Welcome to History 43 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States I Prof. Valadez

Welcome to History 43 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States I Prof. Valadez 1

Topics Wars of Independence in the Americas How were Americas wars of independence similar and different in their struggles and achievements? War of U.S. Independence 1776-1783 War of Mexican Independence 1810-1821 2

Enlightenment (Age of Reason) Enlightenment: intellectual movement of the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Idea of using reason to understand the universe Sir Isaac Newton John Locke: The right to life, liberty, and possession. Profoundly influence founding fathers Enlightened form of government: separation of powers social contract (Rousseau) the king rules by the "consent of the governed" 3

Jefferson s 1 st Inaugural Address 1801 If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. 4

Poor Richard's Almanack, moral picture Poor Richard's Almanack, moral picture This is an excerpt from Poor Richard's Almanac. (Library of Congress) 5 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

XM 2.2

XM 2.1

European Settlements and Indians, 1754 10

Problems Debt Taxation 12

King George III 1760-1820 13

Quartering Act Proclamation Act of 1763 The Sugar Act 1764 14

Stamp Act 1765 Internal tax on all legal documents. Argument over virtual representation versus direct representation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7alc24ammh0 15

Whig Ideology in America Citizens have the right to revolt if the government is infringing on people s rights 16

Declaratory Act 1766 Parliament has right to pass any law for the colonies. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyafvdc49ta 17

Tea Act 1773 A tax to save the British East Indian Company Stop smuggling Boston Tea Party 1773 Group dumped tea https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-swxeifhho 1-20 19

Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts 1774 20

Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826 Virginia gentry Man of contradictions Influence by John Locke 21

Thomas Paine s Common Sense 22

July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html List of grievances against the King of England We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

Map 3.2 European settlement and ethnic diversity on the Atlantic coast of North America, 1760 27

Lord Dunmore Proclamation 1775 28

Patriots G.W. is against blacks enlisting & changes position 5000 blacks enlist as patriots 29

Bernardo de Galvez 1746-1786

Treaty of Paris 1783 ends the war: U.S. boundary Mississippi River East & West Florida goes to Spain 33

Loyalist migration to Canada 1982 Canada Act, constitution could be amended without the U.K. 34

War of Independence in New Spain Influence Ideas of Enlightenment 35

Haitian Revolution 1804 Massacre

1808 Spain invaded by French troops

Goya s May 3, 1808

Internal Factors Criollo discontent

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1753-1811 El Zorro Criollo Guanajuato