Detailed Contents Preface xxi A Note to Students xxvii S E C T I O N I The European Roots of Sociological Theory 1 1 The Origins of Sociological Theory 3 The Contours of Sociological Theory 4 Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 4 Ideology and Objectivity 5 Sociological Subjects 6 Research Traditions 7 The Philosophical Precursors of Sociology 8 Tradition and Modernity 9 The Philosophes and the Enlightenment 11 Political Revolutions 12 Subjects and Citizens 13 Capitalism and Industrial Revolution 21 Order and Change 23 Science and Ethics 26 Final Thoughts on the Philosophical Precursors 29 References 29 2 Theorizing After the Revolution 32 Saint-Simon, Comte, and Martineau Claude-Henri, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760 1825) 33 Saint-Simon s Central Theories and Methods 33 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 34 Class, Gender, and Race 36 Other Theories and Theorists 36 Critique and Conclusions 37 ix
x Contents Auguste Comte (1798 1857) 38 Comte s Central Theories and Methods 39 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 41 Class, Gender, and Race 44 Other Theories and Theorists 45 Critique and Conclusions 45 Harriet Martineau (1802 1876) 46 Martineau s Central Theories and Methods 48 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 53 Class, Gender, and Race 53 Other Theories and Theorists 54 Critique and Conclusions 55 Final Thoughts 56 References 57 S E C T I O N I I Conservative Theories 59 3 Evolutionism and Functionalism 61 Spencer and Sumner Herbert Spencer (1820 1903) 61 Spencer s Central Theories and Methods 64 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 68 Class, Gender, and Race 74 Other Theories and Theorists 79 Critique and Conclusions 80 William Graham Sumner (1840 1910) 81 Sumner s Central Theories and Methods 82 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 84 Class, Gender, and Race 86 Other Theories and Theorists 87 Critique and Conclusions 87 Final Thoughts 87 References 88
Contents xi 4 Social Realism and Functionalism Extended 90 Durkheim Emile Durkheim (1858 1917) 91 Durkheim s Central Theories and Methods 93 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 101 Class, Gender, and Race 107 Other Theories and Theorists 114 Critique and Conclusions 115 Final Thoughts 116 References 117 S E C T I O N I I I Radical Theory 119 5 Radical Anticapitalism 121 Marx and Engels Karl Marx (1818 1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820 1895) 122 Marx s and Engels s Central Theories and Methods 125 Nature of Humans, Society, and Change 131 Class, Gender, and Race 133 Other Theories and Theorists 139 Critique and Conclusions 141 Final Thoughts 143 References 143 6 Marxism Extended 145 Lenin and Luxemburg 145 V. I. Lenin (1870 1924) 146 Lenin s Central Theories and Methods 148 Nature of Humans, Society, and Change 153 Class, Race, and Gender 153 Other Theories and Theorists 155 Critique and Conclusions 156
xii Contents Rosa Luxemburg (1871 1919) 157 Luxemburg s Central Theories and Methods 158 Nature of Humans, Society, and Change 161 Class, Gender, and Race 161 Other Theories and Theorists 162 Critique and Conclusions 163 Final Thoughts 164 References 164 S E C T I O N I V Sociological Theories of Complexity and Form 167 7 Social Action and Social Complexity 169 Max Weber and Marianne Weber Max Weber (1864 1920) and Marianne Weber (1870 1954) 170 Weber s Central Theories and Methods 173 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 177 Class, Gender, and Race 187 Other Theories and Theorists 192 Critique and Conclusions 193 Final Thoughts 194 References 195 8 The Sociology of Form and Content 197 Simmel Georg Simmel (1858 1918) 198 Simmel s Central Theories and Methods 200 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 202 Class, Gender, and Race 211 Other Theories and Theorists 217 Critique and Conclusions 219 Final Thoughts 220 References 220
Contents xiii S E C T I O N V Sociological Theories of Politics and Economics 223 9 Political Sociological Theories 225 Pareto and Michels Vilfredo Pareto (1848 1923) 226 Pareto s Central Theories and Methods 227 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 231 Class, Gender, and Race 233 Other Theories and Theorists 234 Critique and Conclusions 237 Robert Michels (1876 1936) 238 Michels s Central Theory and Methods 238 Nature of Humans, Society, and Change 240 Class, Gender, and Race 241 Other Theories and Theorists 242 Critique and Conclusions 243 Final Thoughts 243 References 243 10 Economic Sociological Theories 245 Veblen and Schumpeter Thorstein Veblen, 1857 1929 246 Veblen s Central Theories and Methods 246 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 248 Class, Gender, and Race 249 Other Theories and Theorists 251 Critique and Conclusions 253 Joseph Schumpeter, 1883 1950 254 Schumpeter s Central Theories and Methods 255 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 258 Class, Gender, and Race 258 Other Theories and Theorists 260 Critique and Conclusions 262 Final Thoughts 262 References 263
xiv Contents S E C T I O N V I Other Voices in Sociological Theorizing 265 11 Society and Gender 267 Gilman and Webb 267 Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860 1935) 267 Gilman s Central Theories and Methods 270 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 273 Class, Gender, and Race 274 Other Theories and Theorists 277 Critique and Conclusions 277 Beatrice Potter Webb (1858 1943) 278 Webb s Central Theories and Methods 279 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 282 Class, Gender, and Race 283 Other Theories and Theorists 287 Critique and Conclusions 287 Final Thoughts 288 References 289 12 Sociological Theory and Race 291 W. E. B. Du Bois W. E. B. Du Bois (1868 1963) 292 Du Bois s Central Theories and Methods 293 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 299 Class, Gender, and Race 301 Other Theories and Theorists 304 Critique and Conclusions 306 Final Thoughts 306 References 307 13 Society, Self, and Mind 310 Cooley, Mead, and Freud Charles Horton Cooley (1864 1929) 311 Cooley s Central Theories and Methods 311 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 315 Class, Gender, and Race 316
Contents xv Other Theories and Theorists 318 Critique and Conclusions 319 George Herbert Mead (1863 1931) 319 Mead s Central Theories and Methods 320 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 324 Class, Gender, and Race 326 Other Theorists and Theories 327 Critique and Conclusions 328 Sigmund Freud (1856 1939) 329 Freud s Central Theories and Methods 330 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 333 Class, Gender, and Race 334 Other Theories and Theorists 338 Critique and Conclusions 339 Final Thoughts 339 References 340 S E C T I O N V I I Twentieth-Century Functionalism and Beyond 343 14 Twentieth-Century Functionalism 345 Parsons and Merton Talcott Parsons (1902 1979) 346 Parsons s Central Theories and Methods 348 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 354 Class, Gender, and Race 355 Other Theories and Theorists 357 Critique and Conclusions 358 Robert K. Merton (1910 ) 359 Merton s Central Theories and Methods 360 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 364 Class, Gender, and Race 364 Other Theories and Theorists 365 Critique and Conclusions 366 Final Thoughts 366 References 367
xvi Contents 15 Systems, Structuration, and Modernity 369 Luhmann and Giddens Niklas Luhmann (1927 1998) 370 Luhmann s Central Theories and Methods 372 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 378 Class, Gender, and Race 380 Other Theories and Theorists 381 Critique and Conclusions 382 Anthony Giddens (1938 ) 383 Giddens s Central Theories and Methods 384 The Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 387 Class, Gender, and Race 388 Other Theories and Theorists 389 Critique and Conclusions 390 Final Thoughts 391 References 391 S E C T I O N V I I I Criticism, Marxism, and Change 393 16 Critical Theory 395 The Frankfurt School and Habermas The Institute of Social Research 395 The Critical Theorists of the Frankfurt School 397 Central Theories and Methods of the Frankfurt School 399 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 403 Class, Gender, and Race 407 Other Theories and Theorists 411 Critique and Conclusions 412 Jurgen Habermas (1929 ) 412 Habermas s Central Theories and Methods 413 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 415 Class, Gender, and Race 419 Other Theories and Theorists 421 Critique and Conclusions 421 Final Thoughts 422 References 423
