By Harriet Johnson Postgraduate, First Prize
|
|
- Imogene Isabella Glenn
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 In a July article published in The Telegraph, David Cameron stated, "We're building an immigration system that puts Britain first." Are cries for a 'clamping down' on immigration justified? By Harriet Johnson Postgraduate, First Prize The UK and Immigration: Invaluable & Inexpensive Type the word immigration into Google and 231 million hits appear in less than half a second: it is one of the most widely and fervently discussed topics in British politics and society today. Are immigrants taking our jobs and sponging off our benefits as is so oft declared, or do they pay their way and help secure and create jobs in the British economy? According to the Office of National Statistics (2015) 624,000 people immigrated to the UK from September , but at what cost, and what benefit? David Cameron, in the quoted speech, states that he intends to clamp down on abuses to the system, on making sure that the right people come for the right reasons and that the system puts British people first (Cameron, 2014). The author has interpreted these points as the issue of illegal immigration, the important of attracting skilled workers, and of ensuring that the immigration system does not bear a significant cost to the British people, respectively. This essay does not seek to assess the first issue of illegal immigration for reasons of brevity, assuming that clamping down on illegal immigration is largely justified, nor does this essay attempt to discuss the successes of the UK government in pursuing and policing its immigration policies. It shall, however, attempt to assess the economic reasoning behind having a tighter, or looser, immigration policy, i.e. is justified to clamp down on immigration? The essay proceeds as follows: section one assess the importance of immigration, as predicted by economic theory and how, in the UK, certain types of immigration are more crucial than others for ensuring long term economic growth and stability. For example, the recruiting of talented, geographically mobile workers is more important than that of low-skilled workers. Secondly, this essay shall explore the costs, or lack thereof, of immigration to the UK economy in recent years, both fiscal and to the labour market. Finally, the author concludes that while the tightening up of certain types of immigration is somewhat justified, largely immigration is invaluable and inexpensive for the UK. Is Immigration Invaluable for the UK? Economic theory suggests that immigration can be beneficial for an economy in a number of ways. In his speech, Cameron stresses the importance of the right kind of people, or workers, coming in for the right reasons, reflecting the fact that immigration can be extremely valuable to an economy if targeted correctly. This section does not attempt to discuss the reasons, right or wrong, that people have for coming to the UK,
2 but to analyse why it is important to have immigration, and which kind of immigrants are right. Firstly, theory suggests that given a supply of domestic labour, S, and demand for labour D, market equilibrium would fall at employment level N, with wages W2. The area under the demand curve, ABN0, is a measure of the national income of the economy. If a country s immigration policies are then relaxed, this increases the supply of workers to S and, assuming wages are not sticky and that all labour is homogenous, the wage then falls to W1, employment level to M, and national income increases to ACM0. CFMN represents wages paid to immigrants, but the triangle BCF is the immigration surplus that is paid to natives as a result of immigration. W2BFW1 is income lost to natives, which returns to employers since wages, and thus costs, are now lower (Borjas, 2013, p181) (See Figure 1). Figure 1: Immigration and the Labour market Wage!( )!! S! S! A! W 2! B! W1! F! C D! N! M!! Employment! Van den Berg expands on this simplified model, suggesting, the simple labour market model of immigration does not recognize that an increase in the quantity of labour employed can also increase income in the destination country, which increases aggregate demand, and hence demand for labour (Van den Berg, 2012, p507). In other words, the more people that are employed in an economy, the higher consumption will be, which will increase aggregate demand. This could, in turn, induce investment in businesses, driving them to hire more workers, which continues the cycle. Therefore, the long-run increase in aggregate demand and supply in the economy could be substantial, suggesting that immigration is important for growth and development of countries. Additionally, there could be benefits to the economy as a result of immigration if the additional workers and consumers cause industries to increase in size. This increase can lead to efficiency savings in industries in which immigrants are employed, due to economies of scale. Furthermore, immigration can increase the size of industries complementary to those directly affected by immigration, such as the use of public transport, housing markets, and education, because of the increase in population. This can be both positive, in terms of increasing employment and efficiency, but also
3 negative, increasing waiting times, congestion, or bidding up prices. There appears to be little quantifiable evidence in the literature discussing this, but it does seem clear that economic theory largely predicts immigration to be beneficial and important for an economy. This being said, it was assumed in the model that the supply of both native and nonnative workers was homogenous, in that they would both have the same level of skill and be competing for similar jobs, which drives the wage rate down. This is not representative as there are both skilled, and non-skilled natives and immigrants in a dynamic economy. Making a distinction between different kinds of immigrants is important for analysis because they can have very different impacts on the economy. Leading on from this idea, Oxford Economics (2012) estimated that in the next decade the UK would develop the 10 th most pronounced talent deficit in the developed and emerging world, where a talent deficit is the difference between the supply and demand of talented, skilled labour. In the same report, they highlighted that the projected Japanese talent deficit would become the 2 nd largest, after