Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Unit

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1 Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Unit Sian TURNER National Advisor General Enquiries: Intelligence submissions: Tel: (+44) (24/7) Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

2 Presentation Overview MSHTU Roles and Responsibilities Global Picture European Definition, legislation and indicators of Modern Slavery/Human Trafficking Case Studies of Modern Slavery/Human Trafficking. Victim Identification and Support NRM Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

3 What does the UKHTC do? Victims A competent Authority for National Referral Mechanism (NRM); partnership engagement on protection and safeguarding. Administers the UK NRM for victims. Provides analysis on victims (NCA web-site). Tactical/Operational Advisors Provide advice in pre-planned operations or live advice in retrospective investigations to aid the disruption/prosecution of identified offenders and victim centred approach. Develops and shares best practice. Advice available 24/7/365 Intelligence collection & analysis Acts as the central repository for intelligence relating to trafficking; develops assessments for partners (SOCA web-site). Develops intelligence for law enforcement to disrupt/ prosecute offenders. Partnership working A co-ordinated multi-agency approach to tackle the problem within the UK and Internationally, across law enforcement, government, third sector, civil society, private sector and media. Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

4 2.4 Million people trafficked each year. (UN) Lucrative as drug smuggling and arms dealing serious organised crime 3 rd largest growing criminal industry in the world $32 billion dollars trade annually (UN) 1.8 million children are exploited in the global commercial sex trade ( this figure is thought to be much higher due to underground dealings of traffickers) There are more people in slavery today than the 350 year history of the slave trade in the UK Transnational trafficking The Global Picture Internal trafficking (Victims trafficked within their own country) 10-13,000 IN SLAVERY IN THE UK Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

5 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 2017 NRM Referrals - Top 10 Nationality - Claimed Exploitation Type Unknown Exploitation Sexual Exploitation Organ Harvesting Labour Exploitation Domestic Servitude United Kingdom Albania Vietnam China Nigeria Romania Sudan Eritrea India Poland SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

6 Modern Slavery Act Offences S1 -Slavery = Holding someone as a slave or servant or for compulsory or forced labour Life Imprisonment S2 Human Trafficking Offence of Arranging and facilitating the travel of a person with a view to them being exploited - Life Imprisonment S3 The Meaning of Exploitation consolidates all the different definitions from the existing legislation by putting exploitation under one meaning and at the centre of slavery offences. sexual, labour, forced criminality, organ harvesting S4 Committing offence with intent to commit offence under section 2 (Trafficking) commits any offence with the intention of committing an offence under section 2 (including an offence committed by aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring an offence under that section). Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

7 Human Trafficking -v- Smuggling of Migrants Human Trafficking A crime against a person (Humanity) Human trafficking is the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. Human Smuggling A crime against the State Smuggling migrants is the procurement of illegal entry of a person into a State, of which that person is not a national or resident, for financial or other material benefit. Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

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9 Where do trafficked people come from? In the UK these are the top countries that identified victims come from: Romania, Albania, UK, Slovakia, Poland, Nigeria, Lithuania, Vietnam, Czech Republic and Hungary. Predominantly Eastern European males will be found in labour industry's. Romanians are predominantly used for street begging and forced crime, women for sexual exploitation/forced marriage Nigerian females- sexual exploitation China forced labour (Morecombe Bay & cockle pickers) and sexual exploitation Vietnam predominantly men and children forced in the farming of cannabis cultivation Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

10 Situational/Environmental Indicators Living and or working at a location where intelligence suggests potential victims are held; Others speaking for the person with whom you are trying to talk to; Others attempting to influence you or the people with whom you are trying to talk; Others trying to distract you from your enquiries; Living in degraded, unsanitary or overcrowded conditions; Poor health and hygiene (including poor dental hygiene and malnutrition); n Injuries old and new, apparently a result of assault or restraint; Injuries or impairments typical of certain jobs possibly due to lack of appropriate clothing or equipment; Any evidence of control over movement either as an individual or a group including segregation. Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

11 Factual/Investigative Indicators Passport or documents held by someone else; No days off or holiday time; Limited contact with family; Lack of access to earnings; Lack of access to medical care; Very limited social contact; Threat to be handed over to the authorities; Perception of being bonded by a debt; Threats against the person / family members; Being in a situation of dependency (food, shelter, clothing, substances transport etc); Imposed working conditions and lack of ability to negotiate; Lack of ability to quit work environment; Transport / accommodation is provided by the employer, as a condition of employment, at inflated / unrealistic cost which is deducted from wages Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

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13 Exploitation types you might see Sexual being coerced to provide sexual services but remember coercion is not a necessity for legislative purposes. CSE child sexual exploitation children being moved with intention of exploiting them sexually Labour forced to work in factories, agriculture, as labourers, in car washes ANY LABOUR can be exploitation Domestic servitude being coerced to cook, clean, work for individual Forced criminality cannabis farmers, being made to steal, beg, run drugs any crime may have a statutory defence under S45 Modern Slavery act 2015 Sham/forced marriage trafficking someone to get an immigration status EU female marries male in order for male to get immigration status in order to remain in the UK. Women can be sold by their families Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

14 Vulnerabilities targeted Poverty Poor education Language barrier Family and children to support Health issues Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

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16 Lizzy Idahosa and Jackson Omoruyi

17 JU JU / Spiritual Control Cardiff CC November 2014 Victims from rural Community in Nigeria Trafficker and Ju Ju priest carried out a witchcraft ritual to CONTROL victims before leaving made to eat live snail, an egg together with dust. Made to eat live snake. Feared infertility, madness and death Once in UK, raped, families threatened, subjected to violence. Forced into prostitution to repay 50,000 debt.