Contents xvii 17 Marxism Since 1930 425 Poulantzas, Althusser, Dunayevskaya, and Wright Marxism from 1930 to 1980 426 Central Theories and Methods of Post-1930s Marxism 427 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 435 Class, Gender, and Race 436 Other Theories and Theorists 439 Critique and Conclusions 439 Marxism Now: Erik Olin Wright (1947 ) 440 Wright s Central Theories and Methods 440 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 441 Class, Gender, and Race 442 Other Theories and Theorists 445 Critique and Conclusions 445 Final Thoughts 446 References 447 18 Sociocultural Change: Evolution, World System, and Revolution 448 Service, Wallerstein, and Skocpol Twentieth-Century Evolutionism: Elman Service (1915 ) 449 Service s Central Theories and Methods 451 Nature of Society and Humans 454 Class, Gender, and Race 455 Other Theories and Theorists 455 Critique and Conclusions 456 World System Theory: Immanuel Wallerstein (1930 ) 457 Wallerstein s Central Theory and Methods 457 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 459 Class, Gender, and Race 461 Other Theories and Theorists 463 Critique and Conclusions 465 Revolution: Theda Skocpol (1947 ) 466 Skocpol s Central Theories and Methods 466 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 469 Class, Gender, and Race 470 Other Theories and Theorists 470 Critique and Conclusions 472 Final Thoughts 473 References 473
xviii Contents S E C T I O N I X Transitions and Challenges 477 19 Mid-Twentieth-Century Sociology 479 Ideological Disputes 479 Facts and Values 480 Value-free Sociology 482 Protests and Challenges 483 Presidential Addresses 484 Ethical Sociology 487 Macro/Micro Perspectives 487 Sociology and Paradigm Conflicts 488 Contemporary Paradigmatic Divisions 489 Feminism and Feminist Sociological Theory 490 Women s Marginality 491 Feminist Transformations 492 Women s Issues 494 Feminist Sociology and Race 495 Race and Colonialism 495 Black Militancy 496 Sociology and Race 497 Conclusion 498 References 499 20 Symbolic Interactionism 502 Blumer, Goffman, and Hochschild The Interactionist Tradition 502 Herbert Blumer (1900 1987) 503 Erving Goffman (1922 1982) 505 Goffman s Central Theories and Methods 506 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 508 Class, Gender, and Race 514 Other Theories and Theorists 516 Critique and Conclusions 517 Arlie Russell Hochschild (1940 ) 517 Hochschild s Central Theories and Methods 518
Contents xix Class, Gender, and Race 519 Other Theories and Theorists 523 Critique and Conclusions 523 Final Thoughts 523 References 524 21 Rational Choice and Exchange 526 Coleman James S. Coleman, 1926 1995 527 Coleman s Central Theory and Methods 528 Nature of Humans, Society, and Change 532 Class, Gender, and Race 533 Other Theories and Theorists 533 Critique and Conclusions 540 Final Thoughts 542 References 543 22 Feminist Sociological Theory 544 Smith and Collins Sociology and Feminism 544 Marxism and Feminism 546 Theory and Practice 548 Master Narratives 548 Dorothy E. Smith (1926 ) 550 Smith s Central Theories and Methods 551 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 554 Class, Gender, and Race 557 Other Theories and Theorists 560 Critique and Conclusions 561 Patricia Hill Collins (1948 ) 563 Collins s Central Theories and Methods 563 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 565 Class, Gender, and Race 568 Other Theories and Theorists 570 Critique and Conclusions 570 Final Thoughts 571 References 571
xx Contents 23 Knowledge, Truth, and Power 574 Foucault and Feminist Responses Michel Foucault (1926 1984) 575 Foucault s Central Theories and Methods 576 Nature of Society, Humans, and Change 580 Class, Gender, and Race 589 Other Theories and Theorists 591 Critique and Conclusions: Foucault and Feminist Social Theory 592 Final Thoughts 596 References 597 24 Final Thoughts on Sociological Theory 600 Nineteenth-Century Sociological Theory 600 Dominant Theories 601 Dominant Ideologies 601 Secondary and Reactive Theory and Ideology 602 Early-Twentieth-Century Sociological Theory 602 Gender and Race 602 Inequality, Progress, and Revolution 602 The Self 603 Sociological Theory Since 1930 603 Functionalism 603 Marxism 604 Power 604 Views of Change 604 Theory and Ideology 605 The Future of Society 605 The Future of Sociological Theory 606 References 609 Credits 611 Index 613