1 Chapter 8: Varieties f American Natinalism Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8
3 Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8
5 Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8
7 Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
ʹ Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8
9 Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
By the time f the 1828 presidential electin, a new twparty system had begun t emerge ut f the divisins amng the Republicans. On ne side std the supprters f Jhn Quincy Adams, wh called themselves the Natinal Republicans and wh supprted the ecnmic natinalism f the preceding years. Oppsing them were the fllwers f Andrew Jacksn, wh tk the name Demcratic Republicans and wh called fr an assault n privilege and a widening f pprtunity. Adams attracted the supprt f mst f the remaining Federalists; Jacksn appealed t a brad calitin that ppsed the ecnmic aristcracy. Jacksn s victry was decisive, but sectinal. He wn 56 percent f the ppular vte and an electral majrity f 178 vtes t 83. Adams swept virtually all f New England and shwed signifi cant strength in Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8
11 the mid-atlantic regin. (p. 227) By the late 1820s, hwever, partisan divisins were emerging nce again. In sme respects, the divisin mirrred the schism that had prduced the fi rst party system in the 1790s. The Republicans had in many ways cme t resemble the early Federalist regimes in their prmtin f ecnmic grwth and centralizatin. And the ppsitin, like the ppsitin in the 1790s, bjected t the federal gvernment s expanding rle in the ecnmy. (p. 225) The large planters made the westward jurney in a style quite different frm that f the fi rst pineers. Over the alternately dusty and muddy rads came great caravans cnsisting f herds f livestck, wagnlads f husehld gds, lng lines f slaves, and at the rear the planter s family riding in carriages. Success in the wilderness was by n means ensured, even fr the wealthiest settlers. But many planters sn expanded small clearings int vast cttn fi elds. They replaced the cabins f the early pineers with sumptuus lg dwellings and ultimately with impsing mansins that symblized the emergence f a Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
newly wealthy class. In later years, these western planters wuld assume the airs f a lngstanding aristcracy. (p. 219) Even mre imprtant was the Curt s 1832 decisin in Wrcester v. Gergia, in which the Curt invalidated Gergia laws that attempted t regulate access by U.S. citizens t Cherkee cuntry. Only the federal gvernment culd d that, Marshall claimed, thus taking anther imprtant step in cnslidating federal authrity ver the states (and ver the tribes). In ding s, he further defi ned the nature f the Indian natins. The tribes, he explained, were svereign entities in much the same way Gergia was a svereign entity distinct plitical cmmunities, having territrial bundaries within which their authrity is exclusive. In defending the pwer f the federal gvernment, he was als affi rming, indeed expanding, the rights f the tribes t remain free frm the authrity f state gvernments. (p. 224) As the trappers, r muntain men, mved west frm the Great Lakes regin, they began t establish themselves in what is nw Utah and in parts f New Mexic. In 1822, Andrew Henry and William Ashley funded the Rcky Muntain Fur Cmpany and recruited white trappers t mve permanently int the Rckies in search f furs, which were becming increasingly scarce farther east. Henry and Ashley dispatched supplies annually t their trappers in exchange fr furs and skins. The arrival f the supply train became the ccasin fr a gathering f scres f muntain men, sme f whm lived much f the year in cnsiderable islatin. But hwever islated their daily lives, these muntain men were clsely bund up with the Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8
13 expanding market ecnmy f the United States. Sme were emplyees f the Rcky Muntain Fur Cmpany (r sme ther, similar enterprise), earning a salary in return fr prviding a steady supply f furs. Others were nminally independent but relied n the cmpanies fr credit; they were almst always in debt and hence ecnmically bund t the cmpanies. Sme trapped entirely n their wn and simply sld their furs fr cash, but they t depended n merchants frm the East fr their livelihds. And it was t thse merchants that the bulk f the prfi ts frm the trade fl wed. (p. 219) Dartmuth Cllege v. Wdward (1819) further expanded the meaning f the cntract clause f the Cnstitutin. Having gained cntrl f the New Hampshire state gvernment, Republicans tried t revise Dartmuth Cllege s charter (granted by King Gerge III in 1769) t cnvert the private cllege int a state university. Daniel Webster, a Dartmuth graduate and brilliant ratr, argued the cllege s case. The Dartmuth charter, he insisted, was a cntract, prtected by the same dctrine that the Curt had already upheld in Fletcher v. Peck. The Curt ruled fr Dartmuth. The decisin placed imprtant restrictins n the ability f state gvernments t cntrl crpratins. In verturning the act f the legislature and the decisins f the New Hampshire curts, the justices als implicitly claimed fr themselves the right t verride the decisins f state curts. (p. 223) Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
Until 1814, the textile factries mst f them in New England prduced nly yarn and thread; families perating hand-lms at hme did the actual weaving f clth. Then the Bstn merchant Francis Cabt Lwell, after examining textile machinery in England, develped a pwer lm that was better than its English cunterpart. In 1813, Lwell rganized the Bstn Manufacturing Cmpany and, at Waltham, Massachusetts, unded the fi rst mill in America t carry n spinning and weaving under a single rf. Lwell s cmpany was an imprtant step in revlutinizing American manufacturing and in shaping the character f the early industrial wrkfrce. (p. 216) The War f 1812 may have stimulated the grwth f manufacturing by cutting ff imprts, but it als prduced chas in shipping and banking, and it expsed dramatically the inadequacy f the existing transprtatin and fi nancial systems. The aftermath f the war, therefre, saw the emergence f a series f plitical issues cnnected with natinal ecnmic develpment. (p. 215) In 1816, prtectinists in Cngress wn passage f a tariff law that effectively limited cmpetitin frm abrad n a wide range f items, the mst imprtant f which was cttn clth. There were bjectins frm agricultural interests, wh wuld have t pay higher prices fr manufactured gds as a result. But the natinalist dream f creating an imprtant American industrial ecnmy prevailed. (p. 216) Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8
15 Nw that fertile lands were secure fr white settlement, migrants frm thrughut the East fl cked t the Old Nrthwest (nw called the Midwest). The Ohi and Mnngahela Rivers were the main rutes westward, until the cmpletin f the Erie Canal in 1825. Once n the Ohi, the migrants fl ated dwnstream n fl atbats bearing all their pssessins, then left the river (ften at Cincinnati, which was becming ne f the regin s and the natin s principal cities) and pressed n verland with wagns, handcarts, packhrses, cattle, and hgs. (p. 218) Chapter 8 Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin
Brinkley, American Histry: Cnnecting with the Past, 15 th Editin Chapter 8