p 21

24 under World Trade Organisations (WTO) rules. The ACP countries were advised not to agree to anything because the EU would eventually find alternative solutions to the EPAs but there were and there are no other solutions. These agreements [EPAs] are an instrument for development. However, it has to be done in the context of a number of rules. We have to create a business climate that will attract investment to Africa. João Aguiar Machado European Commission Deputy Director General for Trade and Chief Negotiator for the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) There had been suggestions that there was no need to worry about the WTO, but the EU is one of the major trading partners in the world. We have a fundamental interest in the WTO system working and being respected. We could not have a situation where we were offering trade preferences to Africa illegally. It would have been irresponsible. A considerable amount of the ill-feeling arose because the talks had to be concluded speedily by the end of 2007 they ended with a number of interim EPAs being signed so that the EU could continue offering ACPs preferential access all the while complying with WTO rules, but a number of issues could not be resolved, including services, investment, and trade facilitation. This meant that the EPAs became essentially agreements about trade of goods. However, negotiations have continued and some of these subjects have been addressed. The interim agreements adjusted some of the provisions to meet the concerns of the ACP countries. This has been done quite successfully, Aguiar Machado claimed, with agreements ready to be signed with various regions by the summer of I think there is a commitment from both sides to pursue and complete the negotiations and the financial crisis makes this even more pressing, he said. However, he emphasised that the EU was not looking for trade agreements that gave it access p 22

25 to ACP markets. These agreements are an instrument for development. However, it has to be done in the context of a number of rules. We have to create a business climate that will attract investment to Africa, he reiterated. He pointed out that we should not expect that all development challenges would be solved through the EPAs. EPAs are instruments for development and they will help the continent, but they will not provide solutions to every development problem Africa faces. Speaking from the floor, Dieter Frisch, Special Adviser at the European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP states and Former Director General for Development, pointed out that the previous system Aguiar Machado referred to had not failed because of the regime but because of supply constraints, problems of competition and a lack of diversification in African economies. While accepting that free trade agreements were inevitable because of WTO constraints, he suggested that the important factor in the new approach is the push for regional integration. We have been trying to help Africa structurally at a regional level for decades to become more competitive and it has not succeeded. The EPAs oblige us to go in that direction. I am much more prudent on the reciprocal agreements, he added. I would advise extreme flexibility in terms of opening markets. It is more true now in the crisis where economies are consolidating and restructuring in a regional context is indispensable. However, Africa had actually benefited to a certain extent from not being too closely integrated into the world system, particularly in the financial sector. The banking system has been almost insulated, which shows that it is important that this process goes very gradually. The two key factors are to rebuild the regional approach and to increase food security, Frisch asserted. These countries must be helped to use their potential to produce their own food. We know there will be structural problems in food production in the p 23

26 next 20 years and it is irresponsible if we, for ideological reasons of liberalisation by all means, under-use the agricultural potential that is almost everywhere in Africa. Aguiar Machado agreed with this analysis, adding that EPAs can assist in boosting economies by strengthening regional development and acting as a catalyst for domestic economic reforms. Just opening EU markets without reforms does not deliver. Trade and investment are two of the most important requirements for a fair globalisation, said Dan of ILO, but they must be analysed against the backdrop of the financial crisis. Africa has been hard hit by the fall in commodity prices and liquidity shortages, with the African Development Bank predicting that export revenues will drop by $251bn in 2009 and $277bn in As a result, stocks of foreign reserves are running dangerously low, with the Democratic Republic of Congo having only a few weeks worth of reserves and struggling to import basic products such as food, medical supplies and agricultural inputs. Giles Merritt, Secretary General of Friends of Europe, co-moderating the debate, asked to what extent the EU and the UN are stepping in to help countries with low reserves. Before the G20, he pointed out, African finance ministers had highlighted the fact that $50bn was needed in 2009 and $56bn in 2010 if the situation did not improve and cited the frustration expressed by Rwanda s finance minister James Musoni in the first session about gaining access to this money. Problem of dependency and lack of skills The crisis has illustrated the importance of the IMF written off as irrelevant a year ago and the multilateral system in general, Dan said. The main lesson of this crisis for Africa is that our model of development has for too long been dependent on the outside world. The key transmission channels for the crisis highlight this, he pointed out. Commodity prices, foreign investment, remittances, Official Development Assistance, and tourism this is a situation where the African development process is linked too much to the outside world. p 24

27 Africa needs more localisation, more confidence in African products, more intra-african trade and better regional integration if Africa is to benefit from a fair process of globalisation. When you ask people what is important, they do not have an ideological view on globalisation. They ask how it is going to affect them. Will I be able to get a decent job? We should not see trade and investment in isolation, but look at their impact on employment creation and poverty alleviation. Charles Dan Regional Director for Africa International Labour Organisation (ILO) Why is the ILO involved in the debate on trade and investment, Dan asked. Because two of its three constituents employers and workers had expressed their concerns about EPAs. Workers are worried that drops in tariff revenues will affect social expenditure in areas such as health and education, with the knock-on effect on jobs while employers are concerned about the adjustment costs that will come from more open competition, he said. Workers and employers had been insufficiently involved in the negotiations, he noted. We need a more participatory approach, more social dialogue and a deeper analysis of the agreements and their impact, Dan continued. Trade and investment issues are linked to employment, he explained. When you ask people what is important, they do not have an ideological view on globalisation. They ask how it is going to affect them. Will I be able to get a decent job? We should not see trade and investment in isolation, but look at their impact on employment creation and poverty alleviation. Jean-François Lassalle, Vice-President Public Affairs for Exploration and Production at Total, said the company, one of the biggest private investors in Africa, is present in 48 of Africa s 53 countries. The continent is responsible for one third of the company s production but more than a third of its reserves, so it is growing in importance, he explained. p 25

28 Total is the biggest producer in Sub-Saharan Africa and the most diversified of the oil majors in Africa, with exploration and production facilities in 10 countries. It is also involved in five refineries and has 15% of the African market. Doing business in Africa requires strong sustainable development policies in a range of areas. These include security, where all staff receive training on human rights issues and respect for local populations, and the environment, where Total is part of the Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative, which requires a 50% cut in gas flaring by We are also leading on ethics and transparency, Lassalle said. We are members of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. We think it is very important that everyone knows how much we are paying in taxes so governments are accountable. It is good for them because it brings in more investment and it is good for us because it stabilises our investment in the long term. It is vital to have African people in charge of their futures, so we work hard on developing skills within the company. Jean-François Lassalle Vice-President Public Affairs, Exploration and Production Total Another anti-corruption measure is encouraging the use of local contractors, rather than having things done in Europe or South Korea. The idea is that local content prevents corruption through contracting out. It is vital to have African people in charge of their futures, so we work hard on developing skills within the company, Lassalle added. Total has 162 African managers working around the world, who will return to their own countries with valuable skills. What do the resource industries want from the European Commission, given that they p 26

29 are now working in competition with not just other companies but state actors as well, asked co-moderator Peter Guest, Editor of the magazine This is Africa, a publication of the Financial Times. We don t expect anything, except that we can do business in fair competition with our rivals, Lasalle said. When US companies started investing in Africa, we were anxious, but at least they were playing by the same rules. With some newcomers, the game has become quite different. Where we are being hindered from investing in difficult countries such as Sudan and Zimbabwe, companies from some countries do not hesitate to fill the gaps. I would suggest that the EU allows us to invest within an ethical framework rather than prohibit us outright. The Opening Panel in session at the Bibliothèque Solvay p 27

30 Why aid to Africa must increase In rich countries, when economic growth declines by three or four percentage points, people lose their jobs and possibly their houses, but they regain them when the economy rebounds. In poor African countries, children get pulled out of school and miss out on becoming productive adults. In some cases, children die before they have a chance to go to school. If the current growth collapse is typical of the ones Africa has experienced in the past, an additional African children may die before their first birthday. In short, the effects of the global recession on Africa will be permanent. So the idea that aid may be threatened because of the recession in rich countries seems to have the logic backwards. Precisely because the effects in rich countries are temporary, resources should go to places where they may be permanent. Of course, there are political pressures to spend domestically. But do politicians in rich countries really think that a few more votes are worth more than the lives of the infants who will die as a result of the recession? Furthermore, the relatively modest sum spent on aid to Africa in the past decade was at least partly responsible for the continent s rapid growth. From , aid to Africa was increasing and economic growth was accelerating (to over 6 percent in 2007); poverty was declining and human development, especially primary school completion rates and the spread of HIV/AIDS, was improving. African countries had strengthened their macroeconomic policies inflation had dropped to half its level in the mid-1990s so that aid was more productive. Private capital was flowing in at a faster rate than in any other continent. All of these developments have come to a grinding halt because of the global economic crisis a crisis that was not remotely the fault of Africans. By increasing aid to Africa, the international community has a chance to reverse this trend and prevent a temporary shock from having permanent consequences. This article is taken from Shanta Devarajan World Bank Chief Economist for Africa s blog Africa Can End Poverty. You can react to this message and read more comments on the Financial Crisis and Africa by going to

