Developing the Equality Measurement Framework: selecting the indicators

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1 Research report: 31 Developing the Equality Measurement Framework: selecting the indicators Sabina Alkire, Francesca Bastagli, Tania Burchardt, David Clark, Holly Holder, Solava Ibrahim, Maria Munoz, Paulina Terrazas Tiffany Tsang and Polly Vizard

Developing the Equality Measurement Framework: selecting the indicators Project team: Sabina Alkire, Francesca Bastagli, Tania Burchardt, David

2 Developing the Equality Measurement Framework: selecting the indicators Project team: Sabina Alkire, Francesca Bastagli, Tania Burchardt, David Clark, Holly Holder, Solava Ibrahim, Maria Munoz, Paulina Terrazas Tiffany Tsang, and Polly Vizard OPHI Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative

3 Equality and Human Rights Commission 2009 First published Summer 2009 ISBN EQUALITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS RESEARCH REPORT SERIES The Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report Series publishes research carried out for the Commission by commissioned researchers. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Commission. The Commission is publishing the report as a contribution to discussion and debate. Please contact the Research team for further information about other Commission research reports, or visit our website: Research Team Equality and Human Rights Commission Arndale House The Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3AQ research@equalityhumanrights.com Telephone: Website: You can download a copy of this report as a PDF from our website: If you require this publication in an alternative format, please contact the Communication Team to discuss your needs at: communication@equalityhumanrights.com

4 Contents Acknowledgements List of acronyms used in this report Executive summary Summary of indicators and measures viii xi xiii xx 1. Introduction What is the Equality Measurement Framework? Mapping inequality using the Equality Measurement Framework The specialist consultation on selection of indicators Next steps Organisation of this report 11 Appendix 1.1 The list of central and valuable freedoms for adults 16 Appendix 1.2 Specialist consultation participation list Selection criteria Principles for selecting indicators Selection criteria check-list The specialist consultation: feedback, suggestions and recommendations on selection criteria 32 3 Human rights 35 Summary of recommendations 52 Appendix 3.1 The CESCR monitoring framework 54 Appendix 3.2 The OHCHR indicators framework 57 Appendix 3.3 Questions tabled during the specialist consultation process as a basis for discussion Life 63 Indicator 1 64 Indicator 2 68 Indicator 3 74 Indicator 4 76 Recommendations Health 85 Indicator 1 88 Indicator 2 94 Indicator 3 96 Indicator Indicator Recommendations Physical security 121 Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Recommendations 156 i

5 Appendix 6.1 Definitions of domestic violence and domestic abuse Legal security 161 Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Recommendations Education and learning 215 Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Recommendations Standard of living 240 Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Recommendations Productive and valued activities 282 Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Recommendations Individual, family and social life 309 Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator 4 and Recommendations Identity, expression and self-respect 328 Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Recommendations Participation, influence and voice 347 Indicator Indicator ii

6 Indicator Indicator Indicator Recommendations International context Conclusions and recommendations: GB and England The process of selecting indicators Data availability Disaggregation of the indicators by equality characteristics Population coverage of the indicators Geographical coverage of the indicators Presentation and interpretation of data Continuing development of other components of the EMF Domain-specific recommendations Conclusions and recommendations: Scotland The process of selecting indicators Data availability Disaggregation of the indicators by equality characteristics Population coverage of the indicators Geographical coverage of the indicators Presentation and interpretation of data Continuing development of other components of the EMF Domain-specific recommendations Conclusions and recommendations: Wales The process of selecting indicators Data availability Disaggregation of the indicators by equality characteristics Population coverage of the indicators Geographical coverage of the indicators Presentation and interpretation of data Continuing development of other components of the EMF Domain-specific recommendations 476 References 486 Appendices: A1 Mapping of central and valuable capabilities to indicators and measures 504 A2 Index of data sources and associated measures 517 A3 A4 A5 Data gaps table for England (spreadsheet) Data gaps table for Scotland (spreadsheet) Data gaps table for Wales (spreadsheet) iii

