The International Organization for Migration (IOM)

Transcription

1 The International Organization for Migration (IOM) ACP EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly Political Affairs Committee Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Human Beings INTERNATIONAL METROPOLIS CONFERENCE Trafficking in Human Beings in the EU: Policies and Measures to Prevent the Phenomenon and to Identify and Protect the Victims Tampere, Finland, 12 September 2013 Irina Todorova Regional Thematic Specialist on THB, IOM Brussels, March

2 Introduction to IOM Intergovernmental Organisation with a 157 Member States (ACP RECs Observers) More than 481 Country Offices and Sub-offices worldwide. Our mission: humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. 2

3 Presentation Content Overview of global migration trends THB: main challenges and trends Anti-Trafficking Response Role of Parliament(s) Concluding remarks Case story 3

4 Global Trends 1 in 7 people today are migrants: 232 mln people are international migrants, or 3.2% of the world population, & 740 mln are internal migrants. 48% are women, north older & south younger About 51mln (+22mln in 2013 by natural disaster) of people displaced by violence and conflict today and is the highest since World War II. More than 5,000 migrants died trying to reach destinations At least 50 mln irregular migrants in the world Over 270,000 detections of illegal border crossing at the EU s external borders. increased by 155% between 2013 and Key nationalities Syrians, Eritreans and Afghans. About 345,000 detections of illegal stay in the EU in Some 55,000 migrants are estimated to be smuggled from East, North and West Africa into Europe every year (UNODC, 2010). Over 44,500 identified victims of trafficking at the global level (US TiP )2013 An estimated 20.9 million people are victims of forced labour globally (ILO, 2014). Women/girls 11,9 mln, men/boys 9,5 mln, children 27% 4

5 THB: Challenges Restrictive immigration policies in many countries reduce the possibility for legal migration while the demand for foreign labour remains This may push migrants to turn to criminal networks to enter a country (smuggling), becoming an irregular migrant THUS enhancing vulnerability to being exploited (trafficking) Smuggling routes and Trafficking modalities are constantly changing 5

6 IOM Global assistance trends 6

7 IOM Global assistance trends 7

8 THB Trends in ACP regions West Africa Internal and cross border Trafficking in children. Women and children trafficked to Europe, the Gulf States and other African countries. Widespread TiP in fishing (ie. Ghana) and mining industries (ie. gold mines in Senegal and Mali). Central Africa Trafficking often to/from West Africa. Evidence of child and internal trafficking East Africa Intra- and interregional trafficking, but also towards Europe and Gulf States. Many cases of women and girls, also from Asia. Men are smuggled to South Africa low nr of TiP cases identified, yet distinction between smuggling and TiP can be blurred. 8

9 THB Trends in ACP regions Southern Africa Intraregional trafficking, including children, South Africa is a main destination in the region and also faces internal trafficking. Caribbean Origin, transit and destination of trafficking in women, men and children, both intra- and extraregionally, including form South and Central America as well as from sub-saharan Africa to the region. Pacific Source, transit and destination for TiP, including children from and to Asia and to the U.S., sexual exploitation and forced labour from and to Asian countries, internal trafficking also occurs. 9

10 Regional Trends in EU Trends based on Eurostat data collection Victims registered by EU-MS authorities of which: By type of exploitation: 69 % Sexual exploitation, 19% Forced labour, 12 % Other (incl. Criminal activ, removal of organs, forced begging etc) By Gender: 67% Female (13% Girls) 17 % Men (3% Boys) By Countries of Origin: 65% EU 30% Non EU and 6% Unknown/Stateless/Other 10

11 Anti-Trafficking response General level coordination The 4-P s framework: prevention, protection, prosecution and partnership/coordination: National Action Plans (The scope and structure of these policy frameworks? the institutional mechanisms? Implementation practice & review? Outcomes/achievements/challenges) National Co-ordination Mechanisms (How do these mechanisms function? budgetary resources? outcomes/achievements/challenges) National Rapporteurs or equivalent mechanisms. (Description of mechanism/operation of mechanism outcomes/achievements/challenges)

12 Responses in ACP Countries: Legislative & Operational Frameworks 52 ACP States Parties to Palermo Protocol 47 ACP countries have partial or full counter-trafficking laws in place Several ACP countries have national assistance and referral mechanisms (task force) to coordinate the national protection and assistance response amongst all stakeholders. Example: Inter-ministerial agency in Nigeria (National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons - NAPTIP), including law enforcement, immigration and prosecution officials. Signature of Common Agenda on Migration and Mobility, March 2015 TIP and smuggling key priority. 12

13 Responses in ACP regions: some examples Africa-EU Strategic Partnership 1 st THB Action plan in 2006, EU Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative Khartoum Process in 2014 ECOWAS - Strategic Plan of Action for the Combat of TiP in W-Africa ( ); Work on a new ECOWAS Plan of Action on THB ( )- is ongoing SADC - Regional Plan of Action on Trafficking in Persons, Organization of American States (OAS) 2nd Work Plan to Combat TiP in the Western Hemisphere (RTP-IV/doc.4/14 rev. 1) - 4th meeting of National Authorities on TiP, Brazil - Dec, 2014 Regional Conference on Migration (RCM) Regional Plan of Action, June 2014 commitment and approval of regional guidelines on THB and UAMs Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Transnational Crimes 13

14 Responses in EU: some examples 1. EU Legislation - Harmonisation of EU States criminal laws, common definition of the criminal offence of THB - Non prosecution & penalties to victims for unlawful activities committed under pressure of traffickers - Possibility to prosecute EU nationals for human trafficking offences committed in another EU State or outside the EU - Robust provisions on victim s protection, including special measures for children - Enhanced victims support, such as shelters, medical, psychological assistance, translation 2. EU Strategy Defines 5 ares of priorities for the EU - 40 concrete actions (Prevent, Protect, Prosecute) 3. EU Anti-Trafficking Coordinator Mandated to coordinate and ensure coherence among EU Institutions, EU agencies, EU MS and international stakeholders 14

15 Role of Parliaments in Anti- Trafficking Responses Ratification of international texts Promoting bi-lateral and multilateral agreements Ensuring national legislation is modelled on good practice and is victim centred Request strengthened national and international cooperation and increase the participation of civil society in democratic processes Organize public hearings on THB bringing together legislative, judicial and executive branches 15

16 Role of Parliaments in Anti- Trafficking Responses 2 Holding governments to account Engage and monitor the fight against crime, crossborder security and protection of the rights of the most vulnerable, including children Establish a formal inquiry process to be actively engaged on reporting on Policy and Law implementation Establish advisory group so that parliamentarians from across ACP-EU States have access to the most expert advisors to provide advice and signpost good practice. 16

17 Closing remarks Evidence demonstrates that prevention of human trafficking: is not only informing potential victims (campaigns, information sharing) but creating opportunities for legal channels to regular migration for study, work, family reunification, international protection etc. is to improve quality of prosecution have all involved work together and follow the money on one side Police, Prosecutors and Judiciary on the other side Lawyers representing Victims, Victims and their right to unconditional access to Assistance and Protection at individual and family level as well as respecting the principle of non-punishment and non-prosecution 17

18 Thank you very much for your attention! Irina Todorova Regional Thematic Specialist on THB