Measuring Human Trafficking
Ernesto U. Savona and Sonia Stefanizzi (Eds.) Measuring Human Trafficking Complexities And Pitfalls
Ernesto U. Savona Professor of Criminology Catholic University of Milan Director of Transcrime (Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime) ISPAC Scientific Co-ordinator Italy ernesto.savona@unicatt.it Sonia Stefanizzi Professor of Methodology of Social Research Faculty of Sociology University of Milan-Bicocca Officer-in-charge of CNPDS/ISPAC research activities Italy sonia.stefanizzi@unimib.it Library of Congress Control Number: 2006940181 ISBN-10: 0-387-68042-X e-isbn-10: 0-387-68044-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-68042-2 e-isbn-13: 978-0-387-68044-6 Printed on acid-free paper. 2007 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 987654321 springer.com
Acknowledgement The chapters collected in this book are revised versions of selected papers presented at the ISPAC international Conference on Measuring Human Trafficking: Complexities and Pitfalls held in Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy, in December 2005. ISPAC hereby wishes to thank the Courmayeur Foundation for its generous support. v
Contents 1. Introduction... 1 Ernesto U. Savona and Sonia Stefanizzi 2. Human Trafficking: A Crime Against Humanity... 5 Fausto Pocar Defining the Phenomenon 3. Trafficking in Human Beings: Uniform Definitions for Better Measuring and for Effective Counter-Measures... 13 Kauko Aromaa 4. Collecting Data on Human Trafficking: Availability, Reliability and Comparability of Trafficking Data... 27 Kristiina Kangaspunta 5. Enhancing Data Collection and Research on Trafficking in Persons... 37 Frank Laczko Analysing the Complexities 6. Measuring the Non-Measurable: Towards the Development of Indicators for Measuring Human Trafficking... 45 Sonia Stefanizzi 7. A Criminal Network Approach to Understanding & Measuring Trafficking in Human Beings... 55 Jay Albanese vii
viii Contents Quantitative and Qualitative approaches 8. Review of Official Statistics on Trafficking in Human Beings for Sexual Exploitation and their Validity in the 25 EU Member States from Official Statistics to Estimates of the Phenomenon... 73 Andrea Di Nicola and Andrea Cauduro 9. Qualitative Research in Trafficking A Particular Case... 95 Grigoris Lazos 10. The Long Road from Rhetoric to Evidence on Trafficking in Human Beings: About Research Efforts to Prepare Proper EU Monitoring on the Matter... 107 Gert Vermeulen 11. Conclusions... 125 Ernesto U. Savona and Sonia Stefanizzi
Contributors Jay Albanese, Professor, School of Government and Public Affairs Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; former Chief, International Center, National Institute of Justice, Washington, USA. Kauko Aromaa, Director, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI), Helsinki, Finland. Andrea Cauduro, Researcher, Transcrime (Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan), Italy. Andrea Di Nicola, Researcher, Faculty of law, University of Trento; Co-ordinator of Transcrime (Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan), Italy. Kristiina Kangaspunta, Chief, Anti-Human Trafficking Unit, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna, Austria. Frank Laczko, Head of Research and Publications, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland. Grigoris Lazos, Associate Professor, Department of Criminology, Panteion University, Athens, Greece. Fausto Pocar, Professor of International Law, University of Milan; President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, The Hague, The Netherlands. Ernesto U. Savona, Professor, Catholic University, Milan; Director, Transcrime (Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan); ISPAC Scientific Co-ordinator, Italy. ix
x Contributors Sonia Stefanizzi, Professor of Sociology, University of Milan- Bicocca; Officer-in-charge of CNPDS/ISPAC research activities, Milan, Italy. Gert Vermeulen, Director, Institute for International Research on Crime Policy (Ircp), University of Ghent, Belgium.