THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM The Emergence of the U.S. in World Affairs 1890-1914
IMPERIALISM Imperialism the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. Goal: Gain Colonies/Territories Review: What is the purpose of a colony? What could the US gain from colonizing?
WHY IMPERIALIZE? REASONS FOR US IMPERIALISM
Gain Power! Between 1870 and 1900, European Powers (France, Britain, etc.) seized 10 million square miles of territory in Africa and Asia. Leaders in the US believed that they needed to stay on par with the other great powers of the world. Competition The US wanted to become and maintain status as a World Power. More colonies = More power! Britain France POLITICAL
ECONOMIC Review: How did Manifest Destiny effect Industrialization? Many politicians and business leaders believed that U.S. expansion was important because it would provide the country with more economic markets. Markets Places to get natural resources from and then sell final products to. More Markets = Stronger Economy Spheres of Influence An area where a foreign country contols all economic development. Goal To develop a policy of Mercantilism Mercantilism - Policy that states a nation can acquire wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.
SOCIAL Goal: US Leaders believed that the United States should exercise control over inferior nations and races. Rationale The US had a responsibility to civilize the rest of the world. Social Darwinism: Survival of the Fittest Argued that as nations competed, only the strongest would survive. Josiah Strong Minister who believed in Anglo-Saxon superiority. Anglo-Saxon Superiority The idea that White, English speaking people were biologically superior to other races. The White Man s Burden: Poem by Rudyard Kipling (British) Considered to be an endorsement of the belief that it was the moral obligation of white westerners to civilize and help lesser people
MINI-ACTIVITY: WHITE MAN S BURDEN DOCUMENT ANALYSIS Directions: Each person in your group needs to examine a different document (A D) from the handout then share your analysis of the document with your group members.
SPIRIT AND DESTINY Many people in the country felt that it was the pioneer spirit of the early settlers that made the U.S. great! Now that Manifest Destiny was complete, some leaders argued that the country needed to look abroad to keep the spirit alive! Frederick Jackson Turner: He believed that settling the frontier had played a vital role in forming the American Character. He also believed that it was important to maintain this national spirit and to keep the US strong by expanding overseas.
Now that Manifest Destiny is complete Time to expand once again!
MILITARY In order for the US to be imperialist and to become a world power, the US had to have a strong Military! Alfred T. Mahan: Wrote The Influence of Sea Power He stated that a nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend is right to trade with other countries He also stated it is necessary to acquire territory overseas for naval bases.
MILITARY Henry Cabot Lodge: He was a powerful senator who pushed for the construction of a new, stronger navy. By the late 1890s, the United States was on its way to becoming one of the top-ranked naval powers in the world. The United States began the process of Militarism: Process by which a nation builds up its military for the purpose of intimidating and deterring other countries.
US EXPANSION AND AREAS OF US INVOLVEMENT
Background: JAPAN The US wanted economic markets in East Asia. Americans hoped to trade with Japan, but Japan only allowed trade with the Chinese and Dutch. Matthew C. Perry: In 1852, President Franklin Pierce ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to travel to Japan to negotiate a trade treaty. The Japanese were very impressed by American technology and power and agreed to sign a treaty. Treaty of Peace and Amity: This treaty opened two ports for American Trade.
Background: HAWAII 1790s American merchants stopped in Hawaii on their way to trade with Asian countries. 1820s American missionaries founded Christian schools and churches on the islands. American presence grew in the region over the years and many Americans became sugar planters who sold most of their crops to the United States. 1850s American owned sugar plantations accounted for about ¾ of the island s wealth. 1875 The United States agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free. Over the next 15 years, Hawaiian sugar production increased nine times. 1890 The McKinley Tariff of 1890 eliminated the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar. Result American planters called for the US to annex the island so they would not have to pay the duty.
HAWAII Queen Liliuokalani: Took the throne when King Kalakaua died in 1891. Under King Kalakaua s rule, white business leaders took control and forced him to amend Hawaii s constitution to grant voting rights only to wealthy landowners; thus giving them the majority of the power. Sister of King Kalakaua, she came to power after he passed. Hawaii for Hawaiians agenda She wanted to implement a new constitution that would restore power to the throne and restore voting rights o the Hawaiian people. 1893 - She was overthrown by local businessmen with the help of U.S. Marines, who were stationed near by. 1894 The Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sanford B. Dole as Hawaii s first president. 1898 Hawaii is annexed by President McKinley and officially became a U.S. territory.
HAWAII Effects of US Involvement in Hawaii: The US naval base Pearl Harbor is established. Why is this important? Pearl Harbor (Naval Base) Re-fueling station for American ships
William Seward: ALASKA Secretary of State who negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million dollars. Seward s Folly Many politicians and business leaders thought it was silly to buy what they called Seward s Icebox or Seward s Folly. Why would this purchase be considered useless by many? However, time showed that they were wrong. Alaska turned out to be a vey wise purchase due to its rich natural resources. Oil, timber, minerals
Background: CUBA Cuba was a Spanish Colony (Spanish = Spain!) 1895 The Cuban people, under the leadership of Jose Marti, rebelled against Spain. Jose Marti: As a result of leading the rebellion, he was exiled and fled to New York City. He raised money from Americans and began purchasing weapons and training troops for an invasion of Cuba. Spain sent in 150,000 troops into Cuba in order to put down the rebellion and restore order. Spain placed thousands of Cubans into Concentration camps.
SPAIN VS. CUBA BRAINSTROM: Why would America potentially want to get involved in this conflict between Spain and Cuba?
CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR You furnish the pictures and I ll furnish the war. - William Randolph Hearst At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans were neutral, however, stories in newspapers about the Cuban Revolution quickly changed their minds. Both Hearst and Pulitzer (editors of the newspapers) engaged in Yellow Journalism. Yellow Journalism: Stories that exaggerated facts about the suffering of the Cuban people under Spain. They were in competition with each other and printed these stories to sell more papers. Many Americans read these stories and were horrified! They wanted to help the Cuban people. Jingoism - Sentiment (Feeling) that called for a tougher stance towards Spain and a more aggressive foreign policy.
CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR The De Lomé Letter: Spain s Ambassador, De Lomé, wrote a personal letter to his friend who was in Cuba. The letter contained derogatory comments about President McKinley and his policies concerning Cuba. It shows once more that McKinley is weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party. Somehow the letter fell into the hands of Cuban rebels and was taken to Secretary of State William R Day. Hearst published the letter in his newspaper with the headline The Worst Insult to the United States in Its History! US public is Outraged! President McKinley demanded an apology!
CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Explosion of the USS Maine America had sent a few warships to Havana to evacuate any American citizens from Cuba. In February of 1898, the USS Maine, anchored in Havana, Cuba, EXPLODED! 266 American officers and sailors were killed. No on knows exactly why the ship exploded. However, many Americans blamed Spain due to Yellow Journalism! After the explosion, McKinley authorized Congress to declare war on Spain!
1. What is something you wish your parents would let you do? 2. One word to describe Einstein? 3. Adjective to describe a strict teacher 4. Describe a bully in one word 5. What would be the worst way to die? 6. Describe how you think Justin Bieber would justify his behavior 7. Song Title of your favorite song 8. One word to describe your favorite place 9. Why are some people scared to ask someone they like out? 10. Describe someone you highly dislike 11. Make up a mean name for someone (no bad words) 12. How would you feel if you won a million dollar lottery but lost the ticket? 13. What would be Batman s last words to the Joker? 14. Another word for grow 15. What would happen to a 2 liter bottle if you put a firecracker inside? 16. Describe the scene if there was zombie apocalypse 17. Any number 18. One word to describe Saturday School 19. A word that rhymes Lane
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR War between the U.S. and Spain! The War was fought on TWO FRONTS: 1. In the Philippines 2. In Cuba Rebels in both Cuba and the Philippines aided America in the fight against Spain.
WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES Stage 1: Conquer the Philippines! Defeat of the Spanish Fleet: Commodore George Dewey gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippines capital. Within hours, Dewey s men had destroyed every Spanish ship there. This victory allowed U.S. troops to land in the Philippines. The Taking of Manila: Dewy had the support of the Filipinos, who like the Cubans, also wanted freedom from Spain. Over the next two months, 11,000 American forces, with the help of Filipino rebels, fought Spanish troops. In August, the Spanish troops surrendered to the United States.
Stage 2: Conquer Cuba! The US began with a naval blockade of Cuba. American forces landed in Cuba in June 1898. The Role of the Rough Riders: THE WAR IN CUBA A volunteer cavalry under the command of Theodore Roosevelt. T. Roosevelt had given up his job as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to lead the group of volunteers. Battle of Kettle Hill The Rough Riders and two African American regiments, led a charge uphill to defeat the Spanish. Their victory cleared the way for an attack on San Juan Hill. San Juan Hill The Rough Riders helped to assist in the seizure of San Juan Ridge, the highest point of the Hill.