31 GETTING AFRICA S INFRASTRUCTURE RIGHT The context for infrastructure investment in Africa has changed dramatically in the last six months because of lower budget resources in African countries, lower private sector investment and a possible decline in ODA, said Thierry de Longuemar Vice- President for Finance of the African Development Bank (AfDB). Infrastructure at both local and regional level is at the heart of the AfDB s work, making up almost 60% of its resources, he added. Over the last three years, the bank has spent $7.5bn on energy and transport projects, including a major road between Cameroon and Nigeria part of the Trans-Africa Highway project and a five-country energy pool interconnection in the Great Lakes region. Before the financial crisis, for the first time in 20 years, Africa had enjoyed sustained economic growth comparable to other developing countries. By 2007, unprecedented levels of ODA, at $104bn, private sector inflows ($53bn) and remittances of $20bn were flowing into the continent, but Africa s recent economic achievements are threatened and there is a real danger that poverty will fast increase and the gains of the last decade will be erased, he said. Economic growth was forecast to shrink from 6% in 2008 to under 3% in 2009, the lowest rate since Africa should follow the lead of the developed countries, which have rolled out billions of dollars of stimulus spending to avoid economic depression, much of it going towards infrastructure. It is vital that Africa continues to stimulate infrastructure development, which is a critical tool to boost growth on the continent. Infrastructure gap A recent study estimated that Africa suffers from an $80bn infrastructure gap, split between investment and maintenance. If this gap was filled, it could add two percentage p 29

32 points to Africa s GDP and improve productivity by 40%, de Longuemar said. Traditional donors have so far remained committed to funding infrastructure projects, particularly through the Infrastructure Consortium for Africa, but private sector funding, whose role had been growing, is in danger of dropping away again because of the liquidity problems and higher cost of capital caused by the financial crisis. Lack of access to electricity is the main constraint to economic growth, the AfDB Executive explained. Closing the African power infrastructure gap will require spending of $29bn per year for the next 10 years. There are three key challenges in finding the extra credit to fund projects, he added. First, a strong project pipeline is needed in anticipation of the eventual recovery; second, existing assets must be maintained and finally there is a need to enhance political and regulatory reforms. The real challenge is to lay the groundwork for Africa to benefit when the crisis ends in fact we could be on the verge of a golden age for infrastructure in Africa. Thierry de Longuemar Vice-President for Finance African Development Bank (AfDB) The AfDB s $1.5bn emergency liquidity facility allows it to step in to ensure that ongoing projects are not abandoned, as it did recently with a e70m loan to support an airport project in Tunisia. Investing in infrastructure has always been important to the EU, says Stefano Manservisi, European Commission Director General for Development, and the Commission has invested e800m a year in African infrastructure with an equivalent amount invested by the European Investment Bank (EIB). We have always believed infrastructure was a key component of our work. It is vital for development and in the fight against poverty. p 30

33 European investment takes a two-pronged approach, with the Commission offering grants and the EIB offering soft loans, to fund more bankable projects. Europe s plan for investing in African infrastructure follows similar lines to EU integration. We are looking at a trans-african network. It is not just about infrastructure. Africa needs interconnected markets and a sustainable network for economic activity, the Director General asserted. Integration was the way for us to respond to the crisis and it is the way for Africa as well. We are looking at a trans-african network. It is not just about infrastructure. Africa needs interconnected markets and a sustainable network for economic activity. Integration was the way for us to respond to the crisis and it is the way for Africa as well. Stefano Manservisi European Commission Director General for Development Using both grants and loans means that grant money can be multiplied at least five times, creating more flexibility and allowing the creation of more sophisticated instruments to address needs that differ across the continent. As the biggest donor in the world, Europe needs to have a range of tools at its disposal. Investing counter-cyclically will help to offset some of the effects of the financial crisis, but it is important not to try to do everything there is so much to do. Instead, the EU is focusing on the corridor across the eight countries where there are missing links; five regional power pools where investment will accelerate the production of energy and three important ICT investments. One of these is an interconnection between Africa and Europe. To be linked at a continental level matters. There is also a satellite observation project that will allow better observation of what is going on in terms of issues such as climate change and the African Internet Exchange System. These are not luxuries look at the role mobile phones have played in interconnecting the continent and fighting poverty. p 31

34 Access to energy and water The real challenge is to lay the groundwork for Africa to benefit when the crisis ends in fact we could be on the verge of a golden age for infrastructure in Africa, de Longuemar of the AfDB said. Half of all Africans do not have access to water and about 70% lack access to electricity. To end this situation, African countries would have to spend at least 10% of their GDP on infrastructure. Is this realistic? Access to energy is a precondition for every single one of the Millennium Development Goals from improving access to water to child mortality. Let s just take the first goal, the eradication of poverty. Energy is needed to develop industry, which is needed to create jobs, which is necessary to alleviate poverty, Helena Bambasová, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, said. This [speaking of increasing energy efficiency] is something we in Europe are good at and it would be useful for us to share our know-how. Helena Bambasová Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic For development co-operation our [the Czech Presidency s] headline was Access to Sustainable Sources of Energy at a Local Level, she added. Just 19% of rural areas have access to electricity, a figure that drops to 8% in sub-saharan Africa and that includes South Africa. This compares with 45% access in developing countries in South Asia. Participating in the summit, Dirk Hendricks, Director of the EU Liaison Office of the World Future Council, said that the answer to the African energy crisis is renewables, which can be encouraged by the establishment of feed-in tariffs that can give investors the security they need. Nor should investors be put off by the extreme poverty of the people they will be providing services for. The mobile sector shows that poor people are willing and able to pay for reliable services that enhance their standard of living. p 32

35 Gender equality is another area where access to energy can make a big difference, Deputy Minister Bambasová said. It is traditional for women to spend up to half a day collecting wood and creating energy in a very traditional way. If they had more time, they would be able to get access to education and income-producing activities. Much progress could be made simply by decreasing losses and increasing the efficiency of the existing energy system. This is something we in Europe are good at and it would be useful for us to share our know-how, she added. Pekka Haavisto MP, Finnish Foreign Minister s Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa and Sudan, Former Minister for Development Co-operation and Former EU Special Representative to Sudan, had recently returned from Mogadishu where they definitely need infrastructure investments. Investors see places such as Mogadishu or Sudan and they get a desperate picture of the whole continent being in crisis war, famine, AIDS, crisis. They see this and think this is a risky place to invest in. We should not ask why China is in Africa, but why we are not, to the same extent. Pekka Haavisto MP Finnish Foreign Minister s Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa and Sudan Former Minister for Development Co-operation and Former EU Special Representative to Sudan However, there has been stable growth in many African countries, with the energy exporters in particular enjoying very rapid growth. Africa is worth investing in and there are advantages to being the first to invest in areas such as energy or telecoms. It is inevitable that investors will ask questions about transparency, corruption and political stability, but we have to answer these questions situation by situation some countries have these problems and others do not. Haavisto highlighted some of the issues around ethics in Africa including the restrictions on investing in Sudan. The Sudanese say: you threaten us with political or economic p 33

36 From left to right: Andreas Proksch, Director General for Africa of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and EU Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid Louis Michel

37

38 sanctions but your investments are at such a low level compared with China, India or Malaysia these are our real friends. Our real influence is not that high. It is good for Europe to see this side of the story, he added. We should not ask why China is in Africa, but why we are not, to the same extent. However, Africa needs to be aware of problems such as climate change and the need to adapt to it, said Vittorio Prodi MEP, Chairman of the European Parliament Delegation for Relations with South Africa. Mitigation of global warming is a common interest. The cost of doing this is an order of magnitude less than inaction. There is no other choice. Vittorio Prodi MEP Chairman European Parliament Delegation for Relations with South Africa And while he agreed with the European Commission s plan to auction emissions allowances, he said that the plan lacks an equitable clause that takes into account developing countries. The present average emissions per person per year is five tonnes, he stated, and that needs to come down to one tonne per year by However, the average emissions for Africans are 0.2 tonnes per year, which creates an opportunity to cut emissions and help Africa to cope with the changing climate. We should give free allowances in line with the principle that one person gets one allowance, so that everyone has an equal right to use natural resources, Prodi explained. This would bring on to the market 800m tonnes of CO 2, providing revenue at present CO 2 prices of 15bn- 20bn per year. It would recognise the importance of the contribution of the industrialised countries to greenhouse gases and that developing countries were the least responsible. This is p 36

