Level 2 NEW GOVERNMENT IN OPERATION ESTABLISHING STABILITY

Level 2 NEW GOVERNMENT IN OPERATION ESTABLISHING STABILITY

Vocabulary Precedent: an act that results in a tradition Economics: science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services Excise Tax: sales tax Neutrality: not getting involved in an event Naturalization: becoming a citizen Alien: a foreign born person living in a country Sedition: treason Political parties: groups of people who share the same political goal and try to get each other elected Judicial Review: a Supreme Court assumed responsibility to make sure the laws and acts of the government follow the Constitution Commerce: trade Embargo: ban on exports

Essential Questions What political and economic issues did the new nation confront under the Constitution? How did perspectives differ on the new nation s viability under the Constitution?

Washington as President Precedent: rule or decision that serves as a guide for future actions or decisions Washington s Precedents President s Cabinet 2 terms Title Mr. President Executive Privilege: the legislature doesn t have to have all the information of foreign negotiations as seen in the Jay Treaty Farewell Address spoke of keeping economic ties with Europe but neutrality in politics

Establishing Stability: Hamilton s Economic Plan Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury The Economic Plan: 1. Repayment of foreign debts: $12 million 2. Federal Assumption of State Debts: $25 million: Southern states, like VA, opposed this because they had already paid part of their debt To gain their support, Hamilton made a deal for a bill that would locate the national capital in Washington D.C. Excise Taxes: Tax on Whiskey to repay debt Establishment of a National Bank: to deposit federal funds and issue paper money. Washington was unsure if he should sign this bill and asked Jefferson and Hamilton their views of this based on the Constitution. 1. Jefferson s ( Antifederalists) argument against the bank: strict constructionist it wasn t part of the enumerated powers 2. Hamilton s (Federalists) argument for the bank: loose constructionist implied by the enumerated powers to coin money, borrow money, and raise money through taxation. The national bank was necessary for US financial functions. 3. Washington signed it into law.

Establishing Stability: Whiskey Rebellion Armed revolt in 1792 by settlers in western Pennsylvania and Virginia protesting a federal excise tax on whiskey. Put down by federal troops under Washington, who pardoned most of the participants.

Establishing Stability: Preserving Neutrality

Establishing Stability: French Revolution

Establishing Stability: Citizen Genet Affair

Establishing Stability: Jay Treaty

Establishing Stability: XYZ Affair Background: France was angered by the Jay Treaty France revoked the trade treaty with the US and refused to receive the American minister, Pinckney. They seized American ships. John Adams, sent 3 representatives to France, met with 3 Frenchmen (X,Y,Z), they demanded: $250,000 to meet the French foreign minister loan of ten million dollars in order to start negotiations with the French government Adams stated he wouldn t send another minister unless properly received by the French government. After Napoleon gained control of France a new treaty was made.

Establishing Stability: Alien and Sedition Acts Why? Rumors of French invasion and spies in US #1. Naturalization Act: required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they can apply for citizenship #2. Alien Act: authorized the President to deport aliens "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" during peacetime. #3. Alien Enemies Act: allowed wartime arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject to an enemy power. #4. Sedition Act: any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a crime punishable by fine and imprisonment. twenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down.

Establishing Stability: Political Parties

Establishing Stability: Election of 1800 Election of 1800: Jefferson and Aaron Burr both received 73 votes for President and Vice President, John Adams received 65 Election went to the House of Representatives Jefferson was elected President Enrichment

Establishing Stability: Judicial Review Definition: The power of the Supreme Court to void acts of Congress that are found to violate the Constitution Marbury v. Madison (1803): Adams in the last days of his presidency created several new judiciary positions and filled the posts with Federalist supporters. The newly elected Jefferson and his secretary of state, James Madison, refused to honor the appointments of these midnight justices. Chief Justice John Marshall declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the idea of Judicial Review of acts of Congress

Challenges to Stability: Commerce French and English trade barriers Both Britain and France seized American trade ships and goods supplying the other Britain returned to impressing sailors claiming they were deserters from the British fleet Embargo Act: (1807 Jefferson) banned all exports to other countries because of the British seizer of the USS Chesapeake Caused a depression in the United States Non-Intercourse Act: (1809 Jefferson) replaced the Embargo Act Opened trade with all nations except France and England

Challenges to Stability: War of 1812 War of 1812: second war for Independence The War Hawks wanted a war against Britain because: Britain s impressments of U.S. sailors seizure of American ships and cargos refusal to withdraw troops from the Louisiana Territory Hoped to win Canada and perhaps even Florida Treaty of Ghent was signed with neither party gaining anything Battle of New Orleans: fought 2 weeks after the signing of the treaty was a decisive win by Jackson. It gave Americans confidence. To Americans, the battle proved once and for all that the United States was an independent nation, not just a rogue colony. For this reason, many historians refer to the War of 1812 as America s second war for independence.

Essential Questions What political and economic issues did the new nation confront under the Constitution? How did perspectives differ on the new nation s viability under the Constitution?