Taiwan, and attributed this to its economy being largely closed to immigration of large numbers of skilled managers and technicians (ibid, p202). This example underlines the importance of keeping the UK economy open and attractive to skilled and talented workers, or risk further worsening the talent deficit. Such a deficit is worrisome for the future as it limits the productive and growth capabilities of the economy. In this way, not only does economic theory suggest that immigration should induce growth in the economy, but there is evidence that the absence of it could actively obstruct growth. Moreover, it is not the influx of all immigrants that can alleviate the problem, but of skilled workers specifically. Alternatively, Rowthorn (2012), writing for Civitas, comments that immigration is important for rejuvenating the population of the UK. The benefit from this can manifest in different ways. Firstly, it can increase the productive work force of the country, filling any aforementioned talent deficits and helping the economy grow as theory suggests it will. Secondly, some have argued that immigration is valuable for the population demographic of the UK. For example, The Home Office (2007) comment that although little research has been done on the impact of immigration on the pension shortfall for the UK s rapidly ageing population, theoretical arguments suggest it could be beneficial. Thirdly, immigrants tend to be more mobile: willing to take jobs in, and relocate to, different cities (Rowthorn, 2012, p18). This would be helpful in order to shift industry, production and jobs elsewhere in the country. The Centre for Cities (2014) reported that London accounted for almost 80% of job growth in the private sector between 2010 and London sucks in talent nationwide, and thus arguably grows at the expense of other cities in the country. If mobile immigrants can help other cities grow, develop and prosper, this could be extremely beneficial to the future of the UK, helping to alleviate some of the north-south income inequality, and making the UK economy stronger, among other things. This being said, there is little qualitative data available to prove that this is the case, but common sense suggests that it is more than plausible. On the other hand, if immigrants are not geographically mobile and stay in London or
4 the South-East upon arrival, where booming industries are already established, this could place too much strain on the infrastructure and environment in those areas (Rowthorn, 2012, p67). This is troublesome because there is no way to distinguish between people who plan to stay in London, or those willing to move, so there is no way immigration policy can control for this. In this way, although economic theory suggests that immigration is valuable for an economy, it would seem that specific types are certainly more beneficial than others, namely that of highly-skilled, mobile workers. This section suggests that a clamping down of such workers seems hardly justifiable, as they play an important role in the growth, and future, of the UK economy. This section has not attempted to prove, beyond all reasonable doubt, that the clamping down of unskilled immigration is warranted, but it does highlight that it is arguably less important for the UK economy. 2. Is Immigration Inexpensive for the UK? There is much debate in the literature regarding the costs of immigration, both to the labour market, and the economy as a whole. David Cameron suggests that the UK s immigration policy should not cost the British public (Cameron, 2014). This is to say, that immigration should not occur at a cost to native employees, or taxpayers, regardless of its overall effect on the sum-total utility of the global economy. Firstly, the fiscal cost of immigration depends on the amount that people contribute to, and draw from, the government, which can be determined by several different things. The fiscal profile of an individual is largely determined by their age. Young people, in state education, are largely a draw on the state; working adults pay taxes into the state; and retirees take state pensions (Home Office, 2007). It is expected that, on average, people have a net fiscal impact of zero over their lifetime. Similarly, the OECD (2013) comments that immigrants age at arrival is an important factor in determining the net present value of their discounted future net direct fiscal contributions, as it determines how valuable, or costly, they are likely to be for the economy. Arguably, if an immigrant has not been educated in the UK, nor plans to retire here, their net fiscal contributions are likely to be higher than those of a native who resides in the country for all three stages of their fiscal lifecycle. Dustmann and Frattini (2014) also found that immigrants of comparable age, gender, education, and skill level were 21% less likely to claim any benefits that natives. Given this, is it highly questionable that immigrants are as the drain on the state that they are often vilified as being. This being said, there is much disagreement surrounding the total fiscal impact of immigration on the UK economy. For example, the OECD (2013) estimated that impact of immigrants is generally small, not exceeding plus or minus 0.5% of GDP; Dustmann and Frattini (2014) found that between , immigrants from the European Economic Area (EEA) made a positive fiscal contribution; the Home Office (2007) found that between , immigrants net fiscal benefit was 2.5bn; yet Migration Watch UK (2012) concluded that there have been no positive fiscal impacts from migrants in any year. Given the difficulty in assessing the outright fiscal cost of
