THE ROAD TO CIVIL WAR

THE ROAD TO CIVIL WAR

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORTH & SOUTH: SECTIONALISM NORTH: Favored a stronger central government (remember Federalist) More dependency on government Growing industrial economy Larger cities developing More immigrants (larger population) Higher income (at least for the wealthy) More worldly influences Humanism on the rise Family structure on the decline Federal tax unbalanced Made more money Paid less in national taxes SOUTH: Favored stronger state governments (remember Anti-Federalist) Less dependency on central government More issues dictated by states Agricultural based economy Fewer large cities Less immigration Lower income (except for the wealthy elite) Stronger religious base Religious principles stay strong Family structure maintained Federal tax unbalanced Made less money Paid more in national taxes NOTE: For simplicity we will use slavery as our basis issue for the new territories but remember there were a lot MORE issues at stake

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri petitioned to become a state in the Union. Missouri wished to enter as a slave holding state In order to maintain a balance of power (representation) in Congress another state had to enter as a free state Compromise was reached to allow Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state Compromise also drew a boundary between slave and free territories along the 36 0 30 line of latitude Compromise was meant to appease both sides and maintain equal representation in Congress

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 The second compromise on the issue of congressional representation in the new western territories California (due to the gold rush of 1849) was petitioning for statehood as a free state No other territory was looking to enter the Union at this time California s admission would throw off the balance of power/representation in Congress in favor of the North Compromise is reached to allow California to enter as a free state IF Utah & New Mexico Territories were opened to popular sovereignty The Compromise was more of a victory for the North, Southern emotions were enflamed

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT Proposed by Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas Kansas and Nebraska Territories would be opened to popular sovereignty Cancelled out the Missouri Compromise Meant to calm emotions on both sides (North & South) More of a victory for the South Effects: Gave new life to the Abolitionist Movement Led to violent territorial wars in Kansas

BLEEDING KANSAS Pro-Northern and Pro-Southern groups flocked to the Kansas Territory in order to gain more support for their respective sides: Jayhawkers nickname given to Pro- Northern (Anti-slavery) groups in Kansas Border Ruffians nickname given to Pro-Southern (Pro-slavery) groups in Kansas Arguments between the 2 groups and territorial disputes led to an unofficial war in the Kansas territory for popular sovereignty The unceasing violence in the territory between the Jayhawkers and Border Ruffians led to the nickname of Bleeding (or Bloody) Kansas

BLEEDING KANSAS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tj0zjrxkhs

DRED SCOTT John Sanford (a Southern businessman) moved his family and slaves (including Dred Scott) into a free territory Dred Scott sued Sanford to gain his freedom and the freedom of his family Cited the fact that slavery was outlawed in that territory In 1856-1857 numerous lower court appeals allowed the case to climb all the way up to the US Supreme Court (Dred Scott v. Sanford) Chief Justice Roger Taney presided over the case Supreme Court ruled in favor of John Sanford and Dred Scott remained enslaved Ruling stated that African-Americans were not now nor ever meant to be American citizens

Abolitionist John Brown was a product of the Bleeding Kansas conflicts Radical abolitionist and preacher Joined the Jayhawkers in the territorial wars in Kansas Brown became a staunch abolitionist while living in Springfield, Massachusetts Joined several anti-slavery movements and societies while in Springfield Began seeing it as his divine calling to purge slavery from America by any means necessary Brown also played minor roles in the Underground Railroad after meeting with Harriet Tubman In 1855, Brown moved to join the Jayhawkers fighting in Kansas In 1856 Brown led a band of followers into a large Ruffian area of Kansas and captured and killed several Ruffians execution style This attack became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre Brown continued to attack numerous Ruffian held areas in Kansas in a reign of terror that included the execution of men, women, and even some children Brown began to get notoriety in America Abolitionists saw him as a hero Most Americans viewed him as a dangerous terrorist JOHN BROWN