39 essential for a global consensus. If we do not reach a global consensus at Copenhagen, it is useless. The money raised could be used to fight desertification, to implement sustainable land management and agriculture projects and to improve access to water. It is also vital to fight deforestation, which is responsible for 20% of emissions, Prodi added. With a little bit of money to pay people to preserve forests, deforestation could be substantially decreased. This would increase awareness in African countries and ultimately bring a sense of the interdependence we now have. But surely in the current recession, environmental issues are just too expensive, said Guest. Mitigation of global warming is a common interest, replied Prodi. The cost of doing this is an order of magnitude less than inaction. There is no other choice. Creating opportunities It is important, in times of recession, to focus on creating employment for Africa s young, he explained. This is linked to immigration and the brain drain. We cannot afford a new wave of immigrants leaving because they have no jobs in their own country. Another important trend is the environment. People in the West say that the poor have no time to think about the environment, but when your livelihood depends entirely on the environment and it affects every aspect of your everyday life, you respond very positively to environmental challenges and this is the case in Africa. We have many new technologies that could help them and we should develop them together with Africa. Robert Tortora, Regional Research Director for Sub-Saharan Africa at Gallup, said it is important for African governments, donor governments, business and NGOs to know the views of ordinary Africans. If government is by the people, for the people and of the people, then governments should know what people are thinking. p 37

40 He gave an example of why it is important an aid agency installed a borehole in a village in East Africa, with the aim of reducing the amount of time the women of the village had to spend collecting water. However, the women did not use it. When asked why, they said that collecting the water was their social time and if they used the borehole their husbands would just send them out into the fields. Even though it was a good project, it was not used because no-one asked the end users their opinions. Gallup asked people in sub-saharan Africa what the most important issues were for their government to tackle. The most important issue was not electricity, it was not roads, it was not housing it was jobs and unemployment. Robert Tortora Regional Research Director for Sub-Saharan Africa Gallup Gallup asked people in sub-saharan Africa what the most important issues were for their government to tackle. The most important issue was not electricity, it was not roads, it was not housing it was jobs and unemployment. when it came to the Millennium Development Goals, the highest-ranked, unsurprisingly, were reduction of poverty and hunger, but creating jobs for young people came third, above infant mortality. If we are going to put infrastructure into sub-saharan Africa, we have to think about how that infrastructure creates jobs in the local region, Tortora said. Problem of perception Akere Muna, Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors of Transparency International (TI) and Founder and Former President of TI in Cameroon, started with a story to illustrate perceptions of Africa. Two engineering students become friends at university, one from Africa, one from Europe. They return to their home countries and both rise to become ministers of works. They meet 10 years later in Europe and the African visits the European minister s sumptuous home. How can you afford this home on your salary? he asks. p 38

41 You see that road outside? We re sitting in 10% of it, his friend replies. A couple of years later, they meet again in Africa and the European goes to lunch at the African s palatial residence. How can you afford this? he asks. You see that road outside? the African replies. There is no road, his guest says. You re sitting in it, the African states. This is how people see Africa, Muna said. All types of infrastructure need money, but you have to look at the governance structure as well, Muna said. Where people talked about democracy and human rights up to the 1990s, now the talk is of governance and corruption. This is not surprising. There are 17 elections in the next two years, Muna said. These are issues investors will look at. Cameroon has 200 political parties, he pointed out, but no accountable government so we have not even started. If you start pumping money into Africa without adequate governance structures, it will go nowhere. To have adequate governance structures, you have to be relevant to the people. Akere Muna Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors Transparency International However, Europeans lecturing Africans on governance should beware. I will show you BA, Siemens, Parmalat. Look at the salaries your CEOs earn. It is important for Europe to take a look at its banks. When a bank takes in $50m a year from an African leader, we know it is not a salary. Yes, someone is giving the money, but someone is taking it, too. There may be a corrupt African leader, but the investment banks are accomplices they are handling stolen goods. We need to start talking about what happens to the stolen cash, he asserted. However, Africa should not necessarily be looking to Europe for guidance. As Gandhi said, we must be the example we seek. Speaking from the floor, Stephen Katenta-Apuli, Uganda s Ambassador to the EU, pointed out that one way the Chinese avoid corruption is to build the infrastructure p 39

42 themselves. Why can Europe not do that? he asked. Why not invest in European investors willing to do joint ventures with African companies? It would be more appropriate and acceptable to your taxpayers. However, Haavisto emphasized that this approach does not leave any skills behind. There may be resentment that local people are being denied access to jobs they see as rightfully theirs, added Tortora. With new investors entering the market, often without conditionality, to what extent does the development potential of infrastructure outweigh the governance issues, asked co-moderator Peter Guest, Editor of This is Africa. We do not make a link between aid and governance, Muna replied, but if you start pumping money into Africa without adequate governance structures, it will go nowhere. To have adequate governance structures, you have to be relevant to the people. That is why Europe is focusing much more now on civil society. Manservisi took a provocative line, saying we should stop talking about conditionality and talk instead about participation with mutual accountability if we want to be effective and stop using double standards. Another issue with conditionality is cost, added de Longuemar. A World Bank study had shown that imposing conditions increased costs by basis points. There is a huge cost attached to conditionality and there may be an opportunity to think again about this impact in this time of scarcity. But Haavisto pointed out that this was taxpayers money, so they wanted it to be spent effectively. Taxpayers are becoming more and more critical when they put their money towards these projects and they do not see results. p 40

43 OVERCOMING AFRICA S HEALTHCARE CHALLENGES A long list Luís Gomes Sambo, Regional Director for Africa at the World Health Organisation (WHO), outlined the continent s challenges. Sub-Saharan Africa faces not just a high prevalence of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, but also an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, cancer and diabetes. There are also serious public health problems related to the current levels of child and maternal mortality, he added. Not enough progress has been made in dealing with communicable diseases and maternal and child mortality, despite global and national commitments to fight these problems. Tuberculosis was spreading because of the co-infection with HIV and the emergence of an ultra-resistant strain in Southern Africa. Meanwhile, malaria remains a major public health problem with a very high impact on mobility and mortality, especially among pregnant women and the under-5s. While child mortality rates have improved thanks to routine immunisation and other public health interventions, maternal mortality rates are not improving, with about deaths per live births, the highest in the world. Africa is also prone to epidemics. About half the region is fighting cholera, for example. We still have a lot to do to improve the health situation. This is the responsibility of governments, but international health partners and national communities have a role to play. The private sector is also a very important partner. The key focus is to improve the strength of Africa s health systems, Sambo said. Without improving the performance of health systems that are able to deliver p 41

44 Total is present in sub-saharan Africa through over 40 subsidiaries and about employees and dependants. The Group is actively fighting against malaria, a scourge in this area with around 60% of the cases and 80% of the deaths worldwide. FIGHT AGAINST MALARIA : Total s Commitment in Africa Control procedures have been set up in the relevant subsidiaries to prevent malaria cases in the non-immune population, to reduce the malaria transmission in the semi-immune population, and to minimise the serious outcomes from all malaria cases through early diagnosis and effective treatment. The procedures apply to all company personnel and dependants, contractor employees, and business visitors. Two guidebooks aimed at a broad audience were sponsored by Total. The first one, the Practical Guidebook for the Corporate Fight against Malaria, released in 2007, aims to enable each company to design its own programme, according to its means, its objectives and the environment in which it is integrating. The second one, issued at the beginning of 2009, is specifically designed for heads ands members of local NGOs and p 42

