SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE

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1 Back to Contents SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE AUSTRIA Maribor Kranj M ur HUNGARY Ptuj Celje Drava Szeged Dr Virovitica Novo Mesto BA ava RA NJ C R O A T I A Gu lf of Venice T HE FOR ME R Y UG OSL AV IA Subotica Pécs Bjelovar Zagreb Sombor A Ti sa SLOVENIA Trieste 46 Timisoara Becej Erdut Osijek Kutina Daruvar Sisak V O J V O D I N A Zrenjanin S L A V O N I A Karlovac Sa Novi Sad N.Gradiska va Slavonski Vukovar Kostanjnica A Ogulin Brod Vrsac Slunj Vinkovci Un a ROMANIA Krk Senj Velika Ruma Prijedor Beograd Rakovica Kladusa a Banja (Belgrade) Brcko r e Luka V Bihac Sav D a nub Rab Bijeljina a Doboj Sanski Kulen Sabac Gospic Pozarevac Most Maglaj Vakuf v Loznica re de Tuzla BOSNIA AND Udbina Sme Pag Velika Plana Jajce Gracac Bosansko Mrkonjic Negotin Zvornik Travnik Zenica Vares Grahovo Grad Maslen FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF Zadar i M Donji Vakuf Srebrenica Vitez 44 D. Zemunik o Dugi Otok Zepa HERZEGOVINA Bribirski Zajecar Knin Cuprija Mostine Visoko Uzice Livno Gornji Sarajevo Vrbnik Kornat Cacak Vakuf Prozor Pale Sinj Z. M orava Sibenik Gorazde Aleksinac Divulje Jablanica Konjic BULGARIA Kraljevo a Priboj Primosten m is ˆ Rijeka n Bo s s ba R ca 44 E K Losinj o Pula R Rovinj S A J I N Ti Venice Arad Ljubljana ITALY 22 The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. a Varazdin 46 Glossary ra va A G. Dreznica ere N R Split va YUGOSLAVIA I Mostar Brac Pljevlja 0 50 sk a or ot ka Cetinje K Dri Prizren n Kocani Petrovec Tetovo Gostivar T HE F ORMER Stip Titov Veles S E Map No Rev. 9 March Y U GOSLA V REPU B LI C A Kicevo Tirana 150 km Durres 100 mi 16 Kumanovo Skopje Bar ALBANIA Lake Ohrid 14 Vranje a 100 Bo Lake Scutari Sofia r um 50 Podgorica Prevlaka Peninsula Leskovac Kosovska Mitrovica Pristina Pec K O S O V O Dakovica St 0 Dubrovnik C International boundary Republic boundary Autonomous province boundary National capital Administrative capital Railroad Principal road Secondary road A N D Z A K Ivangrad MONTENEGRO Niksic Mljet Lastovo S a va I P iv Metkovic Peljiesac A Y UG O SLAVI A Korcula ora A THE F O R M E R 42 Ploce Vis T M Ta ra Hvar Nis I Solta Dr in B D SAN MARINO 18 UNITED NATIONS This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. 20 OF MA CEDONI A Lake Doïran Prilep Ohrid Lake Prespa Bitola GREECE 22 Department of Public Information Cartographic Section

2 UNICEF A Humanitarian Appeal for Children and Women January December 2002 SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE UNICEF South Eastern Europe Financial Summary by country US$ The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 8,000,000 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (excluding Kosovo) 5,000,000 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia UN administered Province of Kosovo 5,000,000 Bosnia and Hercegovina 3,275,000 Albania 250,000 Area coordination, information and advocacy 630,000 TOTAL 22,155,000 UNICEF South Eastern Europe Financial Summary by sector US$ Health and nutrition 6,285,000 Education 7,900,000 Child protection 2,950,000 Mine action 540,000 Coordination and support services 3,880,000 Security 350,000 Preparedness planning 250,000 TOTAL 22,155,000 Country background situation of children and women In 2001 the general trend toward stability and development continued, although new localized conflicts in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and southern Serbia were reminders that many challenges remain before the process of political and social transition is complete. Although the progress of recent years should not be underplayed, there remain clear areas of humanitarian concern. The escalating fighting in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia during the first part of the year displaced some 140,000 people internally and into neighbouring territories and raised concerns over the spread of conflict and instability through the region. Similarly, the short period of armed conflict in southern Serbia caused population displacement and created other political, security, and humanitarian risks. In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, an estimated 53,000 IDPs still wait mainly in the larger urban centres until the security and humanitarian conditions in their communities of origin improve. Damage to health facilities, electrical and water supplies coupled with displacement and travel restrictions on medical personnel has reduced health capacity, resulting in increased vulnerability of both the remaining and the returning population in conflict areas. At the same time, the needs of high-risk groups such as IDPs and refugees further strained the already fragile health infrastructure. Drug availability has also been reduced and immunization rates have dropped to as low as 20% in some of the conflict-affected areas. In addition communicable diseases, especially tuberculosis, pose a significant risk to those living in over-crowded conditions common in host families and collective centres. Another profound consequence of the conflict has been the dramatic increase in psychosocial effects among conflict affected populations. During the height of the crisis, water supply became a highly contentious issue as reservoirs were cut off and supply severely reduced in the Tetovo and Kumanovo areas; chronic problems in this sector have been exacerbated by the conflict. The education process has been disrupted as a result of damaged structures in conflict areas, insufficient school space in hosting communities and a general lack of essential material and human resources. The presence of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and, to a lesser extent, mines is a major