7 Tables 4.1 Measure 1.1 Period life expectancy by age, country and gender, Measure 1.1 (EW) Period life expectancy by age, social class and gender, Measure 2.1 (EW) Offences currently recorded as homicide 2007/8 (recorded crime statistics) Measure 2.1 (EW) Ethnic appearance of currently recorded homicide victims, combined data for 2004/5 to 2006/ Measure 2.2 (EW) Homicides currently recorded for all victims by relationship of victim to principal suspect, Measure 2.2 (EW) Relationship of currently recorded homicide victims to principal suspect by ethnic appearance of victim, combined data 2004/5 to 2006/ Measure 4.1 (EW) Deaths in or following police custody Measure 4.2 (EW) Self-inflicted deaths in prison by gender and age Measure 4.2 (EW) Self-inflicted deaths in prison by self-identified ethnicity, gender, age and cause of death, 2007/ Measure 1.1 (E) Percentage reporting limiting long-standing illness or disability Measure 1.2 (E) Percentage reporting poor mental health (GHQ12 score>2) Measure 2.1 (E) Percentage reporting poor self-reported health (self-reported health bad or very bad) Measure 3.1 (E) Percentage not treated with dignity and respect in healthcare services Measure 3.1 (E) Perceptions of treatment with dignity and respect in healthcare services Measure 3.1 (W) Perceptions of treatment with dignity and respect in healthcare services Measure 3.2 (E) Percentage for whom needs for nutritional support are not satisfied during hospital stay Measure 1.1 (EW) Percentage that are victims of violence Measure 1.3 (EW) Percentage that are victims of sexual violence in the last 12 months Measure 1.4 (EW) Percentage that are victims of domestic violence in the last 12 months Measures 2.1-3,5,6 (EW) Victims of hate crime Measure 4.1 (EW) Percentage feeling very unsafe or unsafe being alone at home and in local area (during the day and after dark) Measure 4.2 (EW) Percentage feeling very worried / worried about (a) physical attack (b) intimidation (c) acquisitive crime against the person and property Measure 1.1 (EW) Estimated number of cases of rape, the number of cases reported to and recorded by the police, and the number of legal cases successfully prosecuted Measure 1.2 (EW) Estimated number of domestic violence and iv

8 domestic abuse cases, reported to and recorded by the police, and the number of legal cases successfully prosecuted Measure 1.3 (EW) Estimated number of cases of aggravated hate crime, the number of cases reported to and recorded by the police, and the number of legal cases successfully prosecuted Recorded crime statistics on racially and religiously aggravated crime Measure 2.1 (EW)The percentage of the population that are stopped in vehicles or on foot, and that are stopped and searched, in the last year Measure 2.2. (EW) Confidence that CJS meets the needs of victims of crime Measure 2.2. (EW) Confidence that CJS respects the rights of individuals accused of committing a crime and treats them fairly Measure 2.3 (EW) Percentage of adults who have lodged an official complaint against the police in past 12 months who are fairly or very satisfied with the handling of the complaint Measure 3.1 (EW) Total population in police cells Measure 3.1 (EW) Adult population (18 or above) in prison establishments at June Measure 3.1 (EW) Population in prison establishments under sentence Measure 3.3 (EW) Number of restricted patients detained in hospital at end Measure 4.1 (EW) Percentage of civil justice problems where respondents gave up or did nothing as opposed to other outcomes, January 2006-January Measure 4.2 (EW) Percentage of civil justice problems where respondents obtained advice, January 2006-January Measure 1.1 (E) Percentage with functional literacy and numeracy skills Measure 1.2 (EW) Percentage who can speak, read and write English or Welsh very or fairly well Highest qualification level Measure 3.1Percentage who have participated in formal or informal learning in the last 12 months Measure 5.1(EW) Whether treated with respect Measure 1.2 (EW) Percentage who were a victim of domestic burglary/vandalism in the last 12 months Measure 2.1 Percentage of individuals living in households below 60 per cent of median income, after housing costs, UK Measure 2.1Percentage of individuals living in households below 60 per cent of median income by occupational class, after housing costs, UK Measure 2.1 (S) Percentage of individuals living in households below 60 per cent of median income, after housing costs Measure 2.1 (W) Percentage of individuals living in households below 60 per cent of median income, after housing costs Measure 2.2 Working-age families with or without children, above 60 per cent median income poverty threshold 256 v

