Chair: Boris Mijail Apaza Sucasaca

Transcription

1 Chair: Boris Mijail Apaza Sucasaca He is still young, very concerned about the changes in the world. He has studied at the United World College Maastricht in Netherlands. This experience makes him to have a worldview to enrich his little community. Now he is at the last point of his career as a lawyer at the University of Arequipa. During several years, he has been thinking wherever the world is going. Likely there is not only one answer. Among others preferences he is an enthusiastic reader of García Márquez as well as he is runner as the old chaskis peruvians. Assistant Director Greetings, honorable delegates. Welcome to the European Council! My name is Sebastian Blanco Otoya and I have the honor of being the assistant director of this committee in the upcoming PUCPMUN With 18 years old, I'm currently a student at my second year of Economy and International Businesses at UPC. My way of summing up my experience in Models of United Nations would be to say it has become part of my academic life. From my very first experience in a high school model back in 2014, where I represented the Federative Republic of Brazil in a Historical Security Council, to the last Harvard National Model of United Nations in Boston, in a Historical Crisis Committee, the variety of the topics of discussion I've debated about, amazing people I've met and treated and all the creative ideas I've heard had made of MUN one of my greatest passions. For me, MUNs are a way of achieving personal growth, by developing various skills, acquiring technical and functional knowledge in many different academic fields and gaining consciousness of the nowadays challenges faced by the whole world. PUCPMUN 2017 has given me the chance to change roles for the first time in my history as MUNer. Yes, being part of the dais, in this case as an Assistant Director, is a whole new experience, which makes me be absolutely excited and content. During the event, I'm looking forward to witness a diplomatic and dynamic debate, full of creative proposals, memorable speeches and strategical negotiation. I wish you the best of lucks. I can't wait to see you all.

2 Moderator Welcome! My name is David Gomez and I'm taking my last year in journalism. My academic and professional interests are focused on investigative journalism, international analysis, human rights and conflict studies. My experience in MUNs has been developing since I have had the opportunity to participate in different national models and in international ones. I have participated in HNMUN LA 2015 in Lima, HNMUN 2015 in Boston, and WorldMUN 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. Besides, I have been able to be director of different committees, including director of press in PUCP MUN 2015 and director in the World Conference on Women in PUCP MUN This year I will be fortunate to be on the board of the European Council where we will develop transcendental issues for order in Europe as well as in the world. I hope you like it all and we have a great debate. See ya at PUCP MUN 2017!

3 Table of Content Introduction to the Council.. 2 ROADMAP TO INMIGRATION FROM THE MIDDLE EAST INTO EUROPE The actual situation.. EU migration crisis. 4 The origins of the refugees 4 Inmigration on EU members. 5 Positions taken by the governments 10 The policies taken by the Council Providing legal migration pathways.. 11 Strengthening the EU's external borders Managing migration flows and curbing migrant smugglers. 11 Reforming the common European asylum system 11 Providing legal migration pathways. 11 The challenges of the Inmigration Question to be solved 13 Bibliography.. 14

4 Introduction to the Council The Council of the European Union is one of the main bodies of the European Union together with the Commission and the Parliament. It is part of the essentially bicameral EU legislature. Its functions and structure are described at Article 16 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). It consists of a representative for each Member States and exercises legislative and budgetary function together with the Parliament. It negotiates and adopts legislative acts in most cases together with the European Parliament through the ordinary legislative procedure, also known as 'co-decision'. Co-decision is used for policy areas where the EU has exclusive or shared competence with the member states. In these cases, the Council legislates on the basis of proposals submitted by the European Commission. It must not be confused with the European Council or the Council of Europe: i) The European Council is one of the bodies of the EU and represents the Member States just as the Council of the EU, however it consists of the Heads of State/Government as provided by Article 15 of the TEU and has no legislative power; ii) The Council of Europe is a different institution than the EU with different Member States and has advisory power on matters such as human rights, democracy and the rule of law. While the Commission represents the interests of the Union and the Parliament those of the citizens, the Council represents the interests of the Member States. The peculiar structure of the European Union makes of the Council a pivotal body in the development of EU legislature, which is essentially bicameral as it results from the work of both the Council and the Parliament. The Council is also in charge of adopting the so called common positions in the area of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), it works as budgetary authority with the place of the Parliament and coordinates the economic policy of Member States. In the ordinary legislative procedure, for any decision to pass within the Council a double majority is needed: i) A qualified majority of 55% of positive votes, and ii) The positive votes need to represent at least the 65% of EU citizens. For the scopes of this simulation, only the qualified majority of 55% will be adopted and the Council will act in the General Affairs formation (GAC).