18 VERDICT Lizzy IDAHOSA GUILTY of trafficking, inciting prostitution and money laundering moved women around Croydon, Stevenage, Brighton, Swansea and Cardiff IDAHOSA sentenced to 8 Years imprisonment Jackson OMORUYI sentenced to 2 years for money laundering

19 Shaowei He Rotherham South Yorkshire Shaowei He early 20 s, described as childlike with learning difficulties Arrived in UK March 2005 after marrying husband and lived with him at his Chinese restaurant in Rotherham Unaware Husband had girlfriend - Shaowei confined to live in outhouse Abused and assaulted husband blamed his girlfriend Injuries included extensive bruising, old knife wounds (probably defensive), deep wound to elbow infected Beaten with copper pipe, broken broom and wood with nails in it Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

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23 Staff at restaurant observed she had a swollen face and hands bruising had bled into tissue Injuries observed by environmental health officers bruised eye and burns to hands. Didn t report. Neighbours witnessed bruising. Injuries described as horrific and that she had been tortured In 23 rd March 2006 call to police Shaowei dead in back yard Died of haemorrhage and shock as result of her injuries. Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

24 Trafficking for Sexual exploitation S2 Modern Slavery Act 2015 Trafficking legislation for sexual exploitation does NOT require proof of coercion Trafficking for sexual exploitation - requires movement with a VIEW to committing an offence under the Sexual offences Act 2003 or Protection of Children Act 1978 (indecent images)

25 Simple terms! In the UK it is an offence to move or facilitate the movement of another person with a VIEW to committing a an offence under the protection of children act 1978 or the sexual offences act 2003 No Coercion is required No actual offence need take place - with a VIEW to means that intended exploitation, if it can be evidenced, would suffice in committing an offence under the act

26 Practical examples S grooms V on line with a view to meeting to commit a sexual assault on V S encourages V to go to a hotel with them intending to rape or commit a sexual assault on V S recruits women in eastern Europe arranging for them to come to the UK to work as prostitutes. He places them in brothels and manages there prostitution. Potentially guilty of trafficking by moving them to cause or incite or control their prostitution the recruiters, transporters and anyone else involved may be guilty if it can be shown they knew or ought to have known the intended purpose

27 Benefits of using Trafficking legislation Child = under 18 No defence - I thought they were 16 Penalty is now LIFE imprisonment as of 31 st July 2015 New prevention and risk orders can be applied for as of 31 st July 2015 and can be applied for retrospectively Victims will be entitled to National Referral Mechanism support

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31 PART 2: PREVENTION ORDERS & RISK ORDERS Prevention Orders can be applied for: by prosecutor on conviction as part of the sentence, to protect the public by preventing or restricting defendant s activities. Eg. working as a gangmaster, travel to specified countries, working with children. Risk Orders can be applied for by police /NCA /IO at a magistrates court to restrict the activities of an individual who has not been convicted of a relevant offence, but where it is necessary to protect people from likely harm. Breach = 5 years imprisonment Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

32 Staffordshire Police First CSE Modern Slavery RISK Order Victim facilitator 21 years old - encouraging and introducing children into exploitative situations Raped, sexually assaulted Judge invoked a FULL risk order (criminal investigation on going) Defendant is prohibited from; Being in the company of or seeking the company a female under 18 Residing or sleeping in the same place where any female under the age of 18 is present Causing, permitting or allowing any female under 18 to enter into or remain in any private vehicle which you are driving or travelling in as a passenger Communicating by any means indirectly or indirectly with any female who is under the age of 18 years Refusing to allow a police officer to examine any computer or other electronic device in your possession or to which you have access Judge ORDER PLACED INDEFINATELY - ONUS ON THE DEFENDANT TO CHANGE HER LIFESTYLE Protecting the public: leading our fight against serious and organised crime

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42 NRM Process REASONABLE GROUNDS (RG) Decision case worker has 5 working days Salvation Army contract instigated when RG is made - accommodation and associated care commences Victim has 45 day period whereby the case worker will continue to gather information from the referrer and other relevant agencies to make a CONCLUSIVE GROUNDS (CG) decision Contact with the case worker is crucial for an informed and appropriate decision to be made Consideration should be made in respect of recording a crime in conjunction with home office crime recording rules force registrar can advise

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44 Who you going to call. If an adult or child is in immediate danger dial 999 Non urgent/live advice - MSHTU (24/7) Otherwise, local police you can dial 101 Crimestoppers NHS SPOC Louise E. Cahill, RN, Staff Nurse, Acute Medical Unit Link Role: Modern Slavery Tel: louise.cahill@nbt.nhs.uk For adult victim support: UK - Salvation Army NI & Scotland Migrant Help Scotland TARA Gangmaster Licencing Authority UK Slavery Helpline Advice & info for child cases: NSPCC