9 9.7 Measure 3.1 (E) People aged 50+ who have difficulties with activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living Measure 3.1 (S) People who have some illness or disability and have difficulty with at least one activity Measure 3.2 (S) Parents' satisfaction with childcare Measure 4.1 (S) Average number of 13 problems mentioned by respondents about their local area Measure 4.1 (W) Average number of 6 problems mentioned by respondents about their local area Measure 4.2 (S) Whether or not a car is needed to make a certain journey Measure 1.1 Percentage of working age population employed or self-employed Measure 2.1 Percentage of employees earning less than 60 per cent median hourly earnings, excluding unpaid overtime Measure 2.2 Median hourly earnings of employees, excluding unpaid overtime Measures 3.2 and 3.3 Average prevalence of work-related illness and non-fatal work related injury Measure 4.1 Percentage of workers experiencing unfair treatment, bullying or harassment at work Measure 5.1 People aged 50+ who spend some time caring for another person (grandchild, spouse, or someone else) Measures 1.1 and 1.2 Availability of support Measure 1.2 (S) Availability of support Measure 2.1 (EW) Percentage of year olds that are victims of domestic abuse (emotional and financial) in the last 12 months Measure 1.1 (EW) Respondents who say they have some religion Measure 1.1 (EW) Percentage who agree that people with different backgrounds get on well together in the local area Measure 1.1 Percentage who voted in 2005 General Election Measure 1.2 Political representation in Parliament or National Assembly Percentage of councillors belonging to various strand groups (sex; ethnicity/race; disability; age; occupation) Measure 2.1 (EW) percentage who agree they can influence decisions affecting the local area Measure 3.1 (EW) Percentage taking part in political activity in the last 12 months Measure 4.1 (EW) Percentage active in local decision-making body in last 12 months Measure 4.1 (S) Percentage active in local or national group in the last 12 months Measure 4.1 (W) Percentage active in local or national group in the last 3 years 373 vi

10 14.1 Dimensions of major national household surveys and as presented in search engines Dimensions of deprivation - Syntheses of participatory experiences and EMF dimensions Dimensions and indices of multidimensional poverty and well-being Domains, indicators and OPHI modules 390 Figures 1 The substantive freedom matrix 6 Boxes 1 Aspects of inequality: Outcomes, process and autonomy 3 2 The equality measurement framework: Key building blocks 4 3 Indicators and measures 12 4 Status of the data tables included in this report 13 vii

11 Acknowledgements We are very grateful to a large number of people who have helped us with this project. Consultation participants in England, Scotland and Wales, and on-line, gave freely of their time and expertise, and helped enormously to improve the final selection of indicators. Clare Bosley, Jenny Chanfreau, Heather Dean, Juliet McGhee, Helen McGuigan and Claire Wallace assisted with organisation and notetaking at consultation events, without which we would not have had such a complete record of what was discussed. We are very grateful to Giovanni Razzu, who, assisted by Antonino Barbera Mazzola, has expertly steered the project from the Government Equalities Office; including co-ordinating a cross-government Policy and Analysis Group, which has provided constructive scrutiny of the project throughout. David Darton directed the project for the Equality and Human Rights Commission and Liz Speed dealt with project management efficiently and cheerfully. An EHRC/GEO project steering group, including Wayne Vincent and Morag Patrick, also provided valuable input. In addition, our one-to-one discussions with, amongst others, Lorna Brown, Ravi Chand, Patrick Grattan, John Hills, Francesca Klug, Steve Marshall, Peter Matejic, Jessica McQuade, Katherine Rake, Sarah Tipping, Amanda Tuke, Sylvia Walby, Alison Walker and Sue Warner have been immensely beneficial to us. Last but not least, Anita Bardhan-Roy, Tanvi Desai, Jane Dickson, Joe Johannes, Alexander Lembcke, Anna Tamas and Nic Warner provided first-rate administrative, IT and statistical support. Data sources acknowledgements The following datasets were accessed via the UK Data Archive at Essex University during the course of the project. We are very grateful to the Archive and to the original collectors and depositors for making these data available. However, neither the Archive nor the original collectors or depositors of the data bear any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented in this report. British Crime Survey SN Deposited by Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Material from Crown copyright records made available through the Home Office and the UK Data Archive has been used by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. British Household Panel Survey SN 5151 Deposited by University of Essex, Institute for Social and Economic Research. Copyright: ISER. viii