3 constraint on IDP and refugee returns as well as the delivery of humanitarian assistance. Although concentrated in specific areas, the problems of UXO represent a significant threat in an estimated 30 conflict-affected villages. In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a decade of conflict and international isolation has left enormous challenges to the recovery and development process. High rates of unemployment and inflation have placed 2 million people at or below the poverty line. Coupled with depleted health, education and social welfare services, a large segment of the population is thus unable to meet their basic needs, especially during the harsh winter months. The adverse economic and social conditions also affect the 620,000 refugees and IDPs in the country. The health structure lacks adequate planning and funding at strategic and operational levels while the infrastructure of the majority of schools in FRY is poor due to conflict-damages and negligence as well as lack of maintenance. School equipment and furniture are dilapidated. Curricula and teaching methods have been stagnating for more than ten years. While in general the situation in the UN-administered Province of Kosovo has stabilized, tension and inter-ethnic violence continue. Due to the security situation, minority communities have limited freedom of movement, and consequently restricted access to basic services. The position of women has seen little change in 2001 and they continue to be largely excluded from positions of power, decision-making and economic opportunities. The need for greatly increased awareness of human rights in general, and women s rights in particular, remains. The health infrastructure remains fragile and unable to cope with the increased demands posed by the presence of high-risk groups such as returnees, IDPs and refugees. In addition, communicable diseases, especially tuberculosis, pose a serious threat to vulnerable refugees and returnees, living in overcrowded conditions with poor access to health care. A high percentage of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia refugees is hosted by local communities already encountering chronic water shortages and delivery problems. Additionally, water and sanitation services in many minority return communities have been damaged and/or disrupted over a long period of time. In , the Kosovo education sector witnessed positive trends, with 97% net primary school enrollment: mainly due to extensive investment in school reconstruction and rehabilitation by UNICEF and others. However, despite these improvements, completion of primary schooling and access remain areas of concern for refugee, IDP and minority children. Fluid population movements and, in some cases, lack of freedom of movement and lack of overall community security have had a negative impact on children s education, reinforcing disparities and unequal access to education. The humanitarian situation in Bosnia and Hercegovina has improved qualitatively since 1995 when the war there ended. Many refugees and IDPs have returned, including to communities where they comprise ethnic minorities, although there are still 488,000 IDPs and 34,600 refugees in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Much of the country infrastructure has been rebuilt, and parts of the population have benefited from renewed economic activity. However social fragility and limited economic development exist. As a result, large parts of the population are in danger of sliding back into precariousness and poverty. Moreover, the population of Bosnia and Hercegovina is vulnerable to wider social problems arising or propagating throughout the region including the trafficking of women. Certain areas in Bosnia and Hercegovina possess a serious health risk due to increased population movements resulting in the highest reported incidence of tuberculosis in Europe. The absence of essential public health utilities is at the forefront of many problems returnees struggle with. There is a need at the country level to improve attitudes, knowledge and skills of teachers and educators to effect a policy that serves all ethnic groups, with a focus on minority return areas, and build the capacity of educators to address the needs and diversities in the educational process Special attention needs to be placed on ensuring the right to education for marginalized groups of children. UNICEF country focus UNICEF intends to strengthen and expand programmes to address the humanitarian needs of all children and women affected by conflict in South Eastern Europe, including refugees, IDPs, returnees and marginalized groups. Guided by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), central to UNICEF s strategy is ensuring that the survival, development, protection and participation rights of conflict affected children and women are respected. This will be addressed by ensuring children's safe

4 and equal access to quality social services, especially education and health, and their protection from violence, abuse and neglect, exploitation, deprivation and discrimination. UNICEF will also provide support to those suffering from the psychosocial effects of conflict and displacement. UNICEF is the lead UN agency and coordinates assistance for child protection, primary education and landmine awareness. Since 1992 UNICEF has cooperated with governments, local authorities, UN agencies, NGOs and civil society to implement emergency and regular transition assistance programmes in FYR Macedonia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) including Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Albania. Planned interventions under the UN Consolidated Appeal will expand and complement regular programmes, including health, education and social sector reform, and support for emergency assistance to vulnerable groups during the winter period. The stabilization of the situation in South Eastern Europe would, however, hopefully allow for a reduction in the need for humanitarian assistance in favour of more development type activities in the latter part of UNICEF operations function within a wider framework of the Balkans Area Office headed by the Special Representative. UNICEF maintains offices in Belgrade, Pristina, Sarajevo, Skopje