EFFECTS OF THE WAR American Deaths: The American army was poorly trained and unequipped. Troops wore heavy woolen uniforms that were unsuitable for Cuba s tropical climate. However, fewer than 400 US Soldiers were killed in Battle. Poor conditions in training camps resulted in more American dying in training than in battle. Training camps were unsanitary which led to a typhoid outbreak; more than 1,500 soldiers died. Example 500,000 pounds of rotting canned meat was sold to the army by a company in Chicago. Battling Against Disease More than 2,000 US soldiers died from Yellow Fever.
EFFECTS OF THE WAR The United States and Spain signed an armistice, a cease-fire agreement on August 12. The Treaty of Paris: On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris which formally ended the war. Treaty Terms: Spain agreed to let Cuba be independent. The Spanish colonies of Guam, and Puerto Rico were given to the US. Spain also sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million. This treaty made the United States an imperial power.
A Splendid Little War! EFFECTS OF THE WAR Statement made by Secretary of State, John Hay It accurately captured the feelings that most US politicians and citizens thought about the war. The war lasted 3 short months a quick victory and huge payoff for the US! War costs $250 million and under 3,500 soldiers died.
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Now that the war is over, why do you think the US really got involved in the conflict? What do you think the win says about the United States? Do you think the US accomplished some of its imperialistic goals? Explain.
EFFECTS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS On Cuba: Teller Amendment: It was attached to Congress War Resolution. It promised that the U.S. would NOT annex Cuba However, to protect U.S. business interests, President McKinley installed a U.S. government there for three years to restore stability In 1900, when the Cubans began to draft their own constitution, the US continued to exercise its influence. Platt Amendment: An amendment that the US insisted be included in the new Cuban Constitution This amendment did four things: 1. Gave the US two naval bases in Cuba 2. The US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba 3. Cuba was not to go in debt that its government could not repay 4. Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any party of its territory.
Cuba becomes a Protectorate! Protectorate A country that is technically independent but is actually under control of another country.
EFFECTS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS On Guam: It became a US Territory (Still is today) On Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico wasn t made any promises regarding Independence After the war, it was put under military rule until Congress decided otherwise. Puerto Rico was strategically important to the US Now, the US would have a presence in the Caribbean 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act. It ended military rule and set up a civil government. It also gave the president of the US to power to appoint Puerto Rico s governor and members of the upper house of its legislature. Puerto Ricans could elect only the members of the legislature s lower house.
On the Philippines: EFFECTS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS The Filipinos had helped US troops win a victory against Spain in the Philippines. They, like Cuba, wanted to be independent, however, under the Treaty of Pairs, the Philippines now belonged to the US. Many Filipinos were outraged! Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino leader who launched a resistance movement against U.S. occupation. The Filipinos put up a good fight against the US by using Guerilla Warfare. Guerilla Warfare strategy in which a weaker army strikes quickly and then retreats before the enemy can retaliate. Fighting lasted more than two years and resulted in violent killings on both sides. The US finally captured Aguinaldo in 1901. 1902 The Philippines became an unorganized territories of the US.
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF TERRITORIES Think About It: How are these new territories governed? Do they have the same rights as US citizens?
Background: CHINA China had once been the most advanced empire in the world. However, years of civil war had weakened the empire. In addition, China had failed to industrialize as other nations had in the 1800s. 1894 War broke out between China and Japan over Korea; everyone thought China would win, but Japan s development in western technology helped them to conquer China As a result, it was unable to fight off industrial nations that wanted to reap profits from its vase resources and markets.
Get out of my country! CHINA
American Interest in China: By 1899, the US has a major power in Asia The Philippines. The US had the 3 rd largest navy in the world. The Primary interest in Asia was not through conquest but commerce (trade) The US wanted new markets. The Open Door Policy In 1899, the US Secretary of State, John Hay, established the Open Door Policy. This policy declared that other nations must share trading rights with the U.S. Other nations decided that they had to agree; China was not consulted. CHINA
Purpose of the Open Door Policy US beliefs about foreign trade: 1. The growth of the US economy depended on exports. (China was a HUGE potential market) 2. The US had a right to keep foreign markets open and would use force if necessary. 3. If one area was closed to US products, people, or ideas, the US itself was threatened. CHINA
CHINA The Boxer Rebellion Secret Chinese societies began organizing to kick out foreign control. One of these groups were called the Boxers 1900 They attacked foreigners, killing hundreds of Christian missionaries, and others. The US joined other trading nations to defeat the Boxers Rebellion Thousands of Chinese rebels died. In the end, the US strengthened the Open Door Policy and continued to use force to keep the markets open for many years.
HOW DID AMERICANS VIEW IMPERIALISM?
FOREIGN POLICIES THAT PROMOTED IMPERIALISM Diplomacy The art or practice of conducting international relations. Examples: Negotiating alliances, treaties, and agreements Presidential Diplomacies during the Age of Imperialism: Roosevelt Taft Wilson Big Stick Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy Moral Diplomacy
Big Stick Diplomacy: Objective: Keep Europe out of Latin America by using force to defend American interests. Roosevelt Corollary: Amendment to the Monroe Doctrine It stated that the U.S. world intervene in Latin America affairs when necessary to maintain peace and stability in the Western Hemisphere. Reaffirmed that Europe stays out of our side of the world. The Great White Fleet FOREIGN POLICIES THAT PROMOTED IMPERIALISM 1907 Roosevelt send 16 battleships of the US Navy on a voyage around to world to showcase the nation s military might. The Tour made a stop in Japan to demonstrate that the US could and would uphold its interests in Asia. Speak Softly but Carry a BIG STICK
What did the US want? BIG STICK DIPLOMACY: PANAMA The US wanted its ships to be able to move more quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Roosevelt envisioned a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Canal An area of water that is dug across land. They connect bodies of water so that ships can travel between them. This canal would prevent US ships from sailing around Africa What action did the US take? 1903 The Panamanian people revolted against Colombia. Roosevelt supported the rebellion and helped Panama win their independence. What is the effect of US involvement? In exchange for the support, the Panamanians granted the US to right to build a canal across Panama and control the adjacent territory known as the Panama Canal Zone.
Our interests and those of our southern neighbors are in reality identical. They have great natural riches, and if within their borders the reign of law and justice obtains, prosperity is sure to come to them.we would interfere with them only if it became evident that their inability or unwillingness to do justice at home and abroad had violated the rights of the United States or had invited foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations.
Dollar Diplomacy: FOREIGN POLICIES THAT PROMOTED IMPERIALISM Objective To PROTECT American business interests in Latin America by increasing U.S. investments in foreign nations. Substitute Dollars for Bullets Latin American governments were pressured to support US business interests. By 1913, the US had displaced Great Britain as the leading exporter to Latin America.
The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse. This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims. It is an effort frankly directed to the increase of American trade upon the axiomatic principle that the government of the United States shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad.
Moral Diplomacy: FOREIGN POLICIES THAT PROMOTED IMPERIALISM Moral Diplomacy: Mexico Objective To support and encourage Pro-American democratic governments in Latin America. Mexican Revolution takes place in Mexico Watchful Waiting Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed new government and leadership. Strongly He asked the opposed US for help; oppressive Wilson denied or and undemocratic agreed to recognize governments Mexico s new government. Villa threatened punishment against the US. When Examples: order was threatened, the US did not hesitate to intervene. 1. Took US men off a train and shot them. President 2. Raided Wilson Columbus, also added New Mexico to the and Monroe killed 17 Americans. Doctrine by giving it a moral Wilson sent troops, under John J. Pershing, into Mexico to capture Villa. tone. Mexicans grew angry over the US invasion of their land and a war almost broke out. However, WWI broke out in Europe and the Villa raids were unavenged. Stated that the US had the right to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests.
Noted that his administration desired the "most cordial understanding and cooperation" with Latin America. "As friends we shall prefer those who act in the interest of peace and honor, who protect private rights, and respect the restraints of constitutional provision.
REVIEW: DIPLOMACIES Diplomacy ALL protected US business; ALL involved Latin America Roosevelt: Big Stick Diplomacy Assertion of U.S. Dominance by FORCE Navy is the Big Stick Taft: Dollar Diplomacy The effort of the US is to further its aims by use of economic power Guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. Wilson: Moral Diplomacy Support is only given to countries who s moral beliefs are similar to the US.
IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM 1. Expanded US access to foreign markets in order to ensure growth in the economy. 2. Acquired Colonial Possessions 3. Built a modern navy to protect US interests 4. Used power to ensure dominance in Latin America 5. US emerged as a World Power.
REVIEW: