NZEALS Conference, 18 April 2018, Auckland Diversity or divergence? Opportunities and challenges in Aotearoa NZ Professor Tahu Kukutai National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis The University of Waikato NIDEA 1
What we have to look forward to later this year Post-Census NZ Herald headlines Aotearoa NZ obsessed with ethnicity and diversity; not so great at responding to racism and colonialism NIDEA 2
Aotearoa NZ is distinctive Indigenous majority minority where 1/6 of pop is Māori High share of migrants (25% OS-born in 2013) vs traditional countries of migration (US 13%; Canada 21%) Migrant-driven diversification has happened very rapidly Auckland is now considered super diverse (40% OSborn) NIDEA 3
Diversity and inclusivity: Societal challenges Māori excluded from the diversity conversation ` separate spheres approach to immigration/diversity and Māori development National focus masks massive sub-national/regional divergence not simply expansion of difference but moving apart Lack of understanding about how diversity really matters and for what NIDEA 4
Multiple dimensions of ethnic belonging NIDEA 5
Back in the bad old (not so long ago) days NIDEA 6
Relative lack of interest in ties of national belonging NIDEA 7
Ethnic diversity: How diverse are we? 2013 Census: Level 1 (6 pan-ethnic categories) 2013 Census: Level 4 (200+ ethnic groups) European Mäori Pacific Asian MELAA Other NIDEA 8
Multiple ethnic identification Number and percent reporting more than one ethnic group (Level 4) Total NZ Māori N Per cent N Per cent 1991 166,158 5.0 111,357 26.0 1996 536,757 15.5 249,993 48.0 2001 324,090 9.0 231,555 44.0 2006 400,428 10.4 266,934 47.0 2013 449,277 11.2 320,406 53.5 NIDEA 9
The demographic future of ethnic relations in Aotearoa Level 1 ethnic group 2013 % of total NZ pop. Projected 2038 % of total NZ pop. European or Other 75 66 Māori 16 20 Asian 12 21 Pacific peoples 8 11 MELAA (1) Total 112 118 NIDEA 10
And even more complex at younger ages 0-14 years Level 1 ethnic group 2013 Census % of total NZ pop. Projected 2038 % of total NZ pop. European or Other 72 68 Māori 26 30 Asian 12 21 Pacific peoples 13 18 MELAA (1) 4 Total 124 141 NIDEA 11
Divergence in Māori visibility NIDEA 12 High per cent Maori: Wairoa 62.9 Kawerau 61.7 Opotiki 60.6 Gisborne 48.9 Far North 44.5 Low per cent Maori: Qtown-Lakes 5.4 Waimate 6.3 Waitaki 6.5 Mackenzie 6.7 Selwyn 7.0 NZ 14.9 Source: 2013 NZ Census of Population and Dwellings
Divergence in migrant diversity High migrant share: Auckland 39.1 Qtown-Lakes 32.3 Wellington 30.7 Porirua 24.8 Hamilton 24.0 Low migrant share: Wairoa 6.1 S. Taranaki 7.7 Gore 7.8 Opotiki 7.9 Tararua 8.3 NZ 25.2 Source: 2013 NZ Census of Population & Dwellings NIDEA 13
Divergence in human capital (Bachelors or above) NIDEA 14 High stocks of human capital: Wellington 40.6 Auckland 24.7 Qtown-Lakes 24.6 Dunedin 22.7 Hamilton 22.6 Low stocks of human capital: Kawerau 6.3 Wairoa 7.2 Hauraki 7.4 S. Taranaki 7.5 Stratford 8.0 NZ 20.0 Source: 2013 NZ Census of Population and Dwellings
Divergence in diversity Auckland 2013 Rodney LBA 2013 Manurewa LBA 2013 NIDEA 15
Symbols of nationhood and partnership: Rhetoric or real? Let the Auckland Harbour Bridge stand as a symbol of our nationhood by flying the Māori flag every day of the year. Annabel Lee in Metro 2016 NIDEA 16
The act (or art?) of forgetting. NIDEA 17
Te Tiriti: Our first immigration policy NIDEA 18
But MIA in Immigration Policy + Practice Oath of Allegiance "I, [full name], swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her (or His) Majesty [specify the name of the reigning Sovereign, as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of New Zealand,] Her (or His) heirs and successors, according to law, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of New Zealand and fulfil my duties as a New Zealand citizen. Policy settings: No transparent and meaningful mechanism for Māori/iwi influence over decision-making relating to immigration nationally or sub-nationally Includes reference to Te Tiriti Citizenship Act 1977 Immigration Act 2009 Fisheries Act 1983 State Owned Enterprises Act 1986 Conservation Act 1987 Resource Management Act 1991 Crown Minerals Act 1991 NIDEA 19
Māori positioned as anti-immigration/migrants Asia New Zealand Foundation 2013 survey: Māori (44 percent) were more likely than average (27 percent) to say that New Zealanders felt less warm towards people from Asia compared with 12 months earlier (Māori n=<100) Popular Māori vs Asians narratives Competition for economic resources and jobs Competition for political positioning Anxieties over demographic swamping NIDEA 20
So how do Māori feel about diversity? There s much we don t know gaping knowledge gaps Survey-based research: lack of representative samples; typically very small Māori samples testing very specific hypotheses derived from literature with strong Northern European lens. Qualitative research: very little exists which genuinely engaged Maori perspectives and puts immigration in its colonial context Contribution of CaDDANZ Theorising the immigrant-indigenous divide Empirical research: i) Analysis of NZ GSS to understand Māori attitudes to diversity; ii) interviews with Māori living in areas of low, med, high ethnic diversity NIDEA 21
How accepting of diversity? Highest RegionQual. Acceptance of diversity Ethnicity (Level 1) Feeling comfortable/very comfortable about a Nth/BoP Rest of Level 7/ Feeling Level Level Feeling comfortable/very comfortable/very comfortable comfortable about Auck. about a Well. Cant. Rest of SI new neighbour who was Euro. a NoneMaori At least 1 4 /Gis. cert. Pacific 5 6 NI dip. Asian new new neighbour neighbour who who was from a religious minority was 77.7 77.5 71.7 74.2 77.4 Bach. 75.4 from from a religious a religious minority minority 75.9 73.9 74.8 74.9 79.9 76.4 75.6 gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender 80.2 gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender 73.9 gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender 77.1 77.2 70.5 77.9 75.6 74.4 67.4 72.3 76.1 66.1 78.2 77.6 80.0 a racial/ethnic racial/ethnic minority a minority 75.6 minority 76.3 77.8 67.8 69.8 71.0 73.1 67.8 70.3 74.6 73.6 78.2 84.1 77.3 had a had mental a had mental illness a mental illness illness 45.0 53.455.0 52.9 59.2 51.8 50.9 49.6 51.5 52.2 39.6 59.3 53.1 60.4 a new a migrant new a new migrant migrant 77.2 75.976.9 71.7 73.3 73.0 74.3 74.7 73.5 77.1 81.6 79.9 84.6 78.1 Source: NZ General Social Survey 2014 NIDEA 22
Separate spheres Biculturalism Development Integration Extraction Resource Closing Gaps Prevention Cost Multiculturalism Diversity NIDEA 23
Shortcomings of separate spheres at odds with our changing demography in Aotearoa maintains Anglocentric vision of national belonging no recognition of indigenous dispossession, indigenous rights as tangata whenua, ongoing colonialism barrier to genuine partnership NIDEA 24
Inverting the host Tangata whenua Tauiwi Tangata Tiriti NIDEA 25
KIA ORA Contact me at: tahu.kukutai@waikato.ac.nz NIDEA 26