45 communities. Total also contributed financially to the public-private partnership Bed-Nets to Zambia, which provided anti-malarial bed-nets for distribution throughout the country and 2009 have been declared official Years of Fight against Malaria in African downstream subsidiaries. The objective is to improve awareness of malaria risks amongst employees and their dependants and amongst the wider community through campaigns in Total service-station networks. In 2008, treated bed-nets were distributed to employees, along with guidebooks and more than 1.3 million leaflets to the communities through the service-station networks, some of them being translated into local languages. Campaigns were often echoed by local media. A new campaign was launched in April 2009 with educational materials and awarenessraising media, including a game, the Mousticator, as the cornerstone. In order to target a wide public, this game has multiple purposes: Serve peer educators if they wish to organise awareness-raising sessions with subsidiary staff and their dependants. Also enable family games for the staff and their children. Mobilise retail teams to organise demonstrations in some service stations. NIGERIA: Total Service Stations Join the Fight against HIV/AIDS Following a test run in Lagos in 2007, Phase 2 of the project was conducted in 2008 in four other major cities, using the same approach and with the same success. In each population centre, Total service station customers could obtain health information and be tested for HIV/AIDS. The campaign had 2 priorities: expanding awareness of the risks and combating the still widespread stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS. Phase 3 began in December in Calabar, in the Niger Delta, where the focus was on low-income populations who could not afford screening or locate a testing centre on their own. More than people in total were tested confidentially in 2008 through these campaigns, which will be extended to the country s rural areas in p 43

46 universal access to essential health care, it will be difficult to make progress. Much can be done to make health systems more efficient, but they are currently underfunded. Investment is needed to improve access to technology, medicines and vaccines, and to encourage more research relevant to the health issues Africa faces. We also need to invest more in human resources. African countries are training a high level of health professionals but it is difficult to retain them because of working conditions, low salaries and lack of motivation. We need to address the brain drain in a more comprehensive and ethical manner. Investment in health is investing in development. There is no development without healthy people, he concluded. All roads begin and end with health, said Dana Hovig, Chief Executive Officer of Marie Stopes International. Elsewhere in this summit I have heard about infrastructure, energy and the $100 laptop, but if you are lying sick in hospital, you don t have much chance to enjoy that infrastructure. Many of the diseases Africa is most affected by had, until recently, seen no new science for years but in recent years the amount of money going into global healthcare from organisations such as the Gates Foundation has changed the landscape completely, co-moderator Anya Sitaram, Executive Producer of Rockhopper TV and Former Presenter of BBC World News, pointed out. A lot of money has gone into new medicines and vaccines but there are still problems with fragmented health infrastructure. A World Bank report also revealed the fragility of many of the financial mechanisms Africa relies on. It pointed out that antiretroviral treatment for 1.7m people had been interrupted because of the global recession, with 70% of those being treated in Africa affected. It shows how much of the money for these treatments is coming from external funding, Sitaram said. After the many successes that have been achieved in the last few years, we face huge obstacles now. p 44

47 Resource mismatch There is a massive mismatch in Sub-Saharan Africa, Hovig pointed out. The region has 11% of the world s population, but 24% of the global burden of disease and only 1% of healthcare spending. Millennium Development Goal 5 on maternal and reproductive health is the least likely to be achieved, he added mothers die every year and we can do something about that. We often look for the next big drug, vaccine or new health technology, but we have the technologies and products to make a difference today to the health of women and children around the world mothers die every year and we can do something about that. We often look for the next big drug, vaccine or new health technology. We have the technologies and products, but we just don t deliver. Dana Hovig Chief Executive Officer Marie Stopes International Making more use of the private sector offers the opportunity to deliver better services, he added. I am not talking about poor people paying for healthcare. I m talking about harnessing the private sector to deliver services. Africa s private healthcare sector is vibrant, delivering most malaria treatments, for example, while 75% of doctors in Uganda and Nigeria work exclusively in the private sector. In most countries, poor people mostly go to the private sector for health services. They are telling us who they trust and where we should be investing but I don t think we are listening. Why are we not harnessing the private sector? he asked. While there is much talk of budget support and investing in state-run health systems, little is said about contracting out, yet Europe s health systems are largely based on the delivery of services by contracted-out GPs and the same system is used in Asia to deliver services on behalf of governments. In Africa, we are promoting an ideology of state delivery of health services at the expense of women. p 45

48 Poverty is the dominant determinant of health in Africa. What services can a pregnant woman access on less than $1 a day? Luís Gomes Sambo Regional Director for Africa World Health Organisation (WHO) However, Sambo said that private sector involvement is not the issue. Poverty is the dominant determinant of health in Africa. What services can a pregnant woman access on less than $1 a day? If the problem is one of delivery, what can be done to tackle maternal mortality, asked Michael Keating, Director of the Africa Progress Panel. Emergency obstetric care and other maternity services can dramatically cut death rates, Hovig replied. The drug Misoprostol for post-partum bleeding is incredibly cheap and the return on investment is enormous. The major challenge is delivery of what we currently know and currently have, Hovig asserted. More than 100m women who want contraception are not practising it because they cannot afford it, they cannot find it or they do not trust it. We have the technologies and products, but we just don t deliver. The most effective measure would be to provide contraception to those who want it. If all the women who wanted to contracept were, maternal mortality would fall by 33%. That s a third of all maternal deaths would be avoided just by giving women a little bit of power over their reproductive rate. There are opportunities to promote healthcare for companies not involved in the sector, pointed out Alain Champeaux, Senior Vice-President for Africa and Middle East, Refining and Marketing at Total. Anya Sitaram said Total s reach highlighted the potential that private companies have to help with healthcare. I ve heard people citing that you can get Coca-Cola and cigarettes to anywhere in the world, but not vaccines, it seems. p 46

49 Total s starting point is its own staff and their families. Eight years ago, it launched an AIDS prevention programme, setting up health centres to provide anonymous testing, counselling and access to drugs. Once the centres are established, they can be used by other companies and the rest of the community. Distribution network Total also uses its massive service station network and pan-continental presence to spread healthcare information. The best treatment is prevention, so we give out information to our customers, Champeaux said. We have done this for AIDS and malaria. The company also provides resources to schools near its service stations. In Morocco, Total is providing information and testing for truck drivers at truck stops as truck drivers are a key source of HIV transmission because they travel so much. Another area that might not seem immediately health-related is road safety, but traffic accidents cause a huge number of deaths in Africa and here the company has several projects. In Madagascar, for example, it set up a training centre for truck drivers which is now self-financing because other companies use it and pay for the service. In Cameroon, a team travels to villages educating people about the dangers of truck accidents and consequent attempts to steal the fuel. It is also important to educate people when new roads are built as the roads are built, new communities spring up alongside them. If a service does not exist, we propose it to the government. It is our target to deliver programmes that are self-funding and, if possible, transferable. Alain Champeaux Senior Vice-President for Africa and Middle East, Refining and Marketing Total p 47

50 Often new roads can be more dangerous than the old ones. You need a full programme, including training centres, secured service areas, weight checks and road safety information, Champeaux said. Keating said that many of the measures mentioned should be government-led. Are you working with governments to build capacity and how do you see your relationship with host countries to ensure this is something permanent? Everything is done in conjunction with governments, Champeaux replied. If a service does not exist, we propose it to the government. It is our target to deliver programmes that are self-funding and, if possible, transferable. Seeking success stories Attending the summit, Caroline Dewing, Senior Manager at Vodafone Group, highlighted the potential of mobile phone networks to promote health by delivering information back to the government on disease management and by helping to manage and distribute drugs. The mobile can also be a very effective educational tool. It is a very personal way of getting information to people who might need it, for example, you can inform someone they need an HIV test without any public humiliation. It is important to look at success stories, said Lene Andersen, Vice-President for Global Diabetes Partnerships at Novo Nordisk. Good stories attract stronger partners. Novo Nordisk, a world leader in diabetes care, focuses on where our expertise lies. The highest growth rates of diabetes are in Africa and Asia, Andersen pointed out. Investing in Africa is about being decent and responsible, having the knowledge, the capacity, the infrastructure and resources. We are present in 36 of the 51 least-developed countries (LDCs). Just by being in these countries, we create infrastructure and jobs. When African countries sought to breach the company s patents, our CEO thought the company had to defend its patent rights, because that is what our business p 48