and Tirana. In FRY, this is complemented by a sub-office in Podgorica and in BiH by a sub-office in Banja Luka. Whenever possible, emergency response strategies are harmonized in the sub-region. Regional early warning and preparedness measures also include Albania. UNICEF humanitarian action 2001 In 2001, the escalation of ethnic tensions and armed conflict in Southern Balkans has renewed the political and security crisis, with thousands of people either displaced within the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or taken refuge in Kosovo and Southern Serbia. The continued humanitarian emergency is affecting the whole region, where weak social services infrastructures are still struggling to accommodate large number of IDPs, refugees, returnees and socially vulnerable groups. The problem has been exacerbated by a reduction in international aid. In this context, UNICEF continues to work closely with its government counterparts, both at the local and central level, and with local and international NGOs to provide targeted assistance to the most needy. Notable achievements in 2001 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Despite the outbreak of armed ethnic conflict leading to political, economic and social instability, UNICEF continued to implement programmes for children while adjusting to the new situation in the country and focusing on contingency planning and rapid response to a humanitarian emergency. This included provision of essential medicines, learning materials and equipment for schools and schoolchildren, outreach psychosocial support and early childhood development, and water purification. UNICEF supported introduction of conflict resolution and the continuation of peace education programmes in schools. To ensure that every child returned to school, UNICEF provided nearly 30,000 textbooks and school kits for IDP children and supported integration of IDPs into existing and/or establishment of outreach early childhood development, psychosocial support (mobile teams, family centres) and health programmes (Oral Rehydration Therapy, health education, essential medicines and hygiene items) and winterization for children affected by the conflict. UNICEF ensured expansion of safe motherhood education, baby-friendly hospitals and rehabilitation of outreach nursing systems from pilot projects to nationwide scale. Health education for youth was expanded including pilot centres for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, teaching of healthy lifestyles in all secondary schools, continuation of the HIV SOS telephone help line and the introduction of anonymous HIV/AIDS counselling. UNICEF supported the first-ever transfer of children with disabilities from a public institution to foster and biological families supported by daycare centres, as part of an initiative that aims at the de-institutionalization of all children living in public institutions in the country.

5 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (excluding Kosovo) In Serbia and Montenegro UNICEF provided, through its winterization programme, heating fuel to 134 pre-school institutions, 29 maternity wards and 50 specialized institutions for children, and thus assisted 47,000 beneficiaries. All 69 maternity wards in the country have been provided with basic equipment and essential drugs. As the main coordinator for educational activities within the international coordination body in Southern Serbia, UNICEF assessed and assisted all schools in the grey safety zone by furnishing schools and repairing heating systems, thus making them operational again after the conflict. Comprehensive evaluation of basic education in Serbia and Montenegro was made, providing the basis for education reform and development of basic education in the future. By the establishment of Outreach Mobile Teams on Child Protection, 200 individual cases of children in need of special protection measures (e.g. victims of abuse and neglect) have been identified and treated. Youth-friendly reproductive health services have been established in nine municipalities in Serbia. Periodic inter-agency meetings were held to discuss programme implementation against the 2001 CAP objectives. Donor briefings were organized in view of the situation in southern Serbia with the objective of informing donors and advocating for an increase in donations to enable the implementation of UN programmes thus helping to bring peace and stability to the area. Kosovo UNICEF-supported EPI in Kosovo has reached an average coverage rate of 90% from the low 30-40% registered in In addition, the first polio campaign in Serb populated areas was successfully completed in October, reaching 95% of children under five living in minority areas. The EPI programme also focused on the immunization of refugee children from Macedonia, reaching approximately 6,000 children up to 15 years. All children were included in the routine immunization schedule of the Kosovo EPI programme. In cooperation with WHO, UNICEF introduced the IMCI approach for prevention and treatment of common childhood diseases. In 2001, a series of training courses for health workers was conducted in four regions, including training in emergency obstetric care to enhance quality of maternal health care. UNICEF supported the development and completion of the "New Curriculum Framework", which provides the basis for the pre-school and primary curriculum reform in Kosovo. Preparation of new teaching/learning modules will take place in The introduction of inter-active teaching methodologies in Kosovo took place through the training of 200 primary teachers in four Kosovo regions. Education activities also focused on the integration of refugee children from Macedonia into Kosovo schools through the provision of school equipment, additional textbooks and students' kits. The first textbook for women and girls' literacy classes was completed this year and literacy classes in Kosovo-Albanian areas now include a network of women's community groups throughout the province. A similar initiative is being developed in Kosovo-Serb areas for the preparation of female literacy materials in other languages. Full reconstruction of 22 Category-V schools was completed as planned in Rehabilitation and repairs work in 35 additional schools has also been completed. In the health sector, the rehabilitation of the maternity wards in two regional hospitals was initiated in the second half of 2001 to expand capacity and enhance the quality of maternal care. In collaboration with OSCE, the draft Juvenile Justice Code was completed. The final review of the Code for approval is being carried out jointly with UNMIK, OSCE, the Council of Europe and local experts and the Code will be sent for final endorsement by the UN Legal Department and approval by the SRSG in December The foster care programme for children deprived of parental care was introduced this year. UNICEF supported the process of policy development and extensive dissemination of the new policy throughout the province. The concept and approach have been officially adopted by the Centres of Social Work Bosnia Hercegovina (BiH) Within 2001, UNICEF BiH managed to integrate its emergency response to refugee and displaced populations to its regular programmes implemented with government partners and civil society organizations, which enabled proper utilization of resources while CAP funding declined. UNICEF BiH played an important role in ensuring the educational rights of the refugee Roma children through the inter-agency education group. In addition, educational supplies were provided to 3,200 most vulnerable children in collective centres and refugee camps, including education sets for teachers and sets of textbooks and children books. UNICEF also supported the creation of

6 a network of local and international NGOs to assist the refugees and IDPs in collective centres and within communities through social assimilation/adaptation activities, psychosocial workshops, addressing educational needs of the minority children in collective centres and promoting child rights. The network has included 12 national and international NGOs covering critical areas within BiH and activities reached some 15,000 refugee, IDP and local children. Mine awareness education for refugee children was organized through their inclusion into UNICEF-supported Mine Awareness Summer Camps for children. In cooperation with health authorities and WHO, UNICEF worked on the epidemiological situation in the refugee camps and ensured the immunization of children. Five Health Schools for the refugee population were created, providing direct health services for refugee populations without access to regular health services, including health and nutrition education and provision of hygienic kits to pregnant women in collective centres. Albania UNICEF supported mass immunization campaign against measles and rubella for children under 15 years old and women of child-bearing age. In addition, qualitative assessment of the cold chain was conducted and safe motherhood activities in two districts expanded. Partial rehabilitation of ten primary schools and full rehabilitation of three kindergartens was completed. Based on the Child-Friendly Spaces initiative deployed during the Kosovo emergency, 11 integrated community service centres for children were implemented in A mine/weapon awareness campaign was continued in selected districts. In cooperation with government and NGO partners, UNICEF supported reintegration of street or trafficked children into school, as well as child victims of blood feuds and disabled children. UNICEF also promoted the consolidation of the Children s Alliance, a network of 150 NGOs, and the creation of an information centre for children. Croatia UNICEF supported seminars and workshops for promoting tolerance, peaceful problem solving and conflict resolution for 150 Ministry of Education officials, local school authorities and teachers. Four high schools with some 1,500 youth were involved in the Youth Against Violence campaign in their local community. UNICEF contributed to the improvement of the quality of early childhood care and education by supporting three seminars and round table discussions for childcare service providers. UNICEF supported the development of the psychological crisis intervention team network through a seminar for psychologists in elementary and secondary schools throughout Croatia. UNICEF also supported a mine victims survey, which resulted in a full insight into the status and needs of 250 children mine victims and their families in Croatia. With UNICEF s support, the Children's Hospital in Zagreb organized public forums for 4,000 adolescents, public health promotion actions in local communities, two workshops for 40 professionals working with youth, and a conference on HIV/AIDS with 500 participants. In addition, support was provided for a survey focusing on sexual health education amongst 1,200 Croatian adolescents which, together with educational workshops, widened the understanding of the gender perspective, behaviour and personal experiences of sexual activity and risk-taking behaviour. Revision of the National Plan of Action for HIV/AIDS prevention was supported through the Ministry of Health. UNICEF also organized Rapid Assessment and Response (RAR) to assess vulnerability and risk behaviour for HIV/AIDS of young people in. Particular emphasis was placed on injecting drug use, sex work and out of school young people. Constraints and lessons learned in 2001 UNICEF received only 30% (US$ 12 million) of the required funding against the 2001 target of US$ 41 million. Very low emergency funding has hampered the development or maintenance of full-scale protection of the refugee and IDP children and some important activities, for example, winterization in BiH, had to be reduced. Lack of sufficient and timely funding also led to diversion of regular country programme funds to emergency activities precisely at the time when regular programmes were seen as a stability factor.

7 In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia lack of access in affected areas due to fighting, and tight security measures adopted by the UN system, has slowed down implementation of activities. It was also increasingly difficult to reach the refugee and displaced populations out of collective centres. Especially in relation to Roma refugees, ensuring proper protection of children and educational and health rights has been difficult due to lack of local infrastructure and prejudice against minorities. Alternative solutions were sought and cooperation with NGOs played an important role in enabling UNICEF to reach the most vulnerable refugee and IDP children out of collective centres. Despite very low funding, especially in BiH, UNICEF has managed to successfully integrate the assistance to refugees and IDPs into regular programme. UNICEF planned humanitarian action 2002 UNICEF is appealing for US$ 22.2 million to strengthen and expand programmes to address the humanitarian needs of all children and women affected by conflict in South Eastern Europe, including refugees, IDPs, returnees and marginalized groups. Central to UNICEF s strategy is ensuring that the survival, development, protection and participation rights of conflict affected children and women are respected. This will be addressed by ensuring children's safe and equal access to quality social services, especially education and health, and their protection from violence, abuse and neglect, exploitation, deprivation and discrimination. UNICEF will also provide support to those suffering from the psychosocial effects of conflict and displacement. The planned activities outlined below will expand and complement regular programmes, including health, education and social sector reform, and support for emergency assistance to vulnerable groups during the winter period. The stabilization of the situation in South Eastern Europe would, however, hopefully allow for a reduction in the need for humanitarian assistance in favour of more development type activities in the latter part of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Health and early childhood care (budget total : US$ 1,685,000) To ensure the provision of basic health care services, to prevent hygiene-related diseases and to strengthen existing mother and child healthcare, UNICEF will support the Ministry of Health to strengthen outreach networks such as the patronage nursing system and medical mobile teams in conflict affected areas and host communities through: Provision of essential medicines and supplies in conflict affected areas, including emergency health kits, oral rehydration salts, basic clinical equipment, pediatric drugs, Infant Starter Kits and other medical and hygiene supplies. Vaccines, cold chain equipment and immunization through the Expanded Programme on Immunization and special campaigns. Provision of essential mother and child health equipment. Strengthening of reproductive health services for women and essential care for babies. Health promotion at the community level to educate families regarding proper hygiene in difficult conditions, prevention and proper treatment of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. Promotion of breastfeeding and safe motherhood practices. Maintenance of a rapid response capacity to ensure safe water supply through the provision of water purification tablets and appropriate containers for safe water in the event of water shortage. Education (budget total : US$ 3,500,000) To ensure equal access to quality education and to improve learning conditions for all children, UNICEF will continue to provide additional textbooks, school materials for students and teachers, furniture and teaching equipment for schools. Refurbishment of schools and temporary facilities will be supported to cope with additional placement needs for displaced children and those in conflict areas where school facilities have been damaged or destroyed. In collaboration with the Ministry of Education, UNICEF has introduced child rights, peace and conflict resolution lessons in primary schools. The programme aims to establish inter-ethnic dialogue and

8 understanding among youth from different ethnic groups through the revision of curricula, training of teachers, and support to community-based children and youth centres. Tolerance and equal participation will further be promoted through continued support to inclusive education and interactive learning programmes. At the secondary level and through a network of youth centres, UNICEF supports life skills and highrisk behaviour prevention programmes focusing on the enhancement of non-violent communication skills, the promotion of healthy lifestyles and the prevention of HIV/AIDS and substance abuse. The youth development initiative includes basic employment skills and recreation activities and will be further expanded in conflict affected communities. Policies to increase girl's education, especially at secondary level, and literacy programmes for women and girls in poor communities will be supported. Child protection (budget total : US$ 1,500,000) To protect children from violence, abuse, exploitation, discrimination, deprivation and neglect, UNICEF will support community-based services at the local level aimed at strengthening the protective environment of the family as well as support government partners to improve policy and legal protection measures. UNICEF will increase its technical capacity to conduct vulnerability assessments of displaced, remainees, returnees, refugees and other conflict affected populations. To create a stabilizing, normal environment for children, youth and their parents and to ensure an appropriate psychosocial response, support will be provided to expand psychosocial mobile teams and establishment of psychosocial support services in UNICEF-supported family centres, schools and youth centres, training of professionals and support to recreational activities. Support will also be provided to build capacities within government, civil society and the Ombudsperson for Children to monitor child rights violations through further development of a database to collect and analyze information on vulnerability indicators for children and their families. Child rights monitoring will be enhanced through training of professionals working with children and journalists. Technical guidance and support will be provided to a network of child rights NGOs and advocacy to commit a 'Mayor's Alliance for Children', involving mayors from different ethnic groups to the implementation of the CRC through specific actions. Mine action (budget total : US$ 40,000) Following a technical assessment of the situation of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and landmines, UNICEF, as the UN focal point for mine awareness education, will work in close collaboration with the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) to support coordination of all mine action, ensure continued monitoring of the evolving situation as well as appropriate responses. Coordination and support services (budget total : US$ 1,200,000) Technical experts and additional support staff is needed in the education and youth, child protection, and information/communication programmes to maintain the lead coordination roles in education and psychosocial support. To increase UNICEF's field assessment and monitoring capacity, under coordination of a field operations officer, two field monitor teams will be maintained and two more teams recruited to cover conflict-affected areas, and ethnically mixed and minority communities. UNICEF plans to reinforce its logistics/supply staff to ensure an equitable distribution of emergency rehabilitation and winterization supplies. Security (budget total : US$ 75,000) To ensure the safety of staff and contribute to the security mechanism of the UN Country Team, UNICEF has provided the area security adviser. Necessary communication equipment to enhance safety during field visits has been re-deployed from other UNICEF offices in the region. Reinforcement of these arrangements may be required should the security situation remain unstable.

9 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Health and nutrition (budget total : US$ 1,900,000) As an extension of the regular health programme, UNICEF will provide additional emergency support to strengthen the outreach capacity of the PHC system in areas facing large number of refugees, IDPs and returnees. To improve the outreach, surveillance and immunization capacity of the primary health care system, UNICEF will support: Training and equipping of patronage nurses. Provision of supplies, including essential drugs, cold chain equipment, vaccines, essential obstetric equipment, oral rehydration salts. Growth monitoring, monitoring of and addressing micronutrient deficiencies, and health and nutrition education including breastfeeding promotion and safe motherhood practices. Distribution in secondary schools of information on HIV/AIDS and access to treatment for sexually transmitted infections and to condoms. Provision of fuel to 20 maternity wards during the winter. Education (budget total : US$ 1,400,000) To ensure the right to quality education for all children, UNICEF will support access to education and the improvement of learning conditions in areas hosting refugees, returnees and IDPs through: Refurbishment and small repairs to schools and the provision of school furniture. Provision of school materials for students and teachers, including those appropriate for teaching refugee children from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia using their own curricula. Distribution of stoves and fuel to schools to help ensure attendance and learning during the winter months. Training of teachers in active teaching and learning methodologies. Mine awareness education as part of UNICEF support to the country's efforts to fulfil obligations related to the recent ratification of the Ottawa Treaty on landmines. Promotion of social integration, conflict resolution and HIV/AIDS prevention through schools and parent-teacher associations. UNICEF will involve communities and local authorities in the municipalities in Serbia and Montenegro that host the largest number of refugees and IDPs in identifying the learning requirements of children and families. Focus will be placed on girls education in Roma and ethnic Albanian communities where there are evident gender inequities in school enrolment, attendance and promotion rates. Links will be made to the longer term development aims of making the national education system more childcentred. Child protection (budget total : US$ 700,000) UNICEF will increase the reach of its psychosocial mobile teams in order to assist children and women from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to cope with the effects of the trauma resulting from displacement. A similar activity will address the needs of women and children returning to Southern Serbia from Kosovo. UNICEF will also assist young mothers' support groups and youth clubs in order to foster ethnic reconciliation and conflict prevention. UNICEF will complement the winterization programmes of other donors assisting with energy support by providing assistance to the most vulnerable refugees, returnees, IDPs and social cases with winter clothing, blankets, mattresses and bed linen for social institutions. Coordination and support services (budget total : US$ 1 million) UNICEF operates with a Country Office in Belgrade, a sub-office in Podgorica and a field office in Vranje, Southern Serbia. The distribution of relief supplies and monitoring of assistance activities will take place through regular field visits that will also facilitate responding to changing needs. Programme

10 support also covers logistics, communications, transport, and monitoring and evaluation as well as security related communication capacity. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (The UN administered Province of Kosovo) Although the necessity for emergency relief and rehabilitation assistance has lessened significantly over the past two years, outstanding humanitarian requirements in Kosovo still require addressing. The continuous presence of an estimated 28,000 refugees from neighbouring the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, accommodated through a network of host families, places a considerable burden on the still fragile basic service network, particularly in the areas of education, water and sanitation and primary health care. The highest concentration of refugees is in the nine southern municipalities of the province. The population in rural areas and minority enclaves is being increasingly isolated and the challenge of guaranteeing the provision of basic services to them remains the major humanitarian concern in Kosovo. The rehabilitation of the infrastructure has led to improvements in urban areas, but sustainability of service delivery remains an issue. Since the end of the 1999 conflict, Kosovar Serb communities have largely depended on mobile health units for primary health care. Many seek health care in Serbia proper because safe access to facilities in Kosovo regularly requires KFOR to provide security. Where health facilities do not exist, strengthening of the network of mobile clinics will be required until new health facilities can be constructed. The availability of social services, most notably child protection services, is another key problem in returnee communities. Due to security constraints, the provision of flexible outreach services by the Centres for Social Welfare will be central to ensuring the availability of social services for children at the municipal and community levels. Emergency measures are also needed to ensure the right of returnee children to continue their primary and secondary education. Key interventions will include the repair and rehabilitation of classrooms, the upgrading of school water and sanitation facilities as well as the provision of school furniture, education materials and textbooks. For some returnee children, efforts will be made, through dialogue with community representatives, families and school administrators, to share school facilities in neighbouring communities and thus strengthen confidence building. Health (budget total : US$ 1,200,000) UNICEF will continue to support primary maternal and child health services for refugees, IDPs and minorities in Kosovo through: Strengthening Expanded Programme on Immunization plus services in relevant municipalities. Support for home management of childhood illnesses and strengthening Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses services in health facilities, to prevent and control diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections through the supply of essential drugs and education materials. Provision of essential equipment for quality pre- and post-natal care. Rehabilitation of health units and support to mobile services. In collaboration with WHO, UNICEF will continue to provide technical assistance to the local authorities in water and sanitation to ensure adequate standards of public health in communities with high concentrations of refugees and in areas of returnees.