5 immigration, it seems logical to attempt to break the problem down by assessing the costs attributing to different types of workers in the UK labour market. Unsurprisingly, the evidence here is similarly confusing and contradictory: Dustmann et al (2008) conclude that there is, at best, mixed evidence that immigration does not lead to negative employment effects for the destination county; the Migration Advisory Committee (2012) suggests that a one-off increase of 100 non-eu workers is associated with a reduction in native employment of 23 between 1995 and 2010; Ehrenberh and Smith suggest that some groups of workers will be clear winners, whereas some will be losers as a direct result of immigration (Ehrenberg and Smith, 2009, p344). Many authors suggest that the labour market costs of immigration depend on the skill set of migrants relative to those of natives, and the aggregate picture is not meaningful (Dustmann et al, 2008; MAC 2012). For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the wage rate is a suitable proxy for skill level, in that the higher the wage, the higher one s skills set is assumed to be, and vice-versa 1. The Migration Advisory Committee (2012) found that migrants increase wages at the top of the UK distribution, and lower them at the bottom. Similarly, the Home Office concluded relevant literature is reasonably consistent in suggesting that any displacement effect is likely to be greatest for the low skilled (Home Office, 2014, p7). It seems reasonably clear that while immigration may invigorate high skilled, well-paid industries, high levels of immigration of low-skilled workers can come at a cost to British society, precisely what Cameron wished to avoid. However, concluding this does not immediately suggest a clamping down on un-skilled worker immigration is necessary. Arguably, it is justifiable, but it is also certainly not the only option the government faces. One could argue that increasing education and training programmes in the UK would better equip native workers to compete for jobs. On the other hand, given the immigration of low-skilled workers does come at a cost to British society, and that it wasn t a crucial group for the economy, the clamping down of such immigration could be argued for. There is a plethora of contradictory, conflicting and confusing data available regarding the cost of immigration to the UK economy and labour market. On balance it would appear as though there are low, if any, fiscal costs to immigration, given that on average they claim fewer benefits and are generally here for productive, rather than dependent, periods of their life. Additionally, it seems that there are few employment costs to the labour market, except for affecting wages and job displacement for lower-skilled workers, which could be addressed with increased training and education programmes, or with a slightly tighter immigration policy. Conclusion This essay has made no attempts to show that immigration, on the whole, should be tightened. It has shown that immigration is important for the UK economy, in theory and in practise: it is vital that the UK can still attract talented, mobile workers from the 1 The Author acknowledges that there is an issue with often over-qualified immigrants working low paid jobs, but this essay is not the pace for such a discussion. See Altorjai (2013) for more.
6 global labour market in order to grow and prosper. Secondly, section two discussed the costs of high levels of immigration, both fiscally, and for the labour market, concluding that despite disagreements about overall costs, it would appear that immigration largely is not the drain on the state that people often are led to believe. This being said, there is evidence of some job displacement for low skilled workers. The costs of this, coupled with the fact that the immigration of lower skilled workers is less valuable to the economy, means that a clamping down on their immigration could be justified. In short, although there is room to tighten immigration policy to slow the influx of unskilled workers, there appears little evidence to justify a clamping down of immigration policy generally as it is invaluable and inexpensive for the UK.
7 References Altorjai, S. "Over-qualification of immigrants in the UK." Institute For Social and Economi Research (ISER Working Paper Series ), 2013: Bhagwait, J, and G Hanson. Skilled Immigration Today: Prospects, Problems and Policies. Oxford : Oxford University Press, Borjas, G. Labour Economics. 6th Edition;. New York : McGraw Hill Education, Centre for Cities. Cities Outlook January 27, (accessed March 11, 2015). Dustmann, C, A Glitz, and T Frattini. "The Labour Market Impact of Immigartion." Oxford REview of Economic Policy, 2008 : Dustmann, C, and I Preston. "Is Immigration Good or Bad for the Economy? Analysis of Attitudinal Responses." CReAM Discussion Paper Series CReAM Discussion Paper No 06/04 (2004). Dustmann, C, and T Frattini. "The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK." The Economic Journal, Ehrenbern, R G, and R Smith. Modern Labour Economics. London : Pearson Eduction, Home Office. The Economic and Fiscal Impact of Immigration: A Cross-Departmental Submission to the House of Lords Select Committee on Economi Affairs. London : The Staionary Office, Home Office; Department for Business Innovation & Skills. Impacts of migration on UK native employment: An analytical review of the evidence. Occasional Paper 109, London : Home Office & Department for Business Innovation and Skills, Home Office. Employment and occupational skill levels among UK and foreign nationals. Occasional Paper 108, London : The Home Office, Husted, S, and M Melvin. International Economics. Eighth Edition. Boston : Pearson, IMF. "The Globalisation of Labor." In World Economic Outlook: Spillovers and Cycles in the Global Economy, by IMF. New York : Available online at: Ipsos MORI. "Perceotion and Reality: 10 Things we Should Know About Attitudes to Immingration in the UK." Ipsos MORI. January
8 mori.com/assets/docs/publications/sri-perceptions-and-reality-immigration-reportsummary-2013.pdf (accessed March 11, 2015). Kellner, P. "What we Believe About Immigration." YouGov. November 25, (accessed March 7, 2015). Migration Advisory Committee. Analysis of the Impacts of Migration. London : Migration Advisory Comittee, Migration Observatoy. "UK Public Opinion toward Immigration: Overall Attitudes and Level of." Migration Observatory. July 3, (accessed March 10, 2015). Migration Watch UK. An Assessment of the Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK. Migration Watch UK, OECD. "Interntinal Migration Outlook." OECD ilibrary. June 13, (accessed March 7, 2015). Office for National Statistics. Migration Statistics Quarterly Report, February London : Office for National Statistics, Oxford Economics. Global Talent 2021: How the New Geography of Talent will Transform Human Resource Strategies. Oxford: Oxford Economics, Rowthorn, R. Large Scale Immigration: It's Economic and demographic Consequences for the UK. London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, Van den Berg, H. International Economics: A Heterdox Approach. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2012.