5 Definition of the Topic Inmigration from the Middle East in Europe EU migration crisis Attempts to stem the flow of refugees to Europe have so far had little success. Two months into 2016, we take a detailed look at the numbers of the refugee crisis and the European response. EU leaders have been slow to react to the refugee crisis, but refugees continue to arrive in Europe in large numbers. Last year more than a million people crossed the Mediterranean Sea in the attempt to reach Europe, nearly 4000 of them dying on the way. The number of refugees crossing the sea from Turkey to Greece increased 20 times from 2014 to Arrivals in Italy decreased but only slightly, from 170,100 in 2014 to 153,842 in The number of refugees crossing the sea from Turkey to Greece increased 20 times from 2014 to The Syrian conflict has left 13.5 million people in need of humanitarian assistance. 6.6 million Syrians have been internally displaced by violence and 4.6 million people are estimated to have fled the country (UNOCHA). As of 7th February 2016, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that 4.6 million Syrian refugees are in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey and the rest of North Africa. Turkey has the largest share with 1.9 million people. The origins of refugees Where do they come from? Overall, 48% of the refugees that managed to cross the Mediterranean were Syrian, 21% were Afghans, 9% Iraqi and 4% Eritreans. Most refugees arriving in Greece in 2015 were Syrian or Afghan, while Italy received proportionally more people from Eritrea, Nigeria and Somalia. 1 Big fault lines have opened up across the European Union - both east-west and north-south - because of the migrant crisis. Many migrants want to get asylum in Germany or Sweden, but those countries want their EU partners to show "solidarity" and share the burden. Many have fled the conflicts and abuses in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Eritrea. But there are also many economic migrants fleeing poverty in the Balkans and countries like Nigeria and Pakistan. 1 Published: February, 2016

6 Refugees from Civil War issues- (Middle East) Syria Afghanistan Iraq Refugees due poverty Hungary Nigeria Pakistan Immigration on EU members Germany Around 1.1 million asylum seekers arrived in Germany in a record number. That put great strain on local authorities, who had to create emergency campsites. Chancellor Angela Merkel says Germany will look after genuine refugees, fulfilling its international humanitarian duty. That welcome does not extend to the many economic migrants. Those from Balkan countries like Kosovo, Albania and Serbia can now being sent back - Germany recently classified those countries as "safe".mrs Merkel has been much criticised for her "open door" policy on refugees. The critics include fellow conservatives, notably the Bavarian CSU party.last year there was an outpouring of sympathy and help for the new arrivals from many ordinary Germans.But there were also many street protests by the right-wing Pegida movement, which claims to be defending Germany from "Islamisation". There have been hundreds of attacks on migrant hostels - usually empty buildings allocated for new arrivals. In many cases they were gutted by fire. Germany wanted its EU partners to accept mandatory quotas, to spread the migrants EU-wide. France, Italy and Greece support Germany on that - but EU leaders as a whole decided on a voluntary scheme. On Monday, Angela Merkel said Germany expected to take at least 800,000 asylum seekers this year. The figure is likely to go up, and could hit 1 million, Berlin says. In 2014 the European nation that accepted the largest number of refugees in proportion to its population was Sweden. Hungary, Malta, Switzerland and 13 other countries accepted more asylum applications than the UK, according to Eurostat Published: 2 september 2015

