Detained Abroad & Evaluation of care to Dutch nationals in foreign detention Femke Hofstee-van der Meulen

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1 Detained Abroad & Evaluation of care to Dutch nationals in foreign detention Femke Hofstee-van der Meulen Bristol University, 28 February 2012

2 Who is Femke? Incentive to start Phd Foreign national prisoners (FNP) Methodology Evaluation of care to Dutch nationals in foreign detention Most appreciated types of care Impact care on detention experience and special needs Q&A

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4 Incentive : Visit FNP in prison India, UK and Argentina : Tilburg University study into social exclusion of FNP in European prisons. -> FNP difficult situation, high %, special needs -> Dutch model seen as good practice : PhD-research to: - Explore FNP worldwide - Evaluate if good practice is best practice - Create awareness FNP and regard them as a as a special group with special needs and rights.

5 Foreign national prisoners Definition A person of different nationality than the country in which he/she is detained, who on account of factors such as language, lack of social ties, origin, customs, cultural background or religion may face or raise specific problems while in detention and/or after release. Numbers Situation Special needs Specific rights

6 Numbers % foreign nationals in England & Wales? Total number? % foreign nationals in EU Total number? % worldwide Total number?

7 Total number Foreign National Prisoners per region in 2011 Source: World Prison Brief, ICPS (February 2011) , , ,646 48, ,380 2,296 5,605 7,733 16,091 0 Africa Asia Caribbean Central America Europe Middle East North America Oceania South America

8 Percentage Foreign National Prisoners on total prison pop. In 2011 Source: World Prison Brief, ICPS (February 2011) ,65% 1,58% 6,89% 1,88% Africa Asia Caribbean Central America 8,58% Europe 45,36% Middle East 5,90% North America 16,56% Oceania 1,99% South America

9 Situation Foreign status - disadvantages in criminal justice system (pre-trial, no prison leave, uncertainty about immigration status) - no access to re-integration opportunities - risk of discrimination - no awareness about ability to inform diplomatic mission - only a few diplomatic mission provide consular care Language obstacle - no or limited awareness about prison rules, procedures - difficulties to make contact with staff and other prisoners - restricted access to education and work - legal support

10 Situation Distance from family - limited contact with family as a result of high costs (telephone), different time zones, sometimes obligation to speak language of country of detention. - less support (no food, clothing, money) - less opportunities to organise practicalities at home and to prepare for release Cultural and religious differences - religion - food - personal hygiene

11 Special needs Emotional well-being foreign national prisoner - isolation - safety - discrimination Awareness of legal proceedings and rights - clarity about prison rules - legal support Daily life in prison - Engagement in activities - Personal hygiene, religion - Religion

12 Special needs Contact with outside world - family - diplomatic mission, ngo s, religious organisations - staff - fellow prisoners Preparations for release and aftercare - reintegration activities - aftercare

13 Universal binding rights - foreign status - Treatment all persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated humanely and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person Article 10.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) - Non-discrimination All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

14 Universal binding rights - foreign status - Information criminal charge in understandable language - Free assistance of interpreter In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality: a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him; f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court Article 14.3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) - Right to contact diplomatic mission Consular officers shall be free to communicate with nationals of the sending State and to have access to them. Nationals of the sending State shall have the same freedom with respect to communication with and access to consular officers of the sending State; Article 36.1 a) of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations

15 Universal non-binding rights - Language - Awareness about rules Foreign prisoners should be informed promptly after reception into a prison, in a language which they understand and generally in writing, of the main features of the prison regime, including relevant rules and regulations. Rec 4. UN Recommendation for the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners (1985) - Participation in work, education and training Foreign prisoners should have the same access as national prisoners to education, work and vocational training. Rec. 2,UN Recommendation for the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners (1985)

16 Universal binding rights - Distance from family - Contact family No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation. Article 17.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

17 Universal binding rights - Culture and religion - Religion and culture In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language. Article 27 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) - Religion Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Article 18.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

18 Dutch nationals in foreign detention 2, countries 83% 17% Average age 41 years (4/5 between years) 43% born in the Netherlands, 1/3 double passport 55% Dutch cultural background 74,3% finished at least elementary school 70% recidivist

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21 Why detained? 75% for drugs (possession and trade) (trend 83% in 2006) Motives: 42% paying debts, 18% earning quick money Risk of being caught estimated too low The Netherlands notorious for tolerant attitude with regards to usage of drugs and famous for production of xtc and transit country (roads, harbours, Schiphol airport)

22 Care by the Netherlands Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic missions in 137 countries 5,000 visits by consular staff per year International Office of Dutch Probation Service 300 visiting volunteers, 48 countries, 10 staff, 6,500 visits per year Foundation Epafras 43 chaplains, 68 countries, 1,768 visits per year

23 Methodology Quantitative - Questionnaire 2,608 prisoners in 94 countries (response: 22.4%, 54 countries) - Questionnaire contact-persons of prisoners (response: 21.6%) Qualitative - Interviews with 46 prisoners in 8 countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Morocco, Spain, Turkey and UK) - Interviews with 9 ex-prisoners - Interviews with 15 relatives of prisoners - Interviews with 18 consular staf Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Interviews with 11 visiting volunteers and staff from Dutch Probation - Interviews with 10 chaplains and staff of Epafras - 48 letters

24 Care 93.5% receives type of care: % from Ministry of Foreign Affairs % from Dutch Probation Service % from Epafras 2/3 receives a personal visit ½ receives info rules and procedures of detention country ¾ receives magazine Gezant uit Nederland 24% received within 1 week a visit, 61% within 1 month 13% receives 1st visit within 1 week in EU vs 48% > EU Annually 5 to 6 visits per year. VU, 27 januari 2012

25 Top 10 most appreciated types of care 1. Personal visit (61% BZ, 53,8% RN, 53,3% Epafras) 2. Magazine Gezant van Nederland (60,4%) 3. Attention for personal situation (46,8%) 4. Info rules and legal procedures (46,6%) 5. Support with transfer procedures (45,9%) 6. Attention for medical health (40,6%) 7. Monitoring equal treatment in prison (35.1%) 8. Maintain contact with family at home (35.1%) 9. Supporting preparations for resettlement (35.0%) 10. Monitoring legal case (33.0%) VU, 27 januari 2012

26 Detention experience Safety - Contact outside world 0 Rules and rights - Contact with staff -- Hygiëne 0 Contact with fellow prisoners 0 Activities -- Reintegration -- Usage time -- Expectations future ++ Autonomy - Medical care - Impact care on detention experience + VU, 27 januari 2012

27 Impact care on special needs Well-being prisoner ++ Contact outside world +/- Awareness rules and rights ++ Preparations return + Daily prison life + General satisfaction with receiving care from the Dutch organisations ++ VU, 27 januari 2012

28 Conclusion There are nearly half a million FNP worldwide. The detention situation is for FNP difficult as a result of their foreign status, language problems, distance from home and cultural and religious differences. FNP have special needs and special rights which are hardly addressed. Dutch nationals receive care from the Netherlands Care is very much appreciated (less lonely, more informed about rights and rules, contact with family, arranging practicalities at home, preparations for return) Care has slightly positive impact on detention experience and positive about addressing their special needs. Worries about poor aftercare upon return.

29 Thank you for your attention! Femke Hofstee-van der Meulen Tel: +31(0)