51 model is based on, but when he travelled in India and Africa, he realised we had to do something, said Lene Andersen. His response was to found the World Diabetes Foundation, which has 180 projects around the world. In 2001, the company also launched a preferential pricing scheme in the LDC countries, where it sells insulin at 20% of the average price in western markets. Investing in Africa is about being decent and responsible, having the knowledge, the capacity, the infrastructure and resources. The key is knowing what you want to achieve, to treat your programme as a long term investment rather than philanthropy and to stick to your area of expertise. Lene Andersen Vice-President for Global Diabetes Partnerships Novo Nordisk A/S With 10m more people being diagnosed with diabetes every year, the company also launched two programmes to address the root causes of diabetes. Children diagnosed with diabetes in Africa have a life expectancy of one year, so we provide free insulin to children, along with follow-up care and cool chains providing equipment so the insulin can remain refrigerated, she explained. On maternal health, the company s efforts are concentrated on preventing diabetes in pregnancy. The key for success is to get governments and local NGOs on board, with a view to them taking over the projects in time. It is important to be clear on what you want to achieve, she added. We want to reduce mortality, improve mobility and have a system in place so we can prove that and replicate it in other markets. This is not philanthropy, Andersen stressed. We believe in the long term prospects of these markets. We invested in China and India for 20 years without making a Euro but now we are reaping the benefit. We believe the same thing can happen in Africa. p 49

52 Leadership is needed at a political and a community level, said Sambo. We need to improve the status of women and empower them with education. An educated and economically empowered woman has less risk of dying. We also need to address the specific health needs of women. We do not have the skilled staff, the medicines and the equipment needed to look after their health at community level. From left to right: co-moderator Peter Guest, Editor of This is Africa, and Jean-François Lassalle, Vice-President Public Affairs, Exploration and Production at Total p 50

53 Conclusion While the current economic turmoil threatens Africa s recent progress, it also provides opportunities for the continent, both to fill the gap in demand for low-cost manufacturing as China and India move up the value chain and to develop its agricultural exports as global demand for food continues to rise. This crisis is hastening the reshuffling of the cards in the world in terms of wealth, power and world governance. With its rich economic and human potential, Africa is poised to play a greater role in this emerging new world order. It is in the economic and political interests of Europe to help it do so, said EU Development Commissioner Louis Michel. If Europe does not step in to help, others will do so, he warned. The keys to continuing progress in Africa are regional integration and improved governance, the summit heard, while the continent also needs to improve its infrastructure. Nonetheless, it is important to note that Africa is not homogenous and while several countries have severe problems, others can point to notable success stories. For Africa to progress, African leadership is essential, said Koen Vervaeke, EU Special Representative to the African Union. While predicted African growth rates look very healthy compared with the developed world, their fall from last year s progress means many necessary projects would be hard hit, said James Musoni, Finance Minister of Rwanda, one of Africa s success stories. EPAs would help to build capacity and foster regional integration in Africa, argued João Aguiar Machado, the EU s Chief Negotiator on the agreements, but the ILO s Charles Dan argued that Africa needs to be more independent from the rest of the world, not more integrated. Yet Jean-François Lassalle and Alain Champeaux of Total pointed out how private companies can foster both economic growth and development aims through their involvement in African economies. p 51

54 Friends of Europe Summer 2009 It was recognised that infrastructure is a key component of development, both within and between countries. Maintaining infrastructure is vital to allow Africa to benefit when the global economy finally starts to recover, pointed out the African Development Bank s Thierry de Longuemar. Access to energy is one of the most important determinants of economic growth and a precondition for meeting every single one of the Millennium Development Goals, pointed out Czech Deputy Foreign Minister Helena Bambasová. However, for Africans themselves, one of the most important issues is jobs, pointed out Gallup s Robert Tortora, while Akere Muna of Transparency International said that lack of transparency was one of the main factors deterring potential investors. Furthermore, the continent s progress in the great global game of growth and development would remain limited as long as Africa remained the playing field, he said. Africa s main health challenges are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, as well as child and maternal mortality. Luís Gomes Sambo, WHO s Africa Director further pointed out that chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and p 52

55 Friends of Europe Summer 2009 cancer are also on the increase. Yet in the face of massive problems, governments have to confront them with inadequate funding and a severe shortage of human resources that is aggravated by the brain drain to developed countries. But there is much that can be done now by bringing in the private sector and focusing on delivery, said Dana Hovig, Head of Marie Stopes International. Non-healthcare companies also have a large role to play because of their resources and their reach. As moderator Anya Sitaram said: You can get Coca-Cola and cigarettes to anywhere in the world, but not vaccines, it seems. Novo Nordisk s Lene Andersen showed how a private sector initiative can work, the key being to know what you want to achieve, to treat your programme as a long-term investment rather than philanthropy and to stick to your area of expertise. As Louis Michel said, the poor are not destined to stay poor forever, If they are offered opportunities, they can be entrepreneurs and consumers, he pointed out. Above all, we have to change our perception and regard Africa as an emerging market. p 53

56 ! IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, has released The Business of Health in Africa: Partnering with the Private Sector to Improve People's Lives, the result of research on the role and impact of Africa's private health sector. This report was jointly financed by IFC and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Sub-Saharan Africa needs investment of $25-30 billion in the next decade to meet the demand for health care, with 60 percent expected to come from the private sector. The report finds that: The private sector already plays a significant role in delivering and financing health care. A poor woman in Africa today is as likely to take her sick child to a private hospital or clinic as to a public facility. The private sector is sometimes the only option for health care in rural regions and poor urban slums. Private providers (forprofit and not-for-profit) serve all income levels and have broad geographic reach. African health expenditure will keep growing rapidly, with the private sector playing a key role. p 54

57 The private sector must work with the public sector to develop viable, sustainable, and equitable health care systems. But it can help expand access to services for the poorest people and reduce the financial burden on governments. Impediments to the health sector today include limited access to capital, burdensome regulations, shortages of skilled workers, and a lack of risk-pooling mechanisms that can mobilize revenue for providers. These findings are informing IFC's strategy for the region's health sector. To respond to these findings and help Africa address its health care challenges including improving services to the poor IFC will work with local businesspeople, financial intermediaries, policymakers, donors, and other stakeholders in the international community. IFC and its partners are planning to mobilize up to $1 billion of investment and advisory services support over the next five years. IFC's strategy includes: Creating an equity investment vehicle (up to $ million over five years) to invest in health-related SMEs in Africa and provide them with better access to equity and expertise. (The Health in Africa Fund was launched June 4, 2009 in London with IFC and African Development Bank investing $20 million each, DEG $10 million, and Gates Foundation $7 million at first closing.). Partnering with local financial institutions to improve access to long-term debt for health care organizations ($ million over five years). Providing advisory services to build capacity within local financial intermediaries and the health care companies they lend to. Expanding education of health care workers through public-private partnerships. Encouraging development of risk pooling, including health insurance companies and HMOs. Improving the environment for private health care to flourish, including: 1. Supporting in-depth country assessments of the business environment for private health care. 2. Working with governments to reform private health care regulation and expand formal public-private partnerships. 3. Producing a biennial report highlighting the health care investment climate across Africa and successful models of publicprivate interactions and private sector activity. For more information, and to read the full report, please visit: Or contact: Andrea Engel, IFC Brussels, Phone: angel@ifc.org Ludwina Joseph, IFC Health and Education Department, Phone: ljoseph@ifc.org p 55

58 Summit participants exchange views during the cocktail

59 Annex I Summit Programme DAY 1 WEDNESDAY APRIL Welcome & Registration of Participants OPENING SESSION: CAN WE PROTECT AFRICA FROM THE ECONOMIC CRISIS? The global economic roller-coaster that in recent years saw encouraging GDP growth in a number of Africa s sub-saharan states has now turned down abruptly, with ominous signs that the worldwide recession will hit developing countries most severely. With the US and the EU concerned more than ever with their domestic economies, will Africa once again become the forgotten continent? What will be the impact on African economies of reduced remittances by emigrant workers, falling oil and raw materials prices and substantial cost increases for agricultural inputs? What should the G-20 policy priorities be in areas like education, health and social welfare if Africans are not to bear the brunt of the crisis? Keynote address by Louis Michel, EU Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid Michael Keating James Musoni Andreas Proksch Koen Vervaeke Director of the Africa Progress Panel (APP) Rwanda s Minister for Finance and Economic Planning Director General for Africa of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Head of Delegation, European Union Special Representative to the African Union Chaired by Viscount Etienne Davignon, President of Friends of Europe Moderated by Giles Merritt, Secretary General of Friends of Europe p 57

60 Cocktail DINNER DEBATE: DOES EUROPE RISK LOSING AFRICA? The EU promised a new era in its relations with Africa in which the archaic and narrowminded donor-beneficiary relationship would be left behind and a new partnership between equals created. Yet, China has in fact been setting pace on infrastructural investment in the continent, and the United States has been working hard to make its Africa policies more coherent. Does the EU now risk losing its position as Africa s most privileged partner? DAY 2 THURSDAY APRIL Welcome Coffee & Registration of Participants SESSION I: FINE-TUNING EU-AFRICA TRADE AND INVESTMENT O As the global recession bites and world trade shrinks, better market access and lower tariffs for African goods will be a top priority if African countries economic fortunes are to be protected. But protectionism by the world s richer countries particularly in defence of their own farm trade interests is once again in the air. And debate is still acrimonious between EU and African leaders over the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) that Brussels proposed in Designed to replace existing preferential deals ruled illegal by the WTO, the EPAs mean that within 15 years all ACP countries will have to open 80% of the markets to the EU, and that could also include services. The EU says that Africa needs to reverse its dwindling share of world exports and argues that the EPAs will help develop stronger regional markets and attract investment in key services like telecommunications, construction, financial services and added-value industrialisation. In today s recessionary environment, how great a risk is there that this level of trade liberalisation could depress domestic production in Africa and further aggravate unemployment? What will be the impact on Africa of falling commodity prices? João Aguiar Machado European Commission Deputy Director General for Trade and Chief Negotiator for the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) p 58

61 Charles Dan Jean-François Lassalle Vittorio Prodi MEP Regional Director for Africa, International Labour Organisation (ILO) Vice-President Public Affairs, Exploration & Production, Total Chairman of the European Parliament Delegation for Relations with South Africa Co-moderated by Giles Merritt, Secretary General of Friends of Europe and Peter Guest, Editor of This is Africa, a publication of the Financial Times Coffee Break SESSION II: GETTING AFRICA S INFRASTRUCTURE RIGHT O In spite of the impact of worldwide economic recession, some analysts suggest that growth in African countries will not be as severely affected as in the developed world. The IMF has suggested that average GDP growth at 4.7% in 2009 will be down only slightly from last year s 5.2%, with debt write-offs of recent years having eased the costs of servicing loans and released more funds for productive investment as well as health and social spending. What sort of infrastructural strategies are now being put in place across Africa to meet the energy, water, telecoms and transportation needs that will be the basis of the continent s economic performance in the years ahead? With tightening constraints on public and private sector funding, can key infrastructure projects in Africa still be delivered by public-private partnerships? Is it more essential than ever that African countries should seek to attract inward investment by applying the disciplines of good governance and transparency so as to stamp out corruption? Helena Bambasová Thierry de Longuemar Pekka Haavisto MP Stefano Manservisi Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic Vice-President for Finance of the African Development Bank (AfDB) Finnish Foreign Minister s Special Envoy for African Horn and Sudan, Former Minister for Development Cooperation and Former EU Special Representative to Sudan European Commission Director General for Development p 59

62 Akere Muna Robert Tortora Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors of Transparency International (TI) and Founder and Former President of TI in Cameroon Regional Research Director for Sub-Saharan Africa, Gallup Co-moderated by Giles Merritt, Secretary General of Friends of Europe and Peter Guest, Editor of This is Africa, a publication of the Financial Times Lunch SESSION III: REPORT CARD ON OVERCOMING AFRICA S HEALTHCARE CHALLENGES The drive to combat Africa s three most debilitating diseases HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria has begun to yield encouraging results in some parts of the continent. But it is still far from resolving the continent s health problems, as the spread of cholera in Southern Africa so clearly demonstrates. Is enough attention being given to ensuring efficiency and sustainability of health programmes mainly funded by external sources? The private sector has come up with pioneering schemes to extend private health insurance to low-income communities, but can we mobilise foreign investors to help expand insurance coverage? Can these schemes contribute to get the poorest closer to universal access? In a longer term perspective, how can we ensure sustainability of such initiatives? What is the role of the private sector in supporting the public sector to deliver health in Africa? Lene Andersen Alain Champeaux Luís Gomes Sambo Dana Hovig Vice-President, Global Diabetes Partnerships, Novo Nordisk Senior Vice-President for Africa & Middle East, Refining & Marketing, Total Regional Director for Africa, World Health Organisation (WHO) Chief Executive Officer of Marie Stopes International Co-moderated by Giles Merritt, Secretary General of Friends of Europe and Anya Sitaram, Executive Producer of Rockhopper TV and Former Presenter of BBC World News End of Summit p 60

63 Co-panellists: Rwanda's Minister for Finance James Musoni and Director of the Africa Progress Panel Michael Keating p 61

64

65 ANNEX II List of participants Paal Aavatsmark, Senior Policy Advisor, Mission of Norway to the EU Sharon Abbas, European Union Account Manager, Raytheon International, Europe Filippo Addarii, Director, Euclid Network, United Kingdom Jonathan Addleton, Counselor for International Development and USAID Representative to the EU, Mission of the United States of America to the EU Philippe Adriaenssens, Research Assistant, Office for the Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy, European Parliament João Aguiar Machado, Deputy Director General for Trade and Chief Negotiator for Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), European Commission Directorate General for Trade Charles Akong, Technical Officer, World Health Organization (WHO) Office at the European Union Petra Alfs, Policy Officer - Applications & European Radio Navigation Plan (ERNP), European Commission Directorate General for Energy and Transport Lene Andersen, Vice-President, Global Diabetes Partnerships, Novo Nordisk Mahamat Saleh Annadif, Permanent Representative, Permanent Representation of the African Union to the EU Stefaan Anrys, Journalist, MO* Svetlana Apostolova, Quarantine Advisor, Embassy of Australia to Belgium Anttila Arho, Chairman of the Board, NOW! Innovations, Estonia Adrian Aupperle, Associate Advocacy Officer, Transparency International Gani Azemi, Correspondent, Qendra Për Informim e Kosovës (QIK) Helena Bambasová, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Czech Republic Théophile Bandora, Accreditation Officer, Ministry of the Economy, SMEs, the Self-Employed and Energy, Belgium Usman Baraya, Ambassador, Mission of Nigeria to the EU Afsané Bassir-Pour, Director, United Nations Regional Information Center for Western Europe (UNRIC) Felix Bate, Journalist, Thomson Reuters Abolfazl Beheshti, Vice President, European Network for Environment and Sustainable Development, France André Belle, Government Relations Advisor, ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical Klaus Bergmann, Head of Department for European Affairs, Deutsche Welle Simon Blackmore, Publisher, This is Africa, a publication of the Financial Times, United Kingdom Jessica Bongibault, Assistant, European Commission Directorate General for Research Laura Boschi, Senior Development Specialist, Emerging Markets Group Simone Boselli, Account Manager, Hill & Knowlton International Belgium Brad Brasseur, International Political Economy student, Brussels School of International Studies Rebecca Brown, Researcher, Weber Shandwick Worldwide Ovidio Brugiati, Policy Officer, Ferrovie dello Stato EU Relations Office Flavia Buiarelli, Policy Officer, Association of Voluntary Service Organisation (AVSO) Vaughn Buntain, Vice President, North America and Africa, IBC Solar GmbH, Germany Mohamed Burhi, Assistant, Delegation of the Basque Country to the EU Louis-Jean Calloc'h, Vice-President, Standing Committee of European Doctors (CPME) Geert Cami, Co-Founder & Director, Friends of Europe Daniel Camos, PhD Student, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) European Centre for Advanced Research in Economics (ECARES) Anna Caprile, Administrator, Policy Department of DG Expo, European Parliament Paula Carello, Associate Project Officer, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Arne Cartridge, Chief Communication Officer, Yara International, Norway Davia Carty, Graduate Student, University of Kent Marian Caucik, Director of Development Cooperation, Erko Slovenia Alain Champeaux, Senior Vice-President, Africa & Middle East, Refining & Marketing, Total Christian Chavane, Vice-President European Affairs, Total Philippe Claeys, European Government Sector Advisor, PricewaterhouseCoopers Catherine Collart, Officer, Council of the European Union Directorate General for Internal Market, Competitiveness, Industry, Research Giovanni Colombo, Consultant, Hill & Knowlton International Belgium Judit Csiszar, Regional Director, Project Hope Europe Oliver Cusworth, Civil Society Unit, European Investment Bank (EIB) Karim Dahou, Executive Manager, NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative, France Charles Dan, Regional Director for Africa, International Labour Organization (ILO) Regional Office for Africa, Ethiopia Philippe Darmuzey, Head of Unit, Panafrican Issues and Institutions, Governance and Migration, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Zsolt Darvas, Research Fellow, Brussels European and Global Economic Laboratory (BRUEGEL) Etienne Davignon, President, Friends of Europe Marguerite Davis, Special Assistant to the USAID Representative to the EU, Mission of the United States of America to the EU Sean de Cleene, Vice President, Yara International, Norway Jean-Pierre De Grève, General Manager, Vinyl 2010 Thierry de Longuemar, Vice-President for Finance of the African Development Bank (AfDB), Tunisia Herman de Meester, Deputy Secretary General, European Community Shipowners' Association (ECSA) Isabelle De Selys Longchamps, Programme Manager, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Brussels Joan Delaney, Independent Consultant Rudi Delarue, Director, International Labour Organization (ILO) Office in Brussels Christine Delmeiren, Senior Consultant for Sub Saharan Africa, Gallup Europe Hervé Delphin, Deputy Head of Cabinet, Development and Humanitarian Aid, European Commission: Cabinet of EU Commissioner for Development Louis Michel Caroline Dewing, Senior Manager, Vodafone Group Services, United Kingdom Amina Diallo, Liaison Officer, Permanent Representation of the African Union to the EU Neil Dillon, Policy Officer, Madariaga European Foundation Koen Doens, Head of Cabinet, European Commission: Cabinet of EU Commissioner for Development Louis Michel Vera Dos Santos Costa, Head of the International Department, Federation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium - CGSLB/ACLVB p 63