7 France Immigration The centrist president-elect, who has praised German chancellor Angela Merkel s open-door refugee policy for [saving] our collective dignity, has promised to prioritize dealing with asylum requests within six months. His position clashed with that of Ms. Le Pen, who called for hard immigration quotas. France should welcome refugees in need of protection, but other asylum seekers should be returned to their home country immediately, he says. 3 Belgium Commissioner for Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship, Dimitris Avramopoulos said: "European societies are becoming increasingly diverse, and successful integration is a key prerequisite for strengthening our social fabric and cohesion Effective integration happens at the local level, and the European Union continues to support cities and communities, particularly in the challenging context of the current refugee crisis, but also in the long run. The city of Brussels is no exception to that. The Belgian government has taken its begging bowl to eurocrats as it struggles to cope with a massive influx of immigrants into the country s capital city. EU officials have now agreed to dole out cash to provide healthcare and social services for immigrants in the rundown neighborhood of Molenbeek, which is notorious for breeding and harboring Islamist extremists. 4 Italy Last summer Greece became the main Mediterranean gateway for migrants - previously it had been Italy. Several factors have made it riskier for migrants to head for Italy by boat: hundreds have drowned in repeated disasters at sea; war-torn Libya is extremely dangerous; the voyage is longer - even to Lampedusa, a tiny island near Tunisia. More EU resources have been put into Frontex, the border agency now monitoring migrant routes from Libya. But EU officials say a bigger effort is needed, as the sea area is vast. Italy is angry that some EU partners are so unwilling to share the migrant burden. Its reception centers - especially in Lampedusa and Sicily - are overcrowded, like those in Greece. 3 Published: 7 may

8 Spain The Spanish government has confirmed that it will take in more refugees than the 2,749 it had originally planned to accept before this summer s sudden surge in asylum seekers. The European Union wants to assign Spain a quota of 15,000 refugees, representing percent of the 120,000 people that Brussels wants to distribute among member states. A committee of ministers presided by Deputy Prime Minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría is due to meet today to discuss exactly how many people Spain is going to take in. But the Spanish executive says it is already overwhelmed by its own forecast of 17,000 asylum applications for 2015 three times more than in Spain will now make a greater effort, although for us the main difficulty lies in handling all the asylum applications, even though we have bolstered the personnel and resources at the office that deals with those claims, said a government source involved in the effort. Spain would thus become one of the biggest recipients of refugees, along with Germany and France. 5 Denmark and Sweden The Danish stance on immigration is among the toughest in Europe. Controversially, Denmark has given police the power to seize valuables worth more than 10,000 kroner ( 1,340; 1,000) from refugees to cover housing and food costs. In January Sweden introduced identity checks for travelers from Denmark in an attempt to curb migrant numbers. The clampdown has slowed transit across the Oresund bridge - a rail and bus link - as now all travelers have to present their ID at checkpoints. And rail commuters have to change trains at Copenhagen Airport. More than 160,000 asylum seekers arrived in Sweden in 2015, more per capita than any other country in Europe. Greece The Greek islands near Turkey are the main focus of EU attention, as thousands of migrants continue to come ashore there daily. For months tensions have been escalating between Greece and some of its EU partners. They accuse Athens of deliberately waving through migrants who ought to be registered as soon as they enter the EU. The row with Austria got so bad in February that Greece withdrew its ambassador to Vienna. Greece insists that it cannot become Europe's holding centre for migrants - it demands fair burden-sharing. In January-February this year more than 120,000 migrants arrived in Greece - out of more than 130,000 who crossed the Mediterranean to reach the EU, the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) said. 5 Published: 7 september 2015

