Chapter 6 Making War and Republican Governments British Strengths British Strengths Colonial Strengths Numbers 11 million British 2.5 million colonists Wealth Military Power Colonial Strengths British Weaknesses leadership foreign aid defensive war self-sustaining moral advantage 1
British Weaknesses Colonial Weaknesses Whig Party distance troop problems size of America - cities MUST WIN! Colonial Weaknesses no unity no government lack of financial resources lack of supplies militia unprepared Country Divided 40% - Patriots 20% - Loyalists 40% - apathetic or neutral seldom have so few done so much for so many Gen. William Howe New York City Battle of Long Island Aug. 1776 GW retreated 2
George Washington 18,000 troops forced into NJ and PA keep an army in the field! Colonial Victories Washington Crossing the Delaware British Plan of Attack Trenton, NJ Christmas night 1776 1000 Hessians Princeton, NY Jan. 1777 1777 3 pronged attack isolate New England Burgoyne St. Leger Howe Howe s Plan attack Philadelphia end rebellion! Brandywine Creek Germantown 3
Burgoyne Fails no aid from Howe bogged down in upstate NY Battle of Saratoga Oct. 17, 1777 No Howe! No St. Leger! Burgoyne defeated by Horatio Gates Turning Point Victory at Saratoga brought much needed foreign aid FRANCE!! Economy shipping, exports declined goods in short supply women more involved clothing, farming goods scarce, prices still high states printed money C. Congress also printed money value dropped led to social upheaval 4
Valley Forge lack of food, clothing, morale deaths and desertion Baron von Steuben better training Valley Forge Winter 1777-1778 Treaty of Alliance FRANCE - Feb. 1778 no separate treaties weapons, navy, money colonists uneasy Britain allow home rule REJECTED!! War in the South Early British victories Henry Clinton Charles Cornwallis Loyalist support controlled much of GA, SC 5
Tide Turns French aid arrives Marquis de Lafayette Colonial victories in the South Nathanael Greene Francis Marion Swamp Fox Daniel Morgan Benedict Arnold Cornwallis Retreats uncertain of promotion felt unappreciated planned to betray West Point plan exposed aided Cornwallis Yorktown 1781 Washington, Rochambeau marched from NYC Adm. de Grasse Navy Cornwallis Treaty of Paris Cornwallis surrendered October 19, 1781 Lord North Oh God! It is all over! 2 more years of fighting Sept. 1783 secret treaty J. Adams, Franklin, John Jay France angry 6
Provisions Britain kept Canada US control to Mississippi River Colonists Return land to Loyalists Britain to collect pre-war debts State Constitutions Most drafted new ones RI, CT just revised charters Mass. state convention bill of rights Similarities strong legislatures annual election weak executive, judicial Economy more manufacturing trade affected worse than before war hatred for taxes 7
Women s Rights Abigail Adams remember the ladies could not vote Loyalists 100,000 fled America property seized lost prominent positions Articles of Confederation weak confederation declare war, treaties, state disputes, money changes? 1781 - ratified Weaknesses Could not enforce taxes Could not regulate trade Northwest Territory Land Ordinance of 1785 36 section townships Northwest Ordinance of 1787 no slavery! 60,000 people to become state Need for New Government 8
States Problems currency boundary disputes Shays Rebellion Daniel Shays high taxes angry farmers 1786 tariff, taxation only 5 states Annapolis meet again in 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention May 1787 55 delegates (No RI) propertied men lawyers, merchants key leaders absent TeachingAmericanHistory.org Proceedings Washington President goal revise Articles start over secretive Legislature VA Plan Madison NJ Plan Wm. Paterson Great Compromise CT Plan 9
independent President various powers Executive Slavery slave trade to end in 20 years fugitive slave clause 3/5 Compromise Safeguards checks and balances Electoral College fed. judges life appointments Senate state legislatures Convention Ends Sept. 17, 1787 42 delegates remained 3 refused to sign no one completely happy Ratification 9 out of 13 states Federalist vs. Antifederalists promised a Bill of Rights MA The Federalist Papers NY June 21, 1788 (NH) 10
VA, NY ratify quickly NC 1789 RI 1790 11