A post-positivist approach to IR influenced by Marxist thought advanced by the 'Frankfurt School'.

Critical theory A post-positivist approach to IR influenced by Marxist thought advanced by the 'Frankfurt School'. Critical theory rejects three basic postulates of positivism: 1. an objective external reality, 2. the subject/object distinction, 3. and value-free social science. Critical theorists emphasize the fundamentally political nature of knowledge. They seek to liberate humanity from the conservative forces and 'oppressive' structures of hegemonic (U.S.-dominated) world politics and global economics. Critical theorists are similar to idealists in their support for progressive change and their employment of theory to help bring about that change.

Neogramscianism Based on Machiavelli, Marx, Max Weber, Karl Polányi Power: exploitation and consent Consent leads to formation of a loyal civil society Historic blocs: determined by the hegemonic ruling classes Historical change: through the rivalry of hegemonic interest groups and counter-hegemonic interest groups Kees van der Pijl

Hegemonic states vs contender states Lockean heartland: England, USA Contender states: France, Germany, SU, China Rivalry England - France England, USA - Germany West - Soviet Union West - Islam West - China

Hegemonic states vs contender states Lockean heartland: England, USA (capitalist interest groups freeing themselves from the state and using the state for their own reasons) Contender states: France, Germany, SU, China (interest groups positioning themselves around the state and being controlled by the state) Rivalry England - France England, USA - Germany West - Soviet Union West - Islam West - China

Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Charles de Gaulle

Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Enrico Mattei

Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Willy Brandt

Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses European Roundtable of Industrialists Jacques Delors

Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Gerhard Schröder Jacques Chirac

Preparing the neoliberal turn Henry Ford, New Deal, Keynes 1960s and 1970s Mont Pelerin Society Chile, Allende vs Pinochet (Milton Friedman as economic advisor)

Preparing the neoliberal turn Aldo Moro

Making the neoliberal turn Harold Wilson Margaret Thatcher

Making the neoliberal turn Bilderberg Group Trilateral Commission (CFR, D. Rockefeller)

Making the neoliberal turn Rupert Murdoch

Making the neoliberal turn Paul Volcker

Breaking the Soviet nut Gorbachev Yeltsin

Breaking the German will to reunite Europe under German control Olof Palme

Breaking the German will to reunite Europe under German control Thatcher and Gorbachev

Breaking the German will to reunite Europe under German control Helmut Kohl Alfred Herrhausen

Atlantism on the Balkans

Compensating neoliberalism Compensating the poors for the losses suffered because of neoliberal structures of the economy Tobin-tax Oskar Lafontaine Dominique Strauss-Kahn

China, the rise of the new superpower Teng Hsiao Ping Rise of the state capitalist elite + overseas Chinese Macau, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore Ratio within population Quoted capital share Thailand 10% 81% Indonesia 3.5% 73% Malaysia 29% 61% Philippines 1.8% 60% Since 1979: World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention

China, the rise of the new superpower Reserves more than $2000 billion

China, the rise of the new superpower

Hu Jintao

Thaksin Sinatwatra Bhumibol Adulyadej

Who owes the money makes the musicians play Hurray! Hurray! I ve climbed to the top of the greasy pole! Benjamin Disraeli when he was named to be the Prime Minister in England (1868) Setting the rules of the game The business of business is business. (Milton Friedman) Theorizing the rules of economics (setting the domain of thinking about socioeconomic relations) History is written by the winners. Writing history social sciences: making truth claims There is a certain amount for which my hair gets scaly. Thematizing the public opinion

Who owes the money makes the musicians play opinion shapers influencing the framework according to their own value order and/or interests (influential groups using market mechanisms i.e. money) Rules (politics) Theories (economics) Making truth claims (history) Thematizing the society (media)

Muslim distribution

Arab world

Arab world official language: green one of official languages: blue

Mohammed Mossadegh (1951-53)

Iraq-Iran war 1980-1988

Tehran hostage crisis 1979

Lockerbie, al Megrahi

April Glaspie - Saddam meeting

Charlie Wilson s war

Saudi Arabia - JECOR Dollar for oil, government bonds for dollar, modernization for bond yield

Pakistan - Zia ul Haq

Ahmed Chalabi

Russia

South stream Blue stream Nabucco

Russian privatization Anatoly Chubais

Oligarchs Berezovsky Khodorkovsky Abramovich

3 Power Centers in Russia Soskovets Chernomyrdin Luzhkov

Primakov after the crisis Primakov

And then... Putin

Hobbes vs Locke Hobbes Locke

George Bush s War (ON Terror) Ahmadshah Massoud Money spent on terrorsim is 54 times more People killed by coronary heart disiease is 6600 times more $1 spent on a victim of coronary heart disease while $356.400 spent on a victim of terrorism

George Bush s War (ON Terror) 2007: US department of defense spent $161,8 billion on global war on terrorism 2004: roughly 2000 people were killed internationally due to supposed terrorist attacks (70 were American) Ahmadshah Massoud Money spent on terrorsim is 54 times more People killed by coronary heart disiease is 6600 times more $1 spent on a victim of coronary heart disease while $356.400 spent on a victim of terrorism

George Bush s War (ON Terror) 2007: US department of defense spent $161,8 billion on global war on terrorism 2004: roughly 2000 people were killed internationally due to supposed terrorist attacks (70 were American) Ahmadshah Massoud What is the leading cause of death in America? Roughly 450.000 people dies in America in coronary heart disease 2007: Government spending on research on coronary heart disiease: $3 billion Money spent on terrorsim is 54 times more People killed by coronary heart disiease is 6600 times more $1 spent on a victim of coronary heart disease while $356.400 spent on a victim of terrorism