9 The total in just two months was nearly as many as in the first half of So far this year more than 400 migrants have drowned in the Aegean Sea, highlighting how risky the journey is. The EU has given Greece until 12 May to fix "serious deficiencies" in its control of the EU's external border in the Aegean. Four extra reception centres - called "hotspots" - are nearly ready on the islands. The EU plans to give Greece 700m ( 544m; $769m) in emergency aid to tackle the crisis. It is the first use inside the EU of funds earmarked for humanitarian disasters outside the EU. Turkey Improving co-operation with Turkey on the migrants issue is a top priority for the EU, but progress has been very slow. Meanwhile, people-smugglers in Turkey remain very adept at shipping desperate migrants across the Aegean, for extortionate fees. Turkey is reluctant to readmit large numbers of migrants - but it is under intense EU pressure now to do so. Under the current rules, only migrants who have no right to international protection can be sent back to Turkey. That means economic migrants. The reason is that only one EU country considers Turkey "safe" for returning migrants. EU data shows that 23% of asylum claims from migrants of Turkish origin were deemed well-founded in Turkey is demanding a high price for its co-operation, arguing that it has already spent 8bn helping refugees from the Syrian war. It is struggling with the influx, already housing 2.5 million in camps. As a candidate to join the EU, Turkey wants to see real progress in its accession negotiations. The EU has pledged that, and is offering visa-free travel for Turkish citizens in the Schengen passport-free zone. Historic tension between Greece and Turkey makes the Aegean operation to stem the migrant flow difficult - as does Turkey's long, zig-zagging coastline.

10 United Kingdom There has been relative silence from British ministers over the distressing scenes unfolding across Europe. In an article for the Sunday Times over the weekend, Theresa May, the home secretary, promised a tough new approach to immigration. May coolly referenced the events of this summer but didn t once use the word refugee. Critics say the government is deliberately conflating two separate categories. In a speech this week on the crisis, in which she used the word refugee on 28 occasions, Yvette Cooper, the shadow home secretary, accused the Conservatives of treating immigration and asylum as the same thing when they are completely different. The government s target of reducing net migration to the tens of thousands, which it has repeatedly failed to meet, includes asylum seekers. The government is highly unlikely to adopt a more open approach and is wary of following the example of Germany, where a clear distinction is made between immigration and asylum. The Tories face intense political pressure from Ukip over the large number of migrants from eastern Europe in the wake of the enlargement of the EU in 2004, and are in no mood to make the case for a more measured approach on asylum seekers 6 Macedonia A migrant bottleneck has built up on the Greece-Macedonia border since Macedonia put up a razor-wire fence at the Gevgelija-Idomeni border crossing. More than 10,000 migrants are camping in squalid conditions near the fence. Some - children among them - are sleeping rough in icy conditions, with little food or medical help. Migrants continue flocking to the border because they want to get to northern Europe. Yet under the EU's controversial Dublin Regulation a migrant's asylum claim is supposed to be processed in the country where he/she first arrives. Macedonia also hopes to join the EU, but this crisis is just adding to the obstacles in its bid. Its migrant policy appears discriminatory: it has been letting in small numbers of Syrians and Iraqis, but not Afghans. Desperate migrants plead to escape 'hellish' Greek camp Hungary Last year Hungary became a gateway for migrants bound for Germany. It became the focus of world attention when Hungarian riot police fired water cannon and tear gas at a big crowd of migrants at the border with Serbia in September. On the Serbian border. There was widespread 6 Published: 2 september 2015

11 criticism of Hungary for its decision to build a razor-wire fence and prosecute migrants entering illegally. But many Hungarians supported their government's tough stance, according to reports. After completing the Serbia section Hungary extended the fence to stop migrants entering from Positions taken by the governments, members of the Council of EU Countries supporting the arrival of refugees Germany France Italy Spain Belgium Countries taking measures anti-inmigration United Kingdom Hungary Macedonia * PD: The official position of the governments changes each period of time, take the table just as something referential.

12 Policies taken by the Council of EU The philosopher Habbermas: What is needed in Europe is a revitalized political class that overcomes its own defeatism with a bit more perspective, resoluteness and cooperative spirit. Democracy depends on the belief of the people that there is some scope left for collectively shaping a challenging future. 7 What does the European Council do? The European Council plays an important role in this effort, setting the strategic priorities. Based on these priorities, the Council of the EU establishes certain lines of action and provides the mandates for negotiations with third countries. It also adopts legislation and defines specific programmers. Over the past months, the Council and European Council have worked to build up a strong response in several areas. The timeline on migratory pressures provides an overview of the key developments in the work of the Council and the European Council to build an EU response to migratory pressure. The presidency of the Council has also activated the integrated political crisis response (IPCR) arrangements. These provide tools to step up support to the Council response in the event of a crisis, both at political level and at working level, with the Commission, the EEAS, and relevant agencies. The EU migratory policy comprises the following strands: Working with countries of origin and transit The global approach to migration and mobility (GAMM) is the overarching framework for the EU's relations with third countries. Under the GAMM, several dialogues on migration have been launched and developed, and cooperation frameworks have been established with relevant third countries. In 2015, EU leaders agreed on an action plan in Valetta to respond to the influx of migrants into the EU, primarily from African countries. In 2016, the European Council approved the establishment of a new migration partnership framework to deepen cooperation with key countries of origin. The same year, the EU-Turkey statement was adopted to tackle the irregular 7

13 migration flow through Turkey to the EU. In addition, the EU is taking action to meet the urgent humanitarian needs of Syrian refugees in Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon. Strengthening the EU's external borders Effective management of the EU's external borders is essential if free movement within the EU is to function well. The European Border and Coast Guard Agency was launched in October 2016, following the European Council's call in September 2015 to strengthen controls at external borders. The adoption of reinforced checks at external borders is being negotiated, as well as the strengthening of controls through the use of new technologies. Managing migration flows and curbing migrant smugglers The migration crisis highlighted the need to reform the common European asylum system (CEAS). Under the existing framework, asylum seekers are not treated uniformly and recognition rates vary, which may encourage secondary movements and asylum shopping. The Council is examining seven legislative proposals made by the European Commission to reform the CEAS. Reforming the common European asylum system The EU is committed to providing safe and legal avenues to Europe for those in need of international protection. In July 2015, Member States agreed to resettle 22,504 people. The EU- Turkey statement of March 2016 provides that for every Syrian being returned to Turkey from the Greek islands, another Syrian will be resettled from Turkey to the EU. The Commission on 13 July 2016 proposed a permanent EU resettlement framework to establish common standards and procedures. In addition, the Council is examining a proposal to improve the blue card directive to attract highly-skilled talent that the EU economy needs. Providing legal migration pathways Relocation and resettlement measures adopted in response to the refugee and migrant crisis have emphasized the need to support member states which have less experience with integration. Indeed, third-country nationals across the EU often face barriers with regard to employment, education, and social inclusion. In its conclusions in December 2016, the Council invited member states to exchange best practice on the integration of third-country nationals, to improve

14 monitoring and assessment of integration, and to address the recognition of qualifications and skills of third-country nationals. 8 The challenges of the immigration Conclusion Migration has been, quite sure, the most relevant issue during the last years. It is still surprising, hearing on the streets of Europe, people, who complain about the presence of the migrants, specially those who are from the Middle East. Sadly, It is part of the human behavior look for the culpability of the social problems in the figure of the foreigners QUESTIONS THAT MUST BE SOLVED 1. When a refugee becomes an immigrant? They are the same social category? 2. Should the EU members increase the budget for refugees? 3. The Council of EU must allow all kind of immigration (legal or illegal)? 4. What policies do you believe would diminish the bad opinion of the Europeans about the immigrants? 5. Must your state stop the presence of refugees or give all services to the immigrants? Why? 6. Do you consider that the program Providing legal pathways is working in Europe? 7. The refugees should have the same social rights that all citizens of Europe? 8

15 Bibliography: Websites and articles to revise, highly recommended: