United States Flag 4 July 1818 3 July 1819 20 States
New States 1816 1840 MO IL MI IN ME Indiana 1816 Mississippi 1817 Illinois 1818 Alabama 1819 Maine 1820 Missouri 1821 Arkansas 1836 Michigan 1837 AR MS AL ALer the War of 1812 ended in 1815, the Midwest and the Mississippi Valley region saw rapid popularon growth. Land was plenrful and cheap.
Male Suffrage Not all states allowed all free men to vote In 1800 only Vermont, New Hampshire and Kentucky had universal male suffrage. By 1830 Maine, New York, Maryland, Rhode Island (including free Black men), Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama and Florida allowed universal male suffrage. Most other states had a tax- paying or property qualificarons. Virginia and ConnecRcut had the most restricrve vorng qualificarons. By 1850 more states had removed qualificarons for male suffrage. Many states also limited vorng to white men. Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachuseas and Rhode Island allowed free blacks to vote. Eventually New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, ConnecRcut and New Jersey allowed free Black male suffrage.
James Monroe DemocraRc- Republican Rufus King Federalist James Monroe (Dem- Rep) 76,592 votes 68.2% Rufus King (Fed) 34,740 votes 30.9% The War of 1812 was the dominant issue of the elecron. While the war had been ended in January 1815, the DemocraRc- Republicans were seen as bringing the war to its conclusion. The Federalists were discredited because of the Harford ConvenRon.
James Monroe DemocraRc- Republican John Quincy Adams DemocraRc- Republican James Monroe 87,343 votes 80.61% 228 Electoral votes Federalist (No Candidate) 17,465 votes 16.12% DeWia Clinton (Independent) 1,893 votes 1.75% John Quincy Adams (not running) 1 Electoral vote
Monroe Presidency 4 March 1817 4 March 1825 DomesRc Policies Missouri Compromise, controversy over the balance of Freed versus Slave states. Balance kept by allowing Maine as a Free State and Missouri as a Slave State and barring slavery above 36/30 north Cumberland or NaRonal Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, [West] Virginia, eventually to Vandalia, Illinois; Federal subsidy for road building Seminole Wars. Andrew Jackson led the Army into Spanish Florida aler the Seminole First NaRon New States Mississippi 1817 Illinois 1818 Alabama 1819 Maine 1820 Missouri 1821 Foreign Policy Spanish Florida: Spain cedes Florida to the United States in return for paying $5 million in claims against Spain. Also, U.S. gives up claim to Texas and California Rush- Bagot Treaty of 1817: Demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain ConvenRon of 1818: Sealed the boundary between the United States and BriRsh North America at the 49 th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rockies. Also, the Oregon Territory would be jointly administered for ten years (sealed in 1846) Monroe Doctrine: December 1823, Monroe declared that the Americas will remain free from European colonizaron, that the United States would consider European aaempts to regain colonies as war of the United States. The Doctrine was back- up by the Royal Navy. The Doctrine applied basically to France, Spain and Russia, but to to BriRsh North America
Top to boaom portraits: John Quincy Adams 108,740 votes 84 electoral votes Andrew Jackson 153,544 votes 99 electoral votes William Crawford 46,618 votes 41 electoral votes Henry Clay 47,135 votes 37 electoral votes No clear winner; The elecron is thrown into the House of RepresentaRves
Top to boaom portraits: The ElecRon is decided by the House of RepresentaRves John Quincy Adams 13 states Henry Clay throws his support to Adams. Each states Andrew Jackson 7 states delegaron votes for a candidate and then casts a single William Crawford 4 states vote for the state. Adams wins the largest number of Henry Clay states and wins. Jackson felt that the elecron was stolen from him as he had won the plurality of the popular and electoral vote.
John Quincy Adams presidency 4 March 1825 4 March 1829 DomesRc Policies NaRonal Road: extended into Ohio with plans to extend it to St. Louis Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Louisville and Portland Canal Tariff of 1828 to protect and promote American business, greatly favoured the North, resented in the South Tussled with Georgia over the Cherokee; Adams sought to protect them Foreign Policy Trade reciprocity treares with Denmark, Mexico, Sweden- Norway, the German ConfederaRon, Prussia and Austria New States: None
Andrew Jackson Democrat John Quincy Adams NaRonal Republican (old DemocraRc- Republican) The elecron of 1825 was a brutal mud- slinging match Jackson s quesronable marriage was dragged into the elecron. He had married his wife before the divorce was finalized. His military record concerning massacres of NaRve Americans was brought out as was his habit of duelling. Adams was accused of mis- using public funds for gambling in the White House.
White House trashed during the inaugural fesrvires of Andrew Jackson who escaped out a window.
Jackson Presidency 4 March 1829 4 March 1837 New States Arkansas 1836 Michigan 1837 Foreign Policy: Nothing noteworthy DomesRc Policy NaRonal debt paid off (only Rme in U.S. history) Electoral College: sought to eliminate the Electoral College no support in Congress. Patronage: he encouraged it Second NaRonal Bank of the United States: he opposed the Bank; vetoed it s re- authorizaron in 1832; in 1833 removed U.S. government funds to undermine the Bank. He opposed the bank for concentrarng the naron s wealth in one bank, exposed the government to foreign influence and favoured the northern states. Specie Act of 1836 required people use specie (gold or silver coins) to pay for public lands crearng a run on banks to exchange paper for specie leading to the Panic of 1837 and a depression. NullificaRon Crisis 1828 1832, South Carolina protests the Tariff of 1828 because the tariffs favoured expensive northern made goods over cheaper European goods. Vice President Calhoun supported South Carolina s desire to nullify the tariff law and to nullify any federal laws it that were not in the state s interest. In 1832 Jackson threatened federal troops to enforce the law and declared states had no right to annul federal law. Force Bill and Compromise Tariff on 1833 to enforce the tariff and lower the tariff. South Carolina backs down Indian Removal (next image)
Andrew Jackson Photograph 1844 or 1845 Indian Removal Andrew Jackson campaigned in the 1824 and 1828 elecrons for the removal of all First NaRons people to lands west of The Mississippi River. In 1826 Georgia asked President Adams to remove the federal treaty with the Cherokee. Adams refused. Georgia nullified treares with the Cherokee, abolished their government and imposed state laws on them in violaron of the ConsRtuRon. In 1829 gold was discovered near Cherokee lands leading to a gold rush. Georgia surveys lands for the white sealers. In 1833 the state seized Cherokee lands. The Supreme Court struck down Georgia s laws as unconsrturonal starng that only the federal government has the right to deal with the First NaRons and sates cannot pass legislaron regarding the First NaRons. Georgia ignores the ruling. Jackson supports Georgia. Congress Passes the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to encourage (in reality force) the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole First NaRons to move west of the Mississippi. The five tribes cede their territories to the federal government. About 45,000 narve people removed to the Indian Reserve (modern Oklahoma), the Trail of Tears.
Indian Removal