Democracy and Crisis

Democracy and Crisis

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Democracy and Crisis Democratising Governance in the Twenty- First Century Edited by Benjamin Isakhan Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Citizenship and Globalization, Deakin University, Australia and Steven Slaughter Senior Lecturer in International Relations, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Australia

Selection, introduction, conclusion and editorial matter Benjamin Isakhan and Steven Slaughter 2014 Remaining chapters Respective authors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-32603-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-45961-2 ISBN 978-1-137-32604-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137326041 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

Contents Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors vii viii Introduction: Crisis and Democracy in the Twenty- First Century 1 Benjamin Isakhan and Steven Slaughter Part I Reconsidering Governance 1 Decentering Governance: A Democratic Turn? 25 Mark Bevir 2 The Democratic Accountability of Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector 44 Jacob Torfing Part II The Global Financial Crisis and Democracy 3 The Financial Crisis as a Crisis of Public Reasoning 71 Matthias Goldmann 4 Neo- liberal Governance and the Protest Politics of the Occupy Movement 88 Daniel Bray 5 Governance and Democratic Legitimacy: The European Union s Crisis of De- Politicisation 108 Natalie J. Doyle 6 Disintegrating European Austerity in Greece and Germany 125 Roderic Pitty Part III Transitional and Transnational Attempts to Democratise Governance 7 Democratising Governance after the Arab Revolutions: The People, the Muslim Brotherhood and the Governance Networks of Egypt 149 Benjamin Isakhan 8 WikiLeaks and the Limits of Representative Democracy and Transnational Democratisation 166 Steven Slaughter v

vi Contents Part IV Global Governance and Democratic Crises 9 Global Governance, Constitutionalism and Democracy 189 Roland Axtmann 10 Global Unionism and Global Governance 209 Andrew Vandenberg 11 Climate Crisis and the Limits of Liberal Democracy? Germany, Australia and India Compared 229 James Goodman and Tom Morton Conclusion: The Future of Democratic Governance 253 Benjamin Isakhan and Steven Slaughter Index 264

Acknowledgements This book emerged from a set of common concerns held by the editors regarding the topic of how democracies might best respond to contemporary crises by democratising governance networks. A major international forum was convened on this topic and attended by around forty people in November of 2011 including those from the UK, India and across Australia. The event was co- ordinated by the members of the Governance, Media and Democracy Thematic Research Group at the Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation at Deakin University, Australia. The editors would like to thank all those who participated in, attended and helped organise this event, with special mention going to both Fethi Mansouri and Hans Lofgren for their enthusiasm and support for this project. The professionalism and calibre of the people involved, along with the quality of the papers delivered, is the reason that so many deemed the event such a great success. Additional thanks go to those who presented papers at the forum and then promptly made a full written version available for inclusion in this book. We are also indebted to our international contributors who were unable to attend the forum but who were able to supply us with quality chapters. We would also like to thank several research assistants who helped in the early stages of this project including Adela Aliaga- Yori, Libby Effeney and Jessica Fielding, the anonymous referees who read earlier versions of the chapters, and the editorial expertise of Jennifer Kloester. We are also grateful to the many staff of Palgrave Macmillan who have contributed to the production of this book, particularly Amber Stone- Galilee for her initial interest and confidence in the work. On a personal note, Benjamin would like to thank Lyndal and Thomas for their much needed patience, encouragement and love. Steven would like to thank Yvette, Zara and Lucinda for their love and support. vii

Notes on Contributors Roland Axtmann has been Professor and Chair in Politics and International Relations and Director of the Centre for the Study of Culture and Politics at Swansea University, United Kingdom, since 2005. He has published a number of monographs and edited volumes in the area of globalisation, cosmopolitanism and democracy: Liberal Democracy into the Twenty- First Century: Globalization, Integration and the Nation- State (1996), Globalisation and Europe: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (1998), Balancing Democracy (2001), Understanding Democratic Politics (2003) and Democracy: Problems and Perspectives (2007). Mark Bevir is Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley. He is the author and co- author of The Logic of the History of Ideas (1999), Interpreting British Governance (2003), New Labour: A Critique (2005), Governance Stories (2006), Key Concepts in Governance (2009), The State as Cultural Practice (with R.A.W. Rhodes, 2010), Democratic Governance (2010), The Making of British Socialism (2011), Governance: A Very Short Introduction (2012) and A Theory of Governance (2013). Daniel Bray is Lecturer in International Relations at La Trobe University, Australia. He was awarded a PhD from the University of Melbourne in 2009 for a thesis that developed an ideal of representative democracy based on democratic leadership and the development of critical intelligence. His main research and teaching expertise is in international ethics, globalisation, democratic theory and environmental politics. His current research specifically focuses on cosmopolitan approaches to international relations and pragmatist democratic theory. He is the author of Pragmatic Cosmopolitanism: Representation and Leadership in Transnational Democracy (2011). Natalie J. Doyle is Senior Lecturer in French and European Studies at Monash University, Melbourne, and Deputy Director of the Monash European and EU Centre. Her research and publications have dealt with European social and political thought, classical and contemporary. Recent publications include Domains and Divisions of European History (2010) and New Europe, New Governance, New Worlds? (2011). Most recently she has been engaging with the instrumentalisation viii