BRIEFING. The Labour Market Effects of Immigration.
BRIEFING The Labour Market Effects of Immigration AUTHORS: DR MARTIN RUHS DR CARLOS VARGAS-SILVA PUBLISHED: 22/05/2015 NEXT UPDATE: 22/05/2016 3rd Revision www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk This briefing
More informationCBI s case for an open and controlled immigration system rests on weak arguments
CBI s case for an open and controlled immigration system rests on weak arguments Immigration System, Asylum & Policy: MW 454 Summary 1. The report by the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), ( Open
More informationResponse to UCL paper on the fiscal effects of immigration to the UK
Briefing Paper 1.41 www.migrationwatchuk.com Summary Overall cost of migration 1. Between 1995 and 2011 the fiscal cost of migrants in the UK was at least 115 billion and possibly as much as 160 billion
More informationWhat are the impacts of an international migration quota? Third Prize 1 st Year Undergraduate Category JOSH MCINTYRE*
What are the impacts of an international migration quota? Third Prize 1 st Year Undergraduate Category JOSH MCINTYRE* Abstract The UK already has strict migration guidelines in place, but with the Conservative
More informationThe Important Role of Migration for an Ageing Nation
Population Ageing (2016) 9:183 189 DOI 10.1007/s12062-016-9152-4 The Important Role of Migration for an Ageing Nation Sarah Harper 1 Published online: 4 August 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
More informationSELECTION CRITERIA FOR IMMIGRANT WORKERS
Briefing Paper 1.11 www.migrationwatchuk.org SELECTION CRITERIA FOR IMMIGRANT WORKERS Summary 1. The government has toned down its claims that migration brings significant economic benefits to the UK.
More informationBy Richard M. Hui Second Year, Third Prize
In a July article published in The Telegraph, David Cameron stated, We re building an immigration system which puts Britain first. Are cries for a clamp down on immigration justified? By Richard M. Hui
More informationMobility of health professionals between the Philippines and selected EU member states: A Policy Dialogue
The ILO Decent Work Across Borders Mobility of health professionals between the Philippines and selected EU member states: A Policy Dialogue Executive Summary Assessment of the Impact of Migration of Health
More informationBrexit misperceptions
Brexit misperceptions October 2018 THE POLICY INSTITUTE Policy Institute at King s and Ipsos MORI The Policy Institute at King s College London, in partnership with Ipsos MORI and UK in a Changing Europe,
More informationA Note on Dustmann and Frattini s Estimates of the Fiscal Impact of UK Immigration. Robert Rowthorn. Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge
A Note on Dustmann and Frattini s Estimates of the Fiscal Impact of UK Immigration Robert Rowthorn Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge Email: rer3@econ.cam.ac.uk April 6th 2014 In a widely quoted
More information20 Bogus Arguments for Mass Immigration
Miscellaneous: MW 269 1. Introduction This paper outlines the many myths that are put forward by the mass immigration lobby in support of the current levels of immigration and dispels each myth in turn.
More informationIntegrating migration on the agenda of the 21st Century 8 th Global Forum on Migration and Development 2015
0 Integrating migration on the agenda of the 21st Century 8 th Global Forum on Migration and Development 2015 Keynote speech by Mari Kiviniemi Deputy Secretary General of the OECD Istanbul, Turkey 14 October
More informationChapter 9. Labour Mobility. Introduction
Chapter 9 Labour Mobility McGraw-Hill/Irwin Labor Economics, 4 th edition Copyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-2 Introduction Existing allocation of workers and firms is
More informationBrexit: How should we vote? 2017 Manifesto Review
Brexit: How should we vote? 2017 Manifesto Review How important is Brexit to the electorate? Britain leaving the EU has consistently been the most important issue reported by the electorate to be facing
More informationThe fiscal impact of immigration to welfare states of the Scandinavian type
The fiscal impact of immigration to welfare states of the Scandinavian type Marianne Frank Hansen a, Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen b and Torben Tranæs c a The Danish Rational Economic Agents Model - DREAM,
More informationDiscussion comments on Immigration: trends and macroeconomic implications
Discussion comments on Immigration: trends and macroeconomic implications William Wascher I would like to begin by thanking Bill White and his colleagues at the BIS for organising this conference in honour
More information3 How might lower EU migration affect the UK economy after Brexit? 1
3 How might lower EU migration affect the UK economy after Brexit? 1 Key points EU migrants have played an increasing role in the UK economy since enlargement of the EU in 24, with particularly large impacts
More informationShould the UK leave the EU?
Should the UK leave the EU? An analysis of the possible economic consequences of a Brexit Gianluigi Vernasca University of Essex Professorial Inaugural Lecture February 2016 Gianluigi Vernasca (University
More informationAugust 2010 Migration Statistics
WWW.IPPR.ORG August 2010 Migration Statistics ippr briefing 26 August 2010 ippr 2010 Institute for Public Policy Research Challenging ideas Changing policy 1 What do the latest migration statistics say?