JOHN BROWN S RAID John Brown Lt. Israel Greene Col. Robert E. Lee Fresh from the bloodshed in Kansas John Brown planned to begin an armed slave rebellion in the South In 1859, Brown lead a party of abolitionists to Harper s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) Party consisted of 16 white men, 3 free black men, 1 freed slave, and 1 runaway slave Plan was to raid the Federal Arsenal in Harper s Ferry and take possession of the more than 100,000 weapons at the arsenal After capturing the weapons Brown planned on moving throughout the South, passing out the weapons, and encouraging slaves to rise up and kill their owners Brown s men quickly seized the arsenal but then were surprised by a counterattack organized by the citizens on Harper s Ferry. Brown s raiders took refuge in the fire engine house near the center of town and were quickly surrounded US Marines, under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee, were dispatched to Harper s Ferry October 18, 1859 Marines, led by Lt. Israel Greene, storm the fire house killing several raiders and capturing John Brown

JOHN BROWN S RAID https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiorhcv5qds

AFTERMATH OF BROWN S RAID John Brown was tried and convicted of treason, murder, and inciting rebellion Brown was sentenced to be executed on December 2, 1859 Just before he was hanged he gave an eerie prediction I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood Several important figures in US history witnessed Brown s execution John Brown s execution fueled the fire for a more aggressive abolitionist movement and further divided the North and South Radical abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe praised Brown s efforts Most American citizens regarded Brown s Pottawatomie Massacre and his plan to target the wives and children of slave owners after the raid as too violent and the acts of a terrorist Thomas J. Jackson Walt Whitman John W. Booth

ABRAHAM LINCOLN DEBUTS IN POLITICS In 1858, the state of Illinois was in the middle of an election for one of their two Senate seats Two candidates rose to the occasion: Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Stephen Douglas (Democrat) A series of seven debates were held across Illinois between Lincoln and Douglas Douglas won the election and became Senator Lincoln, however, began to become known in politics Lincoln spoke openly against the idea of state secession with his phrase, A house divided against itself cannot stand Douglas spoke of his support of popular sovereignty with his phrase, [the Founders] left each state perfectly free to do as it pleased on certain subjects The new Republican party would select Lincoln as their Presidential candidate in the election of 1860 ABRAHAM LINCOLN STEPHEN DOUGLAS

LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akfnmel5dug

Lincoln Breckinridge Bell Douglas ELECTION OF 1860 Despite his loss during the Senate race, Lincoln becomes the Republican presidential candidate for the 1860 election 4 primary candidates run off in the election Abraham Lincoln Republican from Illinois John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat from Kentucky John Bell Constitutional Unionist from Tennessee Stephan Douglas - Northern Democrat from Illinois Lincoln was a heavy favorite in the North but did not appear on the ballots in the South Breckinridge was a heavy favorite in the South but was left off the ballots in the North Lincoln did not win the popular vote but won the electoral vote (and therefore became president) Upon hearing of Lincoln s election South Carolina secedes from the Union

SECESSION: THE UNION DIVIDES South Carolina s secession triggers 10 other states to follow. These 11 states form together to create the Confederate States of America (CSA) First Confederate capital is established in Montgomery, Alabama (later moved to Richmond, Virginia) February 1861 Jefferson Davis of Mississippi elected President of the CSA (Alexander Stephens of Georgia elected Vice President) The Confederacy quickly builds a working government and begins to reach out for foreign support and assistance (in order to gain an advantage, support, and empathy) James Mason CS Ambassador to Britain John Slidell CS Ambassador to France Pierre Rost CS Ambassador to Spain Jefferson Davis Alexander Stephens

Ticket Out the Door: GEORGIA ORDINANCE OF SECESSION We the people of the State of Georgia in Convention assembled do declare and ordain and it is hereby declared and ordained that the ordinance adopted by the State of Georgia in convention on the 2nd day of January. in the year of our Lord seventeen hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the constitution of the United States of America was assented to, ratified and adopted, and also all acts and parts of acts of the general assembly of this State, ratifying and adopting amendments to said constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded and abrogated. We do further declare and ordain that the union now existing between the State of Georgia and other States under the name of the United States of America is hereby dissolved, and that the State of Georgia is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State. Passed January 19, 1861. Read this passage and summarize it in 1 paragraph IN YOUR OWN WORDS