Notes on Contributors ix of Islamophobia in Western Europe s contemporary crisis of political representation. Matthias Goldmann is Senior Research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg, Germany. He has published widely on topics such as Theory of International Law, International Organizations, Global Administrative Law, Sovereign Debt and Financial Markets. His most recent publication is Sovereign Debt Crises as Threats to the Peace: Restructuring under Chapter VII of the UN Charter? in The Journal of International Law (2012). James Goodman is Associate Professor in the Social and Political Change Group at the University of Technology, Sydney. He has edited several books on the politics of globalisation, including Nationalism and Global Solidarities: Alternative Projections to Neoliberal Globalisation (2007) and Nature s Revenge: Reclaiming Sustainability in an Age of Corporate Globalism (2006). His most recent books are on the policy ideas of the global justice movement, Justice Globalism: Ideology, Crises, Policy (forthcoming with Sage), and he is the co- editor of Crisis, Movement, Management: Globalising Dynamics (forthcoming with Routledge). Benjamin Isakhan is Australian Research Council (DECRA) Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation and Convenor of the Australia Middle East Research Forum at Deakin University, Australia. He is the author of Democracy in Iraq: History, Politics and Discourse (2012) and the editor of The Secret History of Democracy (2012), The Arab Revolutions in Context: Civil Society and Democracy in a Changing Middle East (2012) and The Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy (2012). Tom Morton is Associate Professor of Journalism in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University of Technology Sydney and Director of the Australian Centre for Independent Journalism. Before joining UTS in 2010 he was an award- winning journalist, broadcaster and documentary producer with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation for more than 20 years. He is the author of a study of contemporary masculinity in Australia (Altered Mates: The Man Question, 1997), and has written numerous features, essays and op- ed pieces for the Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, the Australian Financial Review and Griffith Review. Roderic Pitty is Associate Professor of International Relations and Discipline Chair of Political Science and International Relations in the

x Notes on Contributors School of Social Sciences at the University of Western Australia. He teaches principally in the areas of global governance and contemporary European politics, including a course on the Politics of New Europe. He is a contributing editor of the Australian Journal of Political Science and an editor of Global Citizens: Australian Activists for Change (with Geoffrey Stokes and Gary Smith, 2008). Steven Slaughter is Senior Lecturer in International Relations, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Australia. His main publications are Liberty Beyond Neo- liberalism: A Republican Critique of Liberal Governance in a Globalising Age (2005) and Globalisation and Citizenship: The Transnational Challenge ( co- edited with Wayne Hudson, 2007). Before joining Deakin University in 2004 he taught at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Monash University, Melbourne University and the Australian National University. He has also taught at the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies in Canberra. His research interests include globalisation, global governance and democratic theory. Jacob Torfing is Professor of Politics and Institutions at the Department of Society and Globalization. He is the Director of Center for Democratic Network Governance and Co- director of a large- scale research project on Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector (CLIPS). He has recently published Theories of Democratic Network Governance (edited with Eva Sørensen, 2007) and co- authored Interactive Governance: Advancing the Paradigm (2012). Andrew Vandenberg has published articles and chapters on economic rationalism, social democracy, online politics, online learning, socialmovement unionism and contentious politics. He has edited Citizenship and Democracy in a Global Era (2000) and Cultural Citizenship and the Challenges of Globalisation (2010). In partnership with the Australian Council of Trade Unions, he is currently completing an Australian Research Council project about networked computers and unionism. He works at Deakin University where he teaches units on democracy and comparative politics.