More informationEuropean Integration Consortium. IAB, CMR, frdb, GEP, WIFO, wiiw. Labour mobility within the EU in the context of enlargement and the functioning
European Integration Consortium IAB, CMR, frdb, GEP, WIFO, wiiw Labour mobility within the EU in the context of enlargement and the functioning of the transitional arrangements VC/2007/0293 Deliverable
More informationInternational Migration and Development: Proposed Work Program. Development Economics. World Bank
International Migration and Development: Proposed Work Program Development Economics World Bank January 2004 International Migration and Development: Proposed Work Program International migration has profound
More informationSUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE SYRIAN LABOR MARKET
Allam YOUSUF University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economic and Business Administration SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE SYRIAN LABOR MARKET Case Study Keywords Labor market, Supply, demand, Unemployment JEL Classification
More informationLabour Mobility Interregional Migration Theories Theoretical Models Competitive model International migration
Interregional Migration Theoretical Models Competitive Human Capital Search Others Family migration Empirical evidence Labour Mobility International migration History and policy Labour market performance
More informationREPORT. Highly Skilled Migration to the UK : Policy Changes, Financial Crises and a Possible Balloon Effect?
Report based on research undertaken for the Financial Times by the Migration Observatory REPORT Highly Skilled Migration to the UK 2007-2013: Policy Changes, Financial Crises and a Possible Balloon Effect?
More informationPOPULATION STUDIES RESEARCH BRIEF ISSUE Number
POPULATION STUDIES RESEARCH BRIEF ISSUE Number 2008021 School for Social and Policy Research 2008 Population Studies Group School for Social and Policy Research Charles Darwin University Northern Territory
More informationIMMIGRATION AND THE UK S PRODUCTIVITY CHALLENGE
Date: 6 July 2015 Author: Jonathan Portes IMMIGRATION AND THE UK S PRODUCTIVITY CHALLENGE This article is the second in a series of articles commissioned by NASSCOM, the premier trade body and the chamber
More informationWhat Should a Cautious Immigration Policy Look Like?
Jakob von Weizsäcker What Should a Cautious Immigration Policy Look Like? By Jakob von Weizsäcker Economic migration allows people to move from places where they are less productive to places where they
More informationThe Pull Factors of Female Immigration
Martin 1 The Pull Factors of Female Immigration Julie Martin Abstract What are the pull factors of immigration into OECD countries? Does it differ by gender? I argue that different types of social spending
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Executive Summary
Executive Summary This report is an expedition into a subject area on which surprisingly little work has been conducted to date, namely the future of global migration. It is an exploration of the future,
More informationCER INSIGHT: The biggest Brexit boon for Germany? Migration. by Christian Odendahl and John Springford 11 December 2017
The biggest Brexit boon for Germany? Migration by Christian Odendahl and John Springford 11 December 217 Germany s economy desperately needs qualified immigrants to fill 78, jobs. Brexit will help it to
More informationThe UK and the European Union Insights from ICAEW Employment
The UK and the European Union Insights from ICAEW Employment BUSINESS WITH CONFIDENCE icaew.com The issues at the heart of the debate This paper is one of a series produced in advance of the EU Referendum
More informationSUARTS submission to the All-Parliamentary Group on Migration Inquiry into the closure of the Post Study Work route
SUARTS submission to the All-Parliamentary Group on Migration Inquiry into the closure of the Post Study Work route Authors: Mostafa Rajaai SUARTS Culture and Diversity Officer Evita Syrengela SUARTS Social
More informationFrom In partnership with. The Nationality of Workers in the UK's Digital Tech Industries
From In partnership with The Nationality of Workers in the UK's Digital Tech Industries 1 Contents Summary of Key Findings 3 Introduction Measuring the nationality of the UK s tech workforce 4 Why is this
More informationCommittee on National Statistics Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD
Committee on National Statistics Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration Kim Rueben, Urban Institute
More informationImmigration and The Economic Crisis: Does recession make a Difference?
Immigration and The Economic Crisis: Does recession make a Difference? Giovanni Peri Conference on Population, Integration and the law San Diego, March 30 th 2010 1 Does recession make a difference in
More informationMigration Advisory Committee Call for Evidence: EEA-workers in the UK labour market submission by the Sport and Recreation Alliance
Migration Advisory Committee Call for Evidence: EEA-workers in the UK labour market submission by the Sport and Recreation Alliance The Sport and Recreation Alliance The Sport and Recreation Alliance believes
More informationThe Outlook for Migration to the UK
European Union: MW 384 Summary 1. This paper looks ahead for the next twenty years in the event that the UK votes to remain within the EU. It assesses that net migration would be likely to remain very
More informationThe Impact of Immigration on Wages of Unskilled Workers
The Impact of Immigration on Wages of Unskilled Workers Giovanni Peri Immigrants did not contribute to the national decline in wages at the national level for native-born workers without a college education.
More informationPoverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom of Thailand
Poverty Profile Executive Summary Kingdom of Thailand February 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation Chapter 1 Poverty in Thailand 1-1 Poverty Line The definition of poverty and methods for calculating
More informationThe outlook for EU migration if the UK remains subject to the free movement of people
The outlook for EU migration if the UK remains subject to the free movement of people European Union: MW 416 Summary 1. Should the UK remain subject to free movement rules after Brexit as a member of the
More informationBrexit and immigration: the way forward
European Union: MW 447 Summary 1. The long silence on arrangements for future access to the UK for EU workers needs to be brought to an end. This paper recommends objectives for a new immigration regime.
More informationPolicy Coherence for Migration and Development
Policy Coherence for Migration and Development Prof. Louka T. Katseli, Director OECD Development Centre United Nations International Symposium on Migration and Development Turin, Italy 28-30 June 2006
More informationA COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE
A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE A Report from the Office of the University Economist July 2009 Dennis Hoffman, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University Economist, and Director, L.
More informationLikely consequences of the MAC s proposed immigration policy
Likely consequences of the MAC s proposed immigration policy Immigration System, Asylum & Policy: MW 456 Summary 1. The government are considering immigration proposals from the Migration Advisory Committee
More informationExecutive summary. Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers.
Executive summary Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers. In many ways, these are exciting times for Asia and the Pacific as a region. Dynamic growth and
More informationChapter 10 Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and Turnover
Chapter 10 Worker Mobility: Migration, Immigration, and Turnover Summary Chapter 9 introduced the human capital investment framework and applied it to a wide variety of issues related to education and
More informationDoes Immigration Reduce Wages?
Does Immigration Reduce Wages? Alan de Brauw One of the most prominent issues in the 2016 presidential election was immigration. All of President Donald Trump s policy proposals building the border wall,
More informationThe impacts of international migration on poverty in the UK
The impacts of international migration on poverty in the UK by Carlos Vargas-Silva, Yvonni Markaki and Madeleine Sumption This report looks at the impacts of international migration on poverty in the UK.
More informationTim Krieger: Fertility Rates and Skill Distribution in Razin and Sadka s Migration-Pension Model: A Note
Tim Krieger: Fertility Rates and Skill Distribution in Razin and Sadka s Migration-Pension Model: A Note Munich Discussion Paper No. 2003-20 Department of Economics University of Munich Volkswirtschaftliche
More informationJune 2018 I NO: 18 13
advice paper June 2018 I NO: 18 13 response to the house of commons select committee on science and technology on a future immigration policy for science and innovation Summary The internationally leading
More informationMigration: Global challenges, European responses
EUROPEAN UNION Committee of the Regions Migration: Global challenges, European responses Institute Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich 7 th Brussels International Economic
More informationEconomic Impacts of Immigration. Testimony of Harry J. Holzer Visiting Fellow, Urban Institute Professor of Public Policy, Georgetown University
Economic Impacts of Immigration Testimony of Harry J. Holzer Visiting Fellow, Urban Institute Professor of Public Policy, Georgetown University to the Committee on Education and the Workforce U.S. House
More informationThe International Platform on Health Worker Mobility
The International Platform on Health Worker Mobility Elevating dialogue, knowledge and international cooperation International Labour Organization (ILO) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
More informationThe Impact of Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Workers in Middle East
2012 2 nd International Conference on Economics, Trade and Development IPEDR vol.36 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Workers in Middle East 1 H.R.Uma
More informationCONSULTATION RESPONSE
CONSULTATION RESPONSE Migration Advisory Committee: Consultation on the level of an annual limit on Response by the Wellcome Trust Introduction 1. The Wellcome Trust is a global charity dedicated to achieving
More informationRoyal Society submission to the Migration Advisory Committee s Call for Evidence on EEA workers in the UK labour market
26 October 2017 Royal Society submission to the Migration Advisory Committee s Call for Evidence on EEA workers in the UK labour market Summary Research and innovation is a global enterprise and one that
More informationAddressing the situation and aspirations of youth
Global Commission on THE FUTURE OF WORK issue brief Prepared for the 2nd Meeting of the Global Commission on the Future of Work 15 17 February 2018 Cluster 1: The role of work for individuals and society
More informationWeekly Geopolitical Report
Weekly Geopolitical Report By Kaisa Stucke, CFA February 29, 2016 Brexit The U.K. joined the European Common Market, what is now known as the EU, in 1973. In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty formally created
More informationFiscal Impact of EU Migrants in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK
Fiscal Impact of EU Migrants in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK European Citizen Action Service Brussels, October 2014 FISCAL IMPACT OF EU MIGRANTS IN AUSTRIA, GERMANY, THE NETHERLANDS, AND
More informationMigration, Coordination Failures and EU Enlargement
Economic Policy 20th Anniversary London, 20 October, 2005 Migration, Coordination Failures and EU Enlargement Tito Boeri and Herbert Brücker Bocconi University and DIW Berlin The issue Economic theory:
More informationImmigration and property prices: Evidence from England and Wales
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Immigration and property prices: Evidence from England and Wales Nils Braakmann Newcastle University 29. August 2013 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49423/ MPRA
More informationEmigration and source countries; Brain drain and brain gain; Remittances.