12 Citizenship Survey SN 5739 Deposited by Communities and Local Government. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen s Printer for Scotland. English Longitudinal Study of Ageing SN 5050 Deposited by National Centre for Social Research. The data were made available through the UK Data Archive (UKDA). ELSA was developed by a team of researchers based at the National Centre for Social Research, University College London and the Institute for Fiscal Studies. The data were collected by the National Centre for Social Research. The funding is provided by the National Institute of Ageing in the United States, and a consortium of UK government departments coordinated by the Office for National Statistics. The developers and funders of ELSA and the Archive do not bear any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented here. Family Resources Survey SN 6079 (group 33283) Deposited by Department for Work and Pensions. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. Health Survey for England SN 6112 Deposited by National Centre for Social Research. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. National Patient Survey Programme (England) SN5167 (group 33348). Deposited by Healthcare Commission. Quarterly Labour Force Survey SN 5851 (group 33246) Deposited by Office for National Statistics, Social and Vital Statistics Division. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. Scottish Crime and Victimisation Survey SN 5784 Deposited by Scottish Executive. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. Scottish Household Survey SN 5608 Deposited by Scottish Executive. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. ix

13 The Living in Wales Survey was supplied by the Local Government Data Unit (Wales). We are very grateful to the Unit and to the original collectors and depositors for making these data available. However, neither the Unit nor the original collectors or depositors of the data bear any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented in this report. x

14 List of acronyms used in this report ACPO ADR AHC ANOVA APACS APS ASHE BCS BERR BES BHC BHPS BME CASE CESCR COPFS CPS CRC CS CVD DEFRA DoH DV DWP EHRC ELSA EMF ENCAMS EQ5D FRS FTW GB GEO GHQ GHS HBAI HESA HLSES HMIP HO HRA HSE ICESCR IHS LFS LGB LIW LOS Association of Chief Police Officers Annual Data Requirement After housing costs Analysis of Variance Assessments of Policing and Community Safety Annual Population Survey Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings British Crime Survey Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform British Election Study Before housing costs British Household Panel Survey Black and Minority Ethnic Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service Crown Prosecution Service Convention on the Rights of the Child Citizenship Survey Cardio-vascular disease Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Department of Health Domestic Violence Department for Work and Pensions Equality and Human Rights Commission English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Equality Measurement Framework Environmental Campaigns Instrument to measure health outcomes Family Resources Survey Fair Treatment at Work survey Great Britain Government Equalities Office General Health Questionnaire General Household Survey Households Below Average Income Higher Education Statistics Authority Higher Level Summary of Equality Statistics Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Prisons Home Office Human Rights Act Health and Safety Executive International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Integrated Household Survey Labour Force Survey Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Living in Wales Survey Life Opportunities Survey xi

15 LSC LSE MoJ MP MQPL MSP NCTT NGOs NICL NMIS NOMs NPIA NPM NSIR ODI OECD OHCHR ONS OPCAT OPHI OPM PF prechr PSA PSE SCJS SCVS SEPA SHS SPI SPR SRAs SSAS UKHLS WAG WAVES WHO Learning and Skills Council London School of Economics Ministry of Justice Member of Parliament (Westminster) Measuring the Quality of Prison Life team Member of Scottish Parliament National Community Tension Team Non-Governmental Organisations National Incident Category List National Management Information Systems National Offender Management Service National Police Improvement Agency National Preventive Mechanism National Standard for Incident Reporting Office for Disability Issues Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Office for National Statistics Optical Protocol to the Convention against Torture Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative Office for Public Management Procurator Fiscal Programme of Research on Equality, Capability and Human Rights Public Service Agreement Poverty and Social Exclusion survey Scottish Crime and Justice Survey Scottish Crime and Victimisation Survey Scottish Environmental Protection Agency Scottish Household Survey Statutory Performance Indicator Standard Prosecution Reporting (document) Specialist Reporting Agencies Scottish Social Attitudes Survey UK Household Longitudinal Survey Welsh Assembly Government Witness and Victim Experience Survey World Health Organisation xii

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