66 Valeska Ebeling, General Manager, Fineskam Miltiades Economides, Policy Co-ordinator, Economic Development Desk Officer, European Commission Directorate General for Enlargement Klaas Jan Ehbets, Advisor to the Director General, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Mohammed El Katiri, ARAG Research Fellow, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Conflict Studies Research Centre Bodo Ellmers, Policy & Advocacy Officer: Aid & Poverty, Aid Effectiveness & Governance, European Network on Debt and Development (EURODAD) Pierre Ewenczyk, Senior Economist, International Monetary Fund (IMF), France Offices in Europe Tiago Faia, PhD Candidate, University of Bath European Studies and Modern Languages Patsy Faynsztein, Manager, EU Business Development, Raytheon International, Europe Natalia Federighi, Director, Yara International, Norway Andrée Ferrant, Social Secretary, Embassy of the United Kingdom to Belgium Roberto Ferrigno, Vice President, Public Affairs, Weber Shandwick Worldwide Malgorzata Figwer, Account Manager, Hill & Knowlton International Belgium Horst Fischer, Director, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Brussels Conor J. Foley, Associate Partner, Hume Brophy Communications Dieter Frisch, Special Adviser and Former Director General for Development, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Nathalie Furrer, Director, Friends of Europe Marie Gad, Senior Advisor, Confederation of Danish Industries Kurt Gaissert, Advisor for Regional Cooperation, Representation of Baden-Württemberg to the EU Peter Gakunu, Former Executive Director for Anglophone Africa at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Daniela Galatova, EU Liaison Officer, G&H Associates Claudia Garman, Junior Programme Manager, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Brussels Patrick Gaudissart, Regional Controller, Democratic Republic of Congo, Belgian Technical Cooperation Walter Gelens, Partner, akkanto Flora Geley, Assistant of the Policy Officer for Africa, European Commission Directorate General for Information Society & Media (INFSO) Niyonkuru Ghylène, Client Manager, Hoist Group Jean-Michel Gires, Senior Vice-President, Sustainable Development and Environment, Total Luís Gomes Sambo, Regional Director for Africa, World Health Organisation (WHO), Congo Anna-Christina Grafin der Schulenburg, Officer, Zentralverband des Deutschen Handwerks (ZDH) Frans Green, Partner, Aspect Consulting Peter Guest, Editor of This is Africa, a publication of the Financial Times, United Kingdom Pekka Haavisto, Finnish Foreign Minister s Special Envoy for African Horn and Sudan, Former Minister for Development Cooperation and Former EU Special Representative to Sudan Martin Hallet, Head of Sector, Horizontal issues and Coordination of Financial Assistance & Development Policy, European Commission Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs Michael Hartinger, Capability Development Plan Project Officer, European Defence Agency (EDA) Jean Heinen, President, Iwerliewen Fir Bedreete Volleker (IFBV), Luxembourg Fumiko Higashi, Candidate for LLM/International Economic Law, University of Kent Roland Higgins, Founder, Consultant, Communication Targets International Agata Hinc, Analyst, Demos Europa - Centre for European Strategy, Poland Harald Hirschhofer, Senior Vice President, The Currency Exchange Fund, The Netherlands Dana Hovig, Chief Executive Officer, Marie Stopes International, United Kingdom Christof Hoyler, Consultant, Choy South North Partnerships Huabo Huang, First Secretary, Mission of China to the EU Laura Hucks, Policy Officer, WaterAid, United Kingdom Bjoern Hultin, Managing Director, Intercity Consulting Chris Hunter-Ward, Director General, Communications, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals An Huybrechts, International Advocacy Project Coordinator, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) Larisa Ignatova, Counsellor, Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Mohamed Igueh Ofleh, Senior Economist, Permanent Representation of the African Union to the EU Gulsun Issever, Assistant, Turkish Industy and Business Association (TUSIAD) Evert Jagerman, Research Manager, McKinsey & Company Luca Jahier, President of the ACP-EU Follow-up Committee, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) Stéphane Janin, Director of International Affairs, Association Française de Gestion Financière (AFG), France Philippe Jehenson, Principal Scientific Officer, European Commission Directorate General for Research Alieu Jeng, Country Director, African Development Bank Group (AfDB) Office in Ghana Keith Jones, Manager, Stewardship & Sustainable Agriculture, CropLife International Melissa Julian, Knowledge Management Officer, European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) Alexandre Jully, Assistant, European Commission Directorate General for Enlargement Tönu Karu, Representative of Tallinn at the EU, Representation of Tallinn to the EU Stephen Katenta-Apuli, Ambassador, Mission of Uganda to the EU Charles Keane, Programme Manager, Traidlinks, Uganda Michael Keating, Director of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), Switzerland Frank Kehlenbach, Director, European International Contractors, Germany Ansgar Kiene, Campaign Manager, World Future Council, Germany Christophe Kiener, Economic and Trade Affairs Manager, Services and Investment, European Commission Directorate General for Trade Martin Krottmayer, Senior Advisor International Development, Red Cross EU Office Lorinda Kroukamp, Director, Corporate Affairs, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), South Africa Hans Peter Kuppers, Interim Desk Officer for China, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Philippe Landry, Deputy Director, France Télécom EU Office Guggi Laryea, Civil Society & Parliamentarians, Trade & Human Development, The World Bank Brussels Office Jean-François Lassalle, Vice-President Public Affairs, Exploration & Production, Total Katja Laudemann, Office Manager, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Brussels Sandrine Laurent, Public Affairs & Communication Coordinator, Proinvest Management Unit Michel Lavollay, Health Policy Consultant Audrey Le Guevel, Programme Officer, International Labour Organization (ILO) Office in Brussels p 64