Emigration and source countries; Brain drain and brain gain; Remittances. Mariola Pytliková CERGE-EI and VŠB-Technical University Ostrava, CReAM, IZA, CCP and CELSI Info about lectures: https://home.cerge-ei.cz/pytlikova/laborspring16/
More informationThe Analytics of the Wage Effect of Immigration. George J. Borjas Harvard University September 2009
The Analytics of the Wage Effect of Immigration George J. Borjas Harvard University September 2009 1. The question Do immigrants alter the employment opportunities of native workers? After World War I,
More informationJens Thomsen: The global economy in the years ahead
Jens Thomsen: The global economy in the years ahead Statement by Mr Jens Thomsen, Governor of the National Bank of Denmark, at the Indo- Danish Business Association, Delhi, 9 October 2007. Introduction
More informationIrish Emigration Patterns and Citizens Abroad
Irish Emigration Patterns and Citizens Abroad A diaspora of 70 million 1. It is important to recall from the outset that the oft-quoted figure of 70 million does not purport to be the number of Irish emigrants,
More informationChapter 8 Economic Integration, Labour Markets and Migration
Chapter 8 Economic Integration, Labour Markets and Migration Chapter Overview Unemployment Economic integration and the labour markets Migration 1 2 Why Labour Markets Matter Controversies Abound Economic
More informationImmigration - Why It Matters
Immigration - Why It Matters Immigration has always been important to Newfoundland and Labrador s development. Immigrant settlement in communities throughout the province has shaped our provincial identity.
More informationCOMMENTARY. The Variations Enigma: Regional Differences in Support for Reducing Immigration to the UK.
COMMENTARY The Variations Enigma: Regional Differences in Support for Reducing Immigration to the UK PUBLISHED: 02/12/2011 www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk When the Migration Observatory recently undertook
More informationHungary s Economic Performance Following EU Accession: Lessons for the new EU Members Bulgaria and Romania
Anna Shaleva * Hungary s Economic Performance Following EU Accession: Lessons for the new EU Members Bulgaria and Romania Hungary s economy had achieved a very successful transformation during its transition
More informationSnp Immigration Policy A Back Door To England?
Briefing Paper 10.33 www.migrationwatchuk.com Summary 1. If the SNP were able to acquire a separate regime for immigration to Scotland following the General Election, the result would be very serious for
More informationResponse to the Department of Home Affairs consultation on Managing Australia's Migrant Intake
Response to the Department of Home Affairs consultation on Managing Australia's Migrant Intake February 2018 Business Council of Australia February 2018 1 The Business Council of Australia draws on the
More informationTOWARDS A EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET: COMBATING LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT AND IMPROVING TRADE UNIONS THROUGH INCREASED MIGRATION
TOWARDS A EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET: COMBATING LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT AND IMPROVING TRADE UNIONS THROUGH INCREASED MIGRATION ECONOMIC POLICY PAUL KELLY Junior Sophister Should we sacrifice social benefits
More informationIMMIGRATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET
Briefing Paper 1.6 www.migrationwatchuk.org IMMIGRATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET Summary 1 The Government assert that the existence of 600,000 vacancies justifies the present very large scale immigration
More informationASSESSING THE IMPACT OF A8 IMMIGRANTS ON UK WAGES
Keith Bamwesigye Alexandra Dolgošová Aminata Lahai Sara Mahmoud ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF A8 IMMIGRANTS ON UK WAGES Abstract: The aim of this report is to analyse the effect of immigration from A8 countries
More information3. Does the economy need immigration?
3. Does the economy need immigration? There is no evidence that net immigration generates significant economic benefits for the existing UK population. The Government s own figure for the annual benefit
More informationMIGRATION BETWEEN THE UK AND THE EU
MIGRATION BETWEEN THE UK AND THE EU OPTIONS OPTION A Maintain free movement of labour as now OPTION B Maintain free movement of labour, but use controls OPTION C End free movement, but still favour EU
More informationThe UK Labour Market EU Workers by Occupation Skill Level
Briefing Paper 4.31 www.migrationwatchuk.com Summary 1. There are currently 400,000 EU14 workers in the UK who are more likely to be in a skilled occupation than the UK born 70% compared to 55%. However,
More informationGlobalisation and Open Markets
Wolfgang LEHMACHER Globalisation and Open Markets July 2009 What is Globalisation? Globalisation is a process of increasing global integration, which has had a large number of positive effects for nations
More informationUNISON Scotland consultation response. Westminster - Scottish Affairs Committee Does UK immigration policy meet Scotland s needs?