11 Education (budget total : US$ 2,400,000) The precarious security situation in Kosovo has precluded the development of a unified education system in which all Kosovar children regardless of ethnicity can receive a quality education. As a result, emergency measures are required to ensure the right of returnee children to continue their primary and secondary education. As the lead agency for education, UNICEF will support refugee, IDP and minority children through: Rehabilitation of classrooms and upgrading of school water and sanitation facilities; Targeted provision of school furniture, education materials and textbooks; Peace and tolerance training in schools to reduce inter-ethnic tension when refugee families return to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Support to confidence building measures through dialogue with community representatives and school administrators and ensuring secure transport for returnee children who share school facilities with neighbouring communities. Child protection (budget total : US$ 400,000) The availability of social services, particularly child protection services, is another key problem in returnee communities. The security situation means that the provision of flexible outreach services by Centres for Social Welfare will be central to ensure access to social services which have so far been provided almost exclusively by NGOs. UNICEF, in collaboration with UNHCR, local communities, government bodies, municipal staff and Centres for Social Welfare will monitor the situation of families in these communities and provide information on the types of services that can be provided by Centres for Social Welfare. Efforts to ensure nondiscriminatory access to social services will be made, including the recruitment of non-ethnic Albanian staff. Promotion of child-friendly learning environments Even during the winter vacation in Kosovo, one can find teachers in Hasan Pristina school evaluating students achievements, and taking care of the maintenance together with the school director and other support staff. The school director was trained by UNICEF in Leadership, Management and Administration, enthusiastic to develop a new vision for his school. Mr. Islam Bytyqi and Ms. Saime Bytyqi have been working in the school as teachers for more then 20 years. However, they have not been exposed to inservice training for the past 15 years due to the unstable and poor education system. Between 1989 and 1999, a parallel system was used as a form of peaceful resistance against the Serbian regime. Many schools for Albanian children were located in private houses, in poor conditions that contributed to a big gap in the quality of education. In addition, teachers were completely isolated from any educational development, using an old curriculum, old textbooks and outdated teaching methods. In 2001, six teachers from Hasan Pristina school attended student-centred teacher training courses supported by UNICEF. Mr. Bytyqi was amongst them. Alongside other teachers, he studied new teaching methods that would enable him to apply different methods in the classroom. His understanding of teaching and learning, knowledge and curricula as a whole has changed significantly. Teachers, parents, community members and students show great appreciation for UNICEF in enabling access to education for their children. Teachers are looking forward to introducing quality education within a new curriculum framework and improved teacher training. In the words of Mr. Bytyqi Education reform is going to be a long process, but we have taken the first steps and we will continue. We all need more training, to learn more from other countries experiences on teaching and learning. Coordination and support services (budget total : US$ 925,000) In addition to the Pristina office, UNICEF will maintain a field presence in the Mitrovica region. Funding is required to manage the emergency programme, supply procurement and distribution, administration, security and communications.

