Essen%al Ques%on: How did the dying Federalist Party imprint itself on America during the early 1800s?
The Federalist Legacy Before the war of 1812, the Federalist Party had been out of power for more than a decade They s%ll supported the economic policies of the late Alexander Hamilton Hamilton s economic mercan%lism called for the US to pay off its debts, establish a central bank, & set up tariffs to protect fledgling US industry Jefferson and the Democra%c Republicans largely opposed all these things
Democra%c Republicans Split During the Madison Administra%on, the Democra%c Republicans split into two fac%ons One, calling themselves the Na%onal Republicans, were led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky The other, the Jeffersonian Republicans, carefully hewed to the cost- cuyng policies of Jefferson Clay openly pursued policies the Federalists would have loved, in order to steal away their votes 1816- Clay pushed legisla%on through Congress crea%ng the 2 nd Bank of the United States, & persuaded Madison to sign the bill
The Federalist Party Falls Apart 1817- Clay pushed through the Bonus Bill, crea%ng a na%onal fund for roads, canals, & other improvements This %me, Madison vetoed the bill- he was an old- fashioned Jeffersonian Republican Madison argued the na%onal government lacked the cons%tu%onal authority to build anything Federalists found themselves gravita%ng to the new Na%onal Republicans, a party that had adopted many Federalist principles
The First Party System Comes to An End IDIOT! FOOL! It seemed that poli%cally, the Na%onal Republicans were stealing all the issues championed by the Federalists while s%ll standing up for the farmers in the West & South 1818- During the off- year Congressional elec%ons, the Federalists were pre^y much shut out of office In the new Congress, Na%onal Republicans & Jeffersonian Republicans combined to outnumber the Federalists 37-7 in the Senate, and 156-7 in the House Westward expansion & the success of the Jefferson Revolu%on of 1800 had sha^ered the First Party System
Marshall s Federalist Law While the Federalist poli%cal party was dying, Federalist policies lived on thanks to Chief Jus%ce John Marshall s term on the Supreme Court As one of the midnight judges appointed by John Adams in early 1801, Marshall had dominated the Court un%l his death in 1835 It was his influence that established the concept of judicial review in the Marbury vs. Madison case of 1803, a power the Court used frequently to overturn state laws Marshall used 3 principles in determining cases: the high court had judicial authority to decide cases, that na%onal laws should rule over state laws, & that tradi%onal property rights should be maintained
Asser%ng Na%onal Supremacy In 1816, Henry Clay s 2 nd Bank of the United States began opera%ng It established branch banks in various ci%es around the country, including the one in Bal%more, Maryland shown in this slide The Maryland legislature was dominated by Jeffersonian Republicans, who hated the idea of a na%onal bank They could not stop the bank, but why not try to tax it out of existence?
Maryland Tried to Tax the Bank The state of Maryland put a tax on five, ten, & even 100,000 dollar bills issued by the bank Bank Manager James McCulloch refused to pay the tax, claiming the tax infringed on na%onal powers & was therefore uncons%tu%onal Maryland lawyers pointed out that the great Jefferson himself had said Congress did not have the power to set up a na%onal bank Even if a na%onal bank was legi%mate, Maryland should be able to tax it
McCulloch Vs. Maryland The Federalist Marshall & the na%onal- minded Republicans on the Court firmly rejected both arguments Marshall declared the 2 nd Bank of the US was cons%tu%onal, because it was necessary & proper, (words from the Cons%tu%on) Because Congress was given authority over currency & credit, Maryland did not have the power over the Bank to tax it
Supreme Court Boosts Na%onal Power Fulton sold a state license to Aaron Ogden, allowing him to run a steamship between New York & New Jersey Thomas Gibbons began to run a similar service in the same area without a NY license, claiming federal law gave him the right Whose license- Ogden s or Gibbon s- was legally valid? Ogden sued Gibbon in court to stop him from cuyng into his business Ogden Gibbon
Gibbons vs. Ogden, 1824 The case went all the way to the US Supreme Court The issue was: Who has the right to control interstate commerce- the states or the federal government? Supreme Court ruled only the US govt. could regulate interstate commerce Ogden s exclusive right granted by New York was invalid, since the route connected 2 states
The Impact of Gibbons Vs. Ogden The Supreme Court s decision boosted the power of the federal government Aner Gibbons vs. Ogden, anything that crosses state lines is subject to federal jurisdic%on Today, that authority means the feds control everything from air traffic to TV & radio to cell phones The ruling also led to future court decisions favoring compe%%on over monopolies
Upholding Vested Property Rights Marshall used the Cons%tu%on to uphold Federalist no%ons of property rights Federalists were worried during the Jefferson years that giving poor farmers the right to vote would end up infringing on property rights of the wealthy In 2 cases Fletcher vs. Peck in 1810, and Dartmouth College vs. Woodward in 1819, Marshall invoked the contract clause in Art. I, Sec. 10 It prohibits states from passing any law impairing the obliga%on of contracts This limited states powers, & promoted the development of a na%onal capitalist economy
The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams Henry Clay s Na%onal Republican wing of the Democra%c Republican party seemed to be winning the hearts & minds of voters John Quincy Adams, one of the leading Na%onal Republicans served the country as Sec. of State during the Monroe Administra%on, 1817-1825 The son of Federalist president John Adams, he had joined the Na%onal Republicans before the War of 1812 He used his nego%a%on skills in hammering out the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war
Adams As Secretary of State Ignoring Republican animosity toward Britain, Adams nego%ated a major treaty which solved some problems for the US Without Adams work, Britain & the US might have had warships sailing in the Great Lakes- imagine Bri%sh warships threatening Cleveland, Detroit, or Chicago or US ba^leships threatening Toronto Because of the Rush- Bagot Treaty nego%ated by Adams in 1817, both na%ons agreed to minimize the number of naval vessels on the Great Lakes
GeYng Florida 1818- Adams concluded another agreement with Britain seyng the 49 th parallel as the border between Canada & the Louisiana Purchase lands 1819- This %me, Adams persuaded the Spanish to give up Florida to the US Aner all, Spain could no longer send troops or a navy to protect it why not sell it for a profit? The two na%ons signed the Adams- Onis Treaty- - & in return, the US agreed to accept Spain s claim to Texas & compromised on the western border of the new state of Louisiana
During the Napoleonic Wars, Spain & Portugal were controlled by France & unable to run the affairs of their American colonies Aner Napoleon s defeat, Adams saw that Spain & Portugal wanted to re- establish their control over their colonies in Central & South America Mexico & other Spanish colonies began to throw out their colonial rulers & become independent Adams persuaded Pres. Monroe to side with the new na%ons, even to the point of protec%ng them New Na%ons Emerge
The Monroe Doctrine In his annual State of the Union message to Congress in Jan., 1823, Monroe warned Spain & other European countries that the days of coloniza%on were over Any a^empt, he said, to re- establish European control over a new American country would cause the US to go to war In return, Monroe pledged the US would not interfere with the internal concerns of European na%ons Thanks to the influence of John Quincy Adams, the US emerged as the diploma%c leader of the Western Hemisphere
The Era of Good Feeling It seemed as if most Americans were happy with the way the country was developing There was no bi^er party conflicts during the Monroe Administra%on an era that was dubbed The Era of Good Feeling That would all change in a few years, as the Na%onal fac%on of the Democra%c Republican Party would bu^ heads with the Jeffersonian fac%on, led by Andrew Jackson & Mar%n Van Buren This division would create the 2 nd US party system that would last for 30 years