Compound Terms in English and Lithuanian Legal Acts on Migration Policy

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1 Compound Terms in English and Lithuanian Legal Acts on Migration Policy Olga Ušinskienė and Sigita Rackevičienė Mykolas Romeris University 27 May 2017

2 Relevance of the topic; The aim of the research; The object of the research; Sources; The procedure of the research; Conclusions Content

3 Compounding as one of the most productive processes in word-formation; Definition of compounds; The principle of linguistic economy; Compounds vs phrases. The main criteria for distinguishing compounds from phrases: phonological, syntactic and semantic. Relevance of the topic

4 The aim of the research: To analyse the formal types of English compound terms used in legal acts on migration policy and investigate their Lithuanian equivalents. The objectives: To analyse theoretical works on the phenomenon of compounding and define the principles of the empirical analysis; To investigate the selected English compounds, classify them according to their formal sturcture and conduct their quantitative analysis; To investigate the Lithuaniana equivalents of each formal type of English compounds and determine their predominant formal patterns. The aim and objectives

5 The object of the research 59 English compound terms and their Lithuanian equivalents. 1. Art.2(c) of Council Directive 2003/9/EC (Asylum Procedures Directive) 2. Art. 8(3) of Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive) 3. Articles 3(1)(d) and 6(e) of Council Decision 573/2007/EC establishing the Refugee Fund 4. Art. 8 of UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No 6 and RA: Study on separated, asylum seeking children in EU Member States, Art. 2(l) of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) 6. Art. 2 (d) of Council Directive 2003/86/EC (Family Reunification Directive) 7. Arts. 3(b) and 3(c) of Proposal for a Directive on conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals in the framework of an intra-corporate transfer (COM(2010) 378 final) 8. Regulation (EU) No 516/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, amending Council Decision 2008/381/EC and repealing Decisions No 573/2007/EC and No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Decision 2007/435/EC 9. Art. 2(i) of Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) 10. Commission Staff Working Document SEC/2008/ Art. 2(9) of Council Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (Schengen Borders Code) 12. Asylum and Migration Glossary 3.0 produced by the European Migration Network, October The object of the research and sources:

6 The analytical-descriptive research - to systematize the extracted compound terms and describe them according to the following criteria: 1) number of constituents; 2) word classes of constituents; 3) linking of constituents. The Quantitative analysis - to establish the frequency of the usage of compound terms in English and Lithuanian. The procedure of the research

7 ENGLISH TWO-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS OPEN COMPOUNDS HYPHENATED COMPOUNDS N+N(head): 1) N+N(head) Accommodation centre Asylum-seeker Asylum application Case-law Asylum flow Cost-effectiveness Asylum seeker Responsibility-sharing Asylum shopping Time-limit Asylum system 2) V(head) + Q.W Border area Know-how Border control Border crossing Border resident Brain circulation Brain drain Brain gain Brain waste Word classes of constituents

8 ENGLISH THREE-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS OPEN COMPOUNDS MIXED COMPOUNDS N+N+N(head) Border crossing point; Refugee status determination; Contract migrant worker N+N+N(head) Cross-border worker I. N+N+N: Burden-sharing operations; Adj+N+N: Long-stay viza; Short-stay viza; Long-term migration; Long-term resident; Num+N+N: Third-country nationals; First-degree relatives; V+N+N: Cross-border worker; II. N+Adj+N: Pref+Adj+N: Programme-specific indicators; Child-friendly justice; Intra-corporate transferee; III. V+V+N: Push-pull factor IV. Pref+Initialism+N: Non-EU national Word classes of constituents

9 ENGLISH FOUR-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS MIXED COMPOUNDS N + Adj + N + N(head) Gender-sensitive asylum procedure Adj + N + N + N(head) High-quality asylum procedures Word classes of constituents

10 Compound terms according to the number of constituents

11 Linking of constituents

12 Linking of constituents

13 LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH TWO-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS (I) 1. N Gen. + N Nom.(head) Accommodation centre - Apgyvendinimo centras; Asylum application - Prieglobsčio prašymas; Asylum seeker - Prieglobsčio prašytojas; Asylum system Prieglobsčio sistema; Border area Pasienio teritorija; Border control - Pasienio kontrolė; Border crossing - Sienos kirtimas; Border resident - Pasienio gyventojas; Brain circulation - Protų apykaita; Brain drain - Protų nutekėjimas; Brain gain - Protų pritraukimas; Brain waste - Protų švaistymas; Word classes of constituents

14 LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH TWO-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS (II) 2. Adj + N Nom.(head) Chain migration Grandininė migracija; Time-limit Nustatytas laikotarpis; Know-how Praktinė patirtis 3. N Gen. + N Gen. + N Nom.(head) Asylum flow - Exclusion clause - Prieglobsčio prašytojų srautas; Prašymo atmetimo pagrindai; 4. N Nom.(head) + Preposit. Phrase Convention refugee - Pabėgėlis pagal Konvenciją; Expulsion decision - Sprendimas dėl išsiuntimo; War refugee - Pabėgėlis dėl pilietinio karo; Word classes of constituents

15 English LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH THREE-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS Lithuanian *+ N + N 1.Compound Adj.+N. Long-stay viza ilgalaikė viza; Short-stay viza trumpalaikė viza; Long-term migration ilgalaikė migracija; Long-term resident ilgalaikis gyventojas. 2. N Gen.+N Gen. +N Burden-sharing operations naštos pasidalijimo operacijos 3. Nom.+Participial. Phrase Cross-border worker darbuotojas, kertantis vidaus sienas 4. Num. Gen.+N Gen.+ N Nom. Third-country nationals trečiųjų šalių piliečiai; First-degree relatives pirmos eilės giminaičiai. *+Adj+N Participial phrase + N. Programme-specific indicators su konkrečiomis programomis susieti rodikliai; Child-friendly justice vaiko interesus atitinkantis teisingumas; Intra-corporate transferee bendrovės viduje perkeliamas asmuo. *+V+N N Gen.+N Gen.+N Push-pull factor stūmimo-traukos veiksnys Pref+Initialism+N Pref+Initialism+N Non-EU national ne ES pilietis Word classes of constituents

16 LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH FOUR-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS English N + Adj + N + N Gender-sensitive asylum procedure Adj + N + N + N High-quality asylum procedures Lithuanian N Gen. + N(head) + Participial phrase Prieglobsčio procedūra, atsižvelgiant į lyčių skirtumus Adj.+N Gen.+ NGen. +N(head) Kokybiška prieglobsčio suteikimo procedūra Word classes of constituents

17 Lithuanian equivalents according to the number of constituents

18 Conclusions: 1. Predominant type according to the number of consitutens in EN and LT- two-constituent terms. In English open and hyphenated compounds. In Lithuanian phrases, consisting of two words: the head and its modifier used pre-positionally. 2. Formal patterns of two-word terms: N+N: In English 39 and in Lithuanian -26 out of Formal patterns of three-word terms: a) In all English terms modifiers are used pre-positionally. b) In the Lithuanian terms both pre-positional and postpositional modifiers are observed. The ones used postpositionally include function words. E.g. prieglobsčio prašytojų srautas; pabėgėlis pagal Konvenciją. 4. Formal patterns of four-word terms: a) In English all modifiers are used pre-positionally. The head governs two modifiers one of which is a noun and the other is a hyphenated compound, e.g. gender-sensitive asylum procedure. b) In most Lithuanian cases modifiers are used postpositionally or both pre-positionally and postpositionally, e.g. prieglobsčio procedūra, atsižvelgiant į lyčių skirtumus; darbuotojas, kertantis vidaus sienas Such long Lithuanian terms usually include participial phrases: Head +participial phrase (Participal + its modifiers) 5. In English user-frienliness criterion, in Lithuanian the criterion of precision. Conclusions

19 Thank you for attention!

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