12 Security (budget total : US$ 75,000) Although there have been significant improvements in security since the return of the humanitarian community to Kosovo in June 1999, as is apparent through the necessity of maintaining KFOR in the province, security remains problematic. To this end UNICEF will contribute to an inter-agency field security officer and is requesting additional funding for security training of staff, security equipment and support for the UNICEF area security adviser. Bosnia and Hercegovina Bosnia and Hercegovina currently has over half a million IDPs and refugees and some 213,000 refugees in other countries, the majority of them in Croatia, FRY and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The current situation is characterized by routine violations of the rights of returnees and other vulnerable groups, disproportionately affecting children and women. The extended family and social structure have been severely shaken by wars, economic recession and the widespread displacement of people. Women are increasingly heading single parent households and there is an increase in gender-based violence including trafficking for sexual exploitation. In the past two years, approximately 140,000 IDPs and refugees returned to their homes in Bosnia and Hercegovina. However, the lack of political will combined with the lack of local resources to support an increasing need for access to health and education institutions or the absence of such services is major impediment to successful return. Some 7,500 IDPs continue to be accommodated in collective centres, including Roma refugees from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. These marginalized families live in poverty, economically dependent and socially neglected, with a grave impact especially on children, including psychological and learning problems. Over 1 million landmines remain a major threat for both returnees and the local residents. UNICEF activities will complement the reconstruction process through building capacity of the existing health, education and civil society institutions to ensure access and inclusion of returnee and vulnerable children, adolescents and women. Focus will be on the return areas in the northwest (both the Federation and Republika Srpska), the east (mainly Republika Srpska) and selected points of return in south and central Bosnia. Health (budget total : US$ 1,500,000) In cooperation with local authorities and WHO, UNICEF will continue to ensure basic mother and child health focusing on immunization, quality control and epidemiological surveillance. Given the increase in the incidence in anemia and the high rate of goitre prevalence, UNICEF will continue to monitor the nutritional status of especially vulnerable groups and aim to eliminate micronutrient deficiencies. This will be undertaken through policy change and building of local capacities. UNICEF will also continue to support capacity building among local health service providers and civil society to address the needs of returnees and marginalized children and women through: Provision of health supplies and equipment (medicines, pediatric and gynecological kits, vaccines and cold chain equipment) to existing health facilities in return areas for an estimated 50,000 women and children and in collective centres and refugee camps for 4,000 children. Support to mobile immunization and health teams providing basic health care services for women and children in remote return areas and provision of health services and information on pregnancy, nutrition and breastfeeding to pregnant women and mothers within the returnee population. Provision of health, nutrition and hygiene information to families. Prevention education and services on reproductive health, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections for vulnerable young people, including women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation. Psychosocial and developmental assistance to returnee, marginalized and minority children and adolescents, including those in collective and refugee centres, through local NGOs.

13 Education (budget total : US$ 500,000) The programme aims to build the capacity of educators and social services to address the needs and diversities in return areas. Special attention will be paid to the right to quality education for marginalized children. UNICEF will complement the efforts of UNHCR and UNESCO through: Basic school materials for an estimated 30,000 returnee children and children in social need. Basic equipment to the existing schooling facilities in places of return. Training of educators to cope with increasing educational demands. Building capacity and provide support to social and education services in registering, certifying and building the educational status of Roma children in and out of collective centres. Monitoring of systematic gender disparities regarding marginalized children though overall school enrolment indicates no gender disparity. Child protection (budget total : US$ 200,000) UNICEF will strengthen its partnership with government and civil society in monitoring and promoting the rights of children and women, focusing on the rights of marginalized groups, returnees, IDPs, refugees and trafficked children and women. This will be undertaken through: Development of entity and state plans of action for children and a national plan of action to combat trafficking in human beings. Support to networks of local and international NGOs in promoting the integration of returnee children through peace and conflict resolution activities amongst children and youth. Capacity building of social services, centres for social work and civil society organizations to work on the registration of returnees, provision of counselling services and assisting in enforcement of rights and entitlements. Emergency winterization supplies for the most vulnerable children. Coordination and support services (budget total : US$ 575,000) The Country Office in Sarajevo and a sub-office in Banja Luka will ensure coordination with counterparts, other UN agencies and non-governmental partners, and will undertake field visits in order to monitor project activities and assess changes in the situation in order to respond to needs. Funds are required for staff, communications and logistics. Mine action (budget total : US$ 500,000) In cooperation with the Bosnia and Hercegovina Mine Action Centre and ICRC, UNICEF will support local communities to raise awareness and prevent mine injury through: Preparation, printing and dissemination of mine awareness materials for use in schools and by local community organizations. Dissemination of mine awareness messages through theatre performances and the media. Support to NGOs specialized in mine awareness and prevention to work in return areas with high mine injury rates and in former front line areas. Albania Emergency preparedness planning (budget total : US$ 250,000) Possible emergency scenarios for Albania foresee an influx of refugees, perhaps peaking at 80,000 in the event of the most acute emergency situation, with some 50% of children under 18 years and 30% of women and the elderly being affected. Refugees coming to Albania will arrive in a country with some of the worst social and health indicators in Europe: 4% of Albanian under fives are underweight, around the same number are also wasted and some 17% are stunted. Albania has the worst underfive mortality rate in Europe. Many poor districts in the northeast of the country, a potential entry point for refugees, have significantly higher infant mortality rates than the rest of the country.