INDEX ACTUS REUS procurement crimes, 206-208 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE Amato decision, 360-368 confessions rule, 354-360 entrapment, 360-368 jurisprudence, subsequent, 368-369 Justice Estey, 351-369 reputation of, protecting, 351-369 Rothman decision, 354-360 APPEALS counsel in, no automatic right to, 379-394 rights to, preserving, 443-457 ARBITRARY DETENTION diminishing burden re, 177-181 education of individual rights/freedoms, enhanced, 182-184 harms of, 164-185 learning and, 165-167 mandatory options of approaching officer, 174-177 oppressed people, on, 169-171 psychology and, 165-167 recommendations re, 174-184 reluctance to respond to harms of, 171-173 restorative justice orders, 177-181 Seligman s experiments, 167-169 BILL 175 (ONTARIO) see also Policing improved accountability of policing, 1-9 systematic approach to accountability, 5-6 CAUSATION act-fault dichotomy, 84-87 507
CAUSATION Continued blameworthiness, 80-90 but-for test, necessity of, 89 clarity, 81-83 factual, 73-77 fault, removing, 72-90 intervening cause, 84-87 inquiry, decisive, 80-81 jury charges, 87-90 legal, 73-77 manslaughter, 78-79 medical evidence, 83 mens rea and, 77-79 morality and, 72-77 murder, 77-78 Smithers definition, 73-74 CHARTER admitting facts to invite a conviction prior to appeal, 453-456 arbitrary detention see Arbitrary Detention jury systems, 478-481 Kokopenace decisions, 458-484 prejudicing rights to appeal with guilty pleas, 446-448 preserving rights to appeal despite no other defence, 443-457 purposive approach, 468-472 guilty pleas and, 444-453 remedying underrepresentation, 481-483 representativeness, 459-464, 468-472 right to trial (s. 11(f)), 458-484 slippery slope concerns, 473-481 societal purposes, 472-473 COMPETITION ACT procurement crimes, 203-204 CONDITIONAL GUILTY PLEA need for, in Canada, 456-457 CONFESSIONS rule, 354-360 Criminal Law Quarterly 508
CORRUPTION OF FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS ACT procurement crimes, 196-199 COUNSEL, RIGHT TO appeals, in, 379-394 indigent persons and, 379-394 R. v. C. (P.), decision in, 379-394 CRIMINAL CODE amendments to, 202 hope principle and, 426-439 paragraph 121(1)(f), 188-223, 229 procurement crimes and, 188-223, 229 sections 119, 191-193 section 718, 426-439 DETENTION see Arbitrary Detention ENTRAPMENT administration of justice and, 360-368 EVIDENCE causation and, 83 demeanour, of, 10-22 exclusion due to invalid telewarrant, 237-238 impracticability, to support, 235 medical, 83 view, use of taking a, 149-154 witnesses see Witnesses FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION ACT procurement crimes, 205-206 GLADUE PRINCIPLES sentencing and, 102-118 GUILTY PLEAS appeal and, rights to, 444-453 conditional, 456-457 Index 509
HOMICIDE OFFENCES, 261-268 see also Infanticide HOPE PRINCIPLE Baumgartner decision, 423-426 Bourque decision, 423-426 Canadian law, in, 415-417 Criminal Code, s. 718 of, 426-439 generally, 415-442 judicial treatment of, 423-426 Multiple Murders Act, 417-423, 427-428, 433, 436-438 parity, 426-431 proportionality, 434-436 rehabilitation, 431-434 sentencing discounts, 417-423 totality, 434-439 INFANTICIDE Canada, in, 249-251 evolution/development of, 249-251 generally, 242-270 her mind is then disturbed, interpreting, 251-252 homicide offences, other, 261-268 mental health/disorders of accused mothers, 252-257 policy dilemmas re, 243-249 reforming, 261-268 sentencing, 268-269 victim minimizing, 257-260 JURY CHARGES causation, re, 87-90 Criminal Law Quarterly JURY SELECTION challenges for cause, 275-277 Crown obligations, 276 discrimination, 274 judicial discretion to remove jurors, 276-277 peremptory challenges, 274-275 prospective jurors, 272-273 racism, historic, 271-272 reform, need for, 271-278 representativeness, 273 510
JURY SELECTION Continued restrictions on, 273-274 urgency, 277-278 volunteers, allowing, 273-274 MENS REA causation and, 77-79 procurement crimes, 216-218 MENTAL DISORDERS, OFFENDERS WITH Charter and release conditions, 287-293 incapacity, mental, 304-307 infanticide and, 252-257 legislative framework, 281-284 not criminally responsible see NCRMD orders to manage/supervise/control, 279-296 pre-trial release conditions, 281-282 post-trial/post-plea release conditions, 283-284 release conditions, 281-296 rights-based approach, 293-296 MENTAL INCAPACITY types of, 304-307 Index MILITARY NEXUS DOCTRINE Arsenault decision, 158 effect of legislation, 161-162 generally, 155-163 Hannah decision, 157 legislative overbreadth, 161-162 military law, 158-161 Moriarity decision, 156-157 overbreadth, legislative, 161-162 purpose of legislation, 161-162 rational connection, 162 Vezina decision, 157-158 511
MULTIPLE MURDERS ACT, 417-423, 427-428, 433, 436-438 see also Hope Principle NCRMD (NOT CRIMINALLY RESPONSIBLE ON ACCOUNT OF MENTAL DISORDER) see also Mental Disorders, Offenders with Chaulk decision, 304-307 David decision, 307-317 generally, 297-318 mental incapacity, types of, 304-307 statutory regime, 298-304 NATIONAL SECURITY disrupt, power to, 485-506 threat reduction, 485-506 POLICE OVERSIGHT ACT (ONTARIO) see also Policing Bill 175, 4 POLICING accountability, 1-9 advisory councils, 3 community advisory committees, need for, 6 complaints, 7-8 detachment boards, 3 discipline tribunals, 8-9 governance of, 1improved accountability of, 1-9 independence, definition of, 3-4 indigenous communities and, 2-3 Inspector General, 7 municipal councils, 1-2 Police Oversight Act, 4 police service boards, 1-2 reviews, systematic, 8 Special Investigations Unit (SIU), 4-5 suspensions without pay, 6-7 suspicion, regulation via standards of see Suspicion systematic approach to, 5-6 transparency, 5 PRACTICE, CRIMINAL LAW CLA members, 402-403 Criminal Law Quarterly 512
PRACTICE, CRIMINAL LAW Continued cooperative teams, 409-410 court hours, 411-412 factors underlying decisions to leave, 402-409 family-related issues, 406-407 financial factors, 403-404 financial support, 409 focus groups, 402 gendered differences in treatment, 407-409 judiciary, re-educating the, 410-411 Legal Aid work, 400-402 mentorship, 410 recommendations for change, 409-412 retention, 397-400 survey information, 402-403 unpredictability, 405-406 women leaving, 395-413 work hours, 405-406 PRIVACY common areas, in, 370-378 White decision, 370-378 Index PROCUREMENT CRIMES actus reus and, 206-208 advantage/benefit/reward, 214-215 anti-bribery convention, 194-196 benefit/reward/advantage, 214-215 class of persons, 222 consideration, 216 context, statutory, 191-193 Competition Act, 203-204 Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, 196-199 Criminal Code, amendments to, 202 Criminal Code, s. 121(1)(f) of, 188-223, 229 Criminal Code, ss. 119-125 of, 191-193 directly or indirectly, 211-212 family, member of, 213-214 Financial Administration Act, 205-206 gaps from wording, 218-221 513
Criminal Law Quarterly PROCUREMENT CRIMES Continued generally, 186-226 government defined in context, 210-211 history, statutory, 191, 227-228 indirectly, directly or, 211-212 inducement, nature of, 223 international obligations, 194-202 limitations of wording, 218-221 mens rea, 216-218 OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, 194-196 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ), 194-196 person defined, 212 physical elements of offence, 206-208 purpose, statutory, 188-190 recommendations for reform, 224-226 reward/benefit/advantage, 214-215 stage of process, 221-222 tender, conduct re, 209-210 tender, withdrawal of, 188-233 timing of impugned conduct, 222-223 UN Convention against Corruption, 199-201 wording, limitations, 218-221 RELEASE CONDITIONS see Mental Disorders, Offenders with SENTENCE INDICATION HEARINGS Australia, 328-337 Canada, 321-328 Eastern Caribbean, 348 England, 342-345 generally, 319-350 history of, 321-348 New Zealand, 337-342 Scotland, 346 United States, 346-347 what are, 319-321 SENTENCING assessments, fallacy of assuming proper, 118-125 bias, 92-139 biased regimes, 91-139 514
Index SENTENCING Continued deterrence fallacy, 125-135 discounts, 417-423 fallacies, 118-139 Gladue principles, 102-118 hope principle, the see Hope Principle indication hearings, sentence see Sentence Indication Hearings infanticide, 268-269 judicial helplessness, fallacy of, 135-139 parity, 426-431 proportionality, 434-436 rehabilitation, 431-434 Saskatchewan, 91-139 unwritten principles of, 414 totality, 434-439 SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS UNIT (SIU) see also Policing Bill 175 (Ontario) and, 4-5 transparency of, 5 SUSPICION Canada, in, 27-44 individualization, 26-27 optimizing standards, 44-70 probability thresholds, 25-27 reasonable and probable grounds, 24, 27-35, 45-56 reasonable suspicion, 24, 35-41, 45-56 reasonableness and, 24, 41-44, 56-70 taxonomy, 24-27 TAKING A VIEW alternatives to, availability of, 145-146 change since material time, extent of, 146-148 contested issue, whether involves a, 148 evidentiary use of, 149-154 generally, 140-154 importance of information gained from, 145 jurisdiction, 141-142 logistics re, 149 ordered, when should be, 142-149 prerequisites, 141-142 515
TAKING A VIEW Continued security/safety concerns, 149 transportation of parties/counsel/staff to, 149 TELEWARRANTS Charter, conduct infringing the, 238-239 deficiencies cured by amplification, 237-238 evidence excluded due to invalidity of, 237-238 evidence to support impracticability, 235 facial attacks on, 230-241 impact of Charter breach, 239 impracticable defined, 231-232 invalidity of, exclusion of evidence due to, 237-238 police discretion, 235-236 pre-conditions for issuance, 230-231 seriousness of Charter breach, 238-239 silence in ITO, effect of, 236-237 society s interest in adjudication on merits of the case, 239-240 threshold of impracticability, 232-233 urgency as a factor, 233-234 WITNESSES credibility assessments, 10-22 demeanour evidence and, 10-22 Criminal Law Quarterly 516