67 Sophie Le Rue, Desk Officer for Panafrican Issues, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Noël Lee Cheong Lem, Counsellor, Economic & Trade Adviser, Mission of Mauritius to the EU Gaelle Lemaire, International Policy Officer, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Damien Levie, Member of Cabinet, Economic & Financial Affairs, Internal Market, Lisbon Strategy, Enterprise & Industry, European Commission: Cabinet of EU Commissioner for Development Louis Michel Anna Lonnroth, Deputy Head of Unit for Infectious Diseases, European Commission Directorate General for Research Mark MacGann, Chief Executive Officer, Weber Shandwick Worldwide Gheysen Machteld, Attaché, Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and the Environment, Belgium Moustapha Magumu, Policy Officer - International Questions, European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumers Elinaz Mahdavy, European Affairs & Strategic Partnership Manager, Orange Healthcare Rolf Maier, Research Fellow on Socio-Economic Development, Netherlands Institute of International Relations (Clingendael) Andrea Maksimovic, International Co-Operation Coordinator, Solidar Stefano Manservisi, European Commission Director General for Development Joshua Massarenti, Independent Journalist Andre-Marie Mathieu, Attaché - Accreditation Offcier, Ministry of the Economy, SMEs, the Self-Employed and Energy, Belgium Dalibor Matic, Third Secretary, Mission of Croatia to the EU Heinrich Matthee, Consultant, Control Risks Benelux Christian Meeus, Head of Corporate International Relations, Efico Giles Merritt, Secretary General, Friends of Europe Kálmán Mészáros, Counsellor, Embassy of Hungary to Belgium Louis Michel, Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid, European Commission Susan Milner, Development Policy Analyst, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Erik Mink, Senior Associate, Interel Cabinet Stewart European Affairs Claurinah Tshenolo Modise, Ambassador, Mission of Botswana to the EU Katharina Moller, Junior Executive Manager, Filmmakers without Borders Jiri Muchka, Third Secratery, Trade & Agricultural Questions, Permanent Representation of the Czech Republic to the EU Isabelle Muller, Secretary General, European Petroleum Industry Association (EUROPIA) Akere Muna, Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors of Transparency International (TI) and Founder and Former President of TI in Cameroon Angel Munoz, Public Affairs, Advisor, ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical Diana Munroe, Senior Consultant, akkanto Kate Murray, Assistant to David Martin MEP, European Parliament James Musoni, Minister for Finance and Economic Planning, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda Derya Mutlu, Assistant, Turkish Industy and Business Association (TUSIAD) Elsie Mwachande, First Secretary, Mission of Malawi to the EU Payet Nadege, Manager, Overseas Trade and Services, France Brave Rona Ndisale, Ambassador, Mission of Malawi to the EU Doris Nduwayo, Coordinator, Union des Femmes Africaines (UFA) Jürgen Neitzert, Coordinator, Justice & Peace, Franciscans, Germany Pascal Ntahompagaze, President/ International Expert/ Consultant, Paix et Solidarité en Afrique (PASOAF) Elaine O'Connell, Analyst, European Government Relations Team, General Electric International (GE) Catherine Olier, EU Policy Assistant, Red Cross EU Office Michelle O'Neill, Director Government Relations EMEA, Honeywell Europe Department for Government Relations Daniel Ottolenghi, Associate Director, Chief Development Economist, European Investment Bank (EIB) Eugene Owusu, Senior Advisor, Strategic Africa Partnerships, UN Office Brussels - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Ilyana Panteleeva, Consultant, European Federation for Intercultural Learning Gahamanyi Parfait, Chargé d'affaires, Mission of Rwanda to the EU Mathilde Pelegrina, Assistant, Total Melanie Peters, Project Manager, Interrecherche Roelof Plijter, Head of Unit, Steel, Coal, Shipbuilding Automotive, Chemical & Other Industries, European Commission Directorate General for Trade Vincent-Guillaume Poupeau, Desk Officer, West Africa, European Commission European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Vittorio Prodi MEP, Member, European Parliament: Chairman of the European Parliament Delegation for Relations with South Africa Andreas Proksch, Director General for Africa, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Germany Lia Quartapelle, Research Assistant, Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale (ISPI) Sointu Räisänen, Associate, Euro Keys Voahangy Ramahatafandry, Medical Doctor and Public Health Specialist, Because-Health Günter Rauer, Minister Counsellor, Embassy of Germany to Belgium Jos Raymenants, Assistant - EU/Benelux Desk, United Nations Regional Information Center for Western Europe (UNRIC) Aurélien Renard, Director of Marketing, Gallup Europe Olivier Ricard, European Affairs Delegate, Total Alba Riobó Souto, Policy Advisor, Fundación Galicia Europa Filipa Rodrigues, Assistant to Elisa Ferreira MEP, European Parliament Dominik Roland, Project Manager, Federation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium - CGSLB/ACLVB Okechukwu Romano Umelo, Journalist, The Courier Magazine Frank Rosengreen Lorenzen, EU Consultant, South Denmark European Office Patrick Rudloff, Head of EU Affairs, European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) Anna Saarela, International Relations Officer - South Africa Desk, European Commission Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development Peggy Sailler, Director, Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation (NEF) Luís Olegário Monteiro Sanches, Legal Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-operation and Communities, Cape Verde Elisabeth Sandor, Senior Policy Advisor, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Judith Sanson, Excecutive Director, Dyslexia International Indhira Santos, Resident Scholar, Brussels European and Global Economic Laboratory (BRUEGEL) Peter D. Schellinck, Chairman, Schellter Strategy Consults Mark Schenkel, Africa Editor, NRC Handelsblad, The Netherlands Günther Schmid, Director of Employment, Social Structure and Welfare State, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Germany Anne Schmidt, Research Assistant, Trans European Policy Studies Association (TEPSA) Karl-Jürgen Schmitt, Vice-President Healthcare, Siemens Frank Schoneveld, Partner, McDermott, Will & Emery/Stanbrook LLP Corinna Schulze, Governmental Programs Executive, IBM Belgium Niels Schuster, Legal Officer, European Commission EuropeAid Cooperation Office (AIDCO) Michael Scott, Freelance Journalist, Mike Scott Environmental Communications José Sequeira Carvalho, Principal Administrator for Development p 65

68 Policy and Thematic Issues, European Commission Directorate General for Development and Relations with ACP States Detlef S. Siewert, Business Director/Leader Global Health - Europe/ Middle East/Africa, Becton Dickinson (BD), Germany Sándor Sipos, Special Representative to the EU Institutions, Belgium & Luxembourg, Head of Office, The World Bank Brussels Office Anya Sitaram, Executive Producer of Rockhopper TV and Former Presenter of BBC World News, United Kingdom Stephane Somssich, Assistant, Fondation Génération Europe Laure Sonnier, Scientific Advisor, European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG) Cecile Souteyrand, Assistant, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Marlies Spaans, Consultant, akkanto Silke Stachura, EU Programme Assistant, Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung Anna Stahl, Researcher, Institute for European Studies (IES) Vrije Universiteit Brussel Malgorzata Stepniak, Assistant, Schuman Associates Agnieszka Sternik, Evaluation Officer, European Commission Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Johanna Stratmann, EU Advocacy Assistant, German Foundation for World Population Elena Stroe, Research Programme Officer, European Commission Joint Research Centre Rose Sumbeiywo, Political Officer, Embassy of Kenya to Belgium Urszula Szalkowska, Manager, Europe & Africa, International Fuel Quality Center (IFQC) Furio Taglialatela, EU Policies Consultant, Finance & Planing International Group Girma Asmerom Tesfay, Ambassador, Mission of Eritrea to the EU Coen Teulings, Chairman, Merifin Capital Lesedi Thema, Counsellor, Mission of Botswana to the EU Christine Thompson, Policy Issues Manager, SABMiller plc, United Kingdom Catie Thorburn, President, Fondation Génération Europe Robert D. Tortora, Regional Research Director for Sub-Saharan Africa, Gallup, United States of America Cristina Traini, EU Affairs Consultant, European Consulting Brussels Alex Trott, Senior Adviser EU Liaison, Shell International European Union Liaison Christian Tschirschwitz, Assistant, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Brussels Stefano Valentino, Journalist, Euroreporter Walter van der Weiden, Government Relations, Ericsson European Affairs Office Philippe van Maldeghem, Editor-in-Chief, European Marketing Research Center (EMRC) Maaike van Min, Advocacy Manager, Marie Stopes International, Belgium Kristof Varga, Senior Program Manager, Open Society Institute, Hungary Dimitra Vasilia, Assistant, Union of Hellenic Chambers of Commerce Koen Vervaeke, Head of Delegation / EU Special Representative to the African Union Miryan Sena Vieira, Desk Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Co-operation and Communities, Cape Verde Inguna Viksne, First Secretary, Embassy of Latvia to Belgium Louisa Vogiazides, Policy Assistant, European Solidarity Towards Equal Participation of People (Eurostep) Julie Wallace, Senior Manager, Group Public Affairs, Standard Chartered Bank, United Kingdom David Watkiss, Writer & Editor, Phoenix Ink Susanne Weber-Mosdorf, Assistant Director General, World Health Organization (WHO) Office at the European Union Sidonie Wetzig, Policy Officer, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) EU Office Anne Wittenberg, EU Senior Advocacy Officer, German Foundation for World Population Stephen Woolcock, Lecturer, London School of Economics and Political Science European Institute Simon Wright, Junior Research Analyst, McKinsey & Company Christophe Yvetot, Brussels Representative, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Brussels Office Niansheng Zhang, Brussels Bureau Chief, People's Daily Jonathan Zigrand, Campaign & Research Assistant, Crisis Action p 66

69 p 67 SOME of our VIP MEMBERS

70 SOME of our VIP MEMBERS p 68