Eisenhower Era Chapter 37
Eisenhower Election Korea, MacArthur, inflation, scandal I Like Ike Nixon, VP Rough campaigning Checkers Speech Social Harmony more than Social Justice
Issues & Events Civil Rights Plessy vs. Ferguson overturned Public Schools Integrated Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Strike Rise of Martin Luther King Little Rock Nine Cold War Ended the Korean War Suez Canal Hungary Berlin Sputnik U-2 Spy Plane
1950 s Culture Balanced, moderate Bland leading the bland Overall, a time of prosperity Homeowners Science/Technology=economic growth Electronics, computers Aerospace SAC Boeing, Air Force 1 Corporate America More white-collar jobs than blue-collar Teamwork, conformity, strict dress codes Big unions merge (AFL & CIO) More conservative Industrial jobs making middle-class income Suburbs, new cars, new schools, family vacations
1950 s Culture Religion After WWII, organized religion expands, becomes more tolerant 1000s of new churches, synagogues Less interest in doctrine, more in socialization, identity Television Preachers Catholic Bishop Fulton J. Sheen Life is Worth Living Methodist Minister Norman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive Thinking Reverend Billy Graham ecumenical message; warned against the evils of Communism. Women TV=Cult of Domesticity Dual role Betty Friedan, Feminine Mystique
Popular Culture Playboy Marilyn Monroe Consumer-driven mass economy Shopping centers, credit ards Television By 1961, 55 million TV sets 3 national networks bland sit-coms, westerns, quiz shows, sports vast wasteland for children, culture Advertising All media, aggressive Change from mom & pop to franchises
ROCK N- ROLL Elvis Presley Chuck Berry
Teen Culture Behavioral Rules Obey Authority Control Your Emotions Don t Make Waves Fit in with the Group Don t Even Think About Sex!
Ike s Domestic Agenda Balance budget & guard against socialism Oil to states Private corporation to compete w/ TVA Polio vaccine = socialized medicine Operation Wetback Indian New Deal Interstate Highway Act 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking major cities Improve national defense Good for jobs, trucking Bad for the poor, public transportation
Culture of the Car America became a more homogeneous nation because of the automobile. 1955 Disneyland opened in Southern California. 40% of the guests came from outside California, most by car First McDonald s (1955) Howard Johnson s Drive-In Movies
The 2nd Red Scare Win 1952 elections McCarthy Lied as being a hero 250 in State Dept. Majority approved Let Nixon handle US Army 1954 Censure 1957 died
Civil Rights Jim Crow laws Economically inferior, politically powerless Vigilante violence Emmett Till (1955) Began to demand rights in North 1944 white primary unconstitutional Jackie Robinson (1947) 1948 Truman desegregated military 1950 Sweatt vs. Painter Separate professional schools not equal
Civil Rights Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Year long boycott MLK Civil disobedience Warren Court Brown v. Board Border states complied Resistance in Deep South Declaration of Constitutional Principles
Civil Rights Little Rock Central High School 1957 desegregate Challenge to federal authority 101st to escort Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Commission Southern Christian Leadership Conference Mobilize black churches Sit-in @ Woolworth SNCC
New Look Based on ideas of John Foster Dulles Condemned mere containment Goals Roll back gains Balance budget by cutting military spending Policy of Boldness SAC Massive Retaliation Brinksmanship Push Communist nations to the brink of war, back down to U.S. nuclear superiority Open Skies (1955) rejected
Vietnam Ho Chi Mihn & France 1954 paying for FR war Dien Bien Phu Geneva 17th Parallel Elections Diem
Europe Khrushchev denounces Stalin (1956) Hungary rebellion Did nothing to help 1958 Nixon visits USSR Kitchen Debate Spirit of Camp David (1959) W/draw from Berlin indefinite Paris 1960 U2 incident May 1, 1960 shot down over central Russia Tried/Convicted 10 yrs for confessed espionage Feb. 1962 released in exchange USSR spy Collapse of Paris Peace Summit
Middle East Iran (1953-4) Soviet influence CIA overthrows Install Shah Suez Crisis (Oct 1956) $$ to build dam (USA vs. USSR) Nationalized canal Control world s oil supply GB/FR/I attack Ike angry/withheld oil Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) US military & economic aid to ME countries threatened Lebanon 1958 OPEC (1960)
Latin America Interfering in Affairs Cuba Batista 1959 Castro Denounced Yankee Imperialists Cut off trade Embargo 1961 to today Confiscated American property
Space Race 1957 Sputnik ICBM Duck-and-Cover Generation NASA Vanguard blows up (1957) Feb. 1958 satellite into orbit Education lacking NDEA Science & languages
1956 Election Eisenhower vs. Stevenson Hard pressed to find issues Republicans lost both houses Fragile health Rallied last 2 years Vetoed 169 St. Lawrence Waterway Alaska/Hawaii Labor Landrum-Griffin Act Prohibited secondary boycotts & certain kinds of picketing
1960 Election Nixon/Lodge Leader & opportunist JFK/LBJ New Frontier Catholic, young TV No one won Image over substance