UNISON Scotland consultation response. Westminster - Scottish Affairs Committee Does UK immigration policy meet Scotland s needs? Introduction UNISON Scotland is the largest trade union representing members
More informationLabor Market Consequences of Immigration. Econ/Demog C175 Economic Demography Prof. Goldstein Spring 2018, UC Berkeley
Labor Market Consequences of Immigration Econ/Demog C175 Economic Demography Prof. Goldstein Spring 2018, UC Berkeley 1 Agenda Is international migration good or bad for the United States? Last time, fiscal
More informationLabor Market Challenges in Europe With Respect to the Migrant Crisis
Student Publications Student Scholarship Spring 2016 Labor Market Challenges in Europe With Respect to the Migrant Crisis Thomas M. Segerstrom Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship
More informationALMR response to the Migration Advisory Committee s call for evidence on EEA migration and future immigration policy
ALMR response to the Migration Advisory Committee s call for evidence on EEA migration and future immigration policy About us and the sector The ALMR is the leading body representing the eating and drinking
More informationthat Would Enhance the Well-being of New Zealanders
Julie Fry and Peter Wilson 1 Immigration Policies that Would Enhance the Well-being of New Zealanders Introduction Two stories wax and wane in New Zealand debates about migration. With record arrivals,
More informationThe labour market impact of immigration
Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 24, Number 3, 2008, pp.477 494 The labour market impact of immigration Christian Dustmann, Albrecht Glitz, and Tommaso Frattini Abstract In the first part of this
More informationThe impacts of migrants and migration into Scotland PEOPLE, COMMUNITIES AND PLACES. social. research
The impacts of migrants and migration into Scotland PEOPLE, COMMUNITIES AND PLACES social research Acknowledgements Thanks are due to many people for their input and advice. In particular: Christina Boswell,
More informationEconomics Of Migration
Department of Economics and Centre for Macroeconomics public lecture Economics Of Migration Professor Alan Manning Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for Economic Performance s research
More information10/11/2017. Chapter 6. The graph shows that average hourly earnings for employees (and selfemployed people) doubled since 1960
Chapter 6 1. Discuss three US labor market trends since 1960 2. Use supply and demand to explain the labor market 3. Use supply and demand to explain employment and real wage trends since 1960 4. Define
More informationRoyal College of Paediatrics and Child Health response to the Migration Advisory Committee call for evidence: Review of Tier 2
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health response to the Migration Advisory Committee call for evidence: Review of Tier 2 September Summary of RCPCH position The RCPCH responded to part 1 of the MAC
More informationUnemployment and the Immigration Surplus
Unemployment and the Immigration Surplus Udo Kreickemeier University of Nottingham Michael S. Michael University of Cyprus December 2007 Abstract Within a small open economy fair wage model with unemployment
More informationChapter 5. Labour Market Equilibrium. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Labor Economics, 4 th edition
Chapter 5 Labour Market Equilibrium McGraw-Hill/Irwin Labor Economics, 4 th edition Copyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-2 Introduction Labour market equilibrium coordinates
More informationMigration and Labor Market Outcomes in Sending and Southern Receiving Countries
Migration and Labor Market Outcomes in Sending and Southern Receiving Countries Giovanni Peri (UC Davis) Frederic Docquier (Universite Catholique de Louvain) Christian Dustmann (University College London)
More informationLabour market crisis: changes and responses
Labour market crisis: changes and responses Ágnes Hárs Kopint-Tárki Budapest, 22-23 November 2012 Outline The main economic and labour market trends Causes, reasons, escape routes Increasing difficulties
More informationPostwar Migration in Southern Europe,
Postwar Migration in Southern Europe, 1950 2000 An Economic Analysis ALESSANDRA VENTURINI University of Torino PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington
More informationSession 6: Economic Impact of Migration on Receiving Countries: Public Finance, Growth and Inequalities
Masters Programme Economie des Relations Internationales, Sciences Po, Paris John P. Martin & Jean-Christophe Dumont Session 6: Economic Impact of Migration on Receiving Countries: Public Finance, Growth
More informationArea of study 2: Dynamic Places
Area of study 2: Dynamic Places Topic 3: Globalisation Overview Globalisation and global interdependence continue to accelerate, resulting in changing opportunities for businesses and people. Inequalities
More informationImmigration A nation divided?
1 Immigration A nation divided? The British view that current immigration levels are too high is well established and stable. This chapter delves deeper into public opinion to examine how the public perceive
More informationDEGREE PLUS DO WE NEED MIGRATION?
DEGREE PLUS DO WE NEED MIGRATION? ROBERT SUBAN ROBERT SUBAN Department of Banking & Finance University of Malta Lecture Outline What is migration? Different forms of migration? How do we measure migration?
More informationTRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
SOPEMI TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Continuous Reporting System on Migration ANNUAL REPORT 1996 1997 EDITION ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Part III IMMIGRATION AND SOCIAL
More informationEconomics Summer Term Task
Economics Summer Term Task 1. Research the impact of the vote to leave the EU on the UK economy a. In the short term (the next year) b. In the long term (the next 5 to 10 years) -use the links on slide
More informationDoes Immigration Raise or Lower Taxes?
Does Immigration Raise or Lower Taxes? Demography 175 Tuesday, April 2, 2018 Gretchen Donehower, UC Berkeley Demography 1997 2016 Thanks to Dr. Francine Blau, Chair of the 2016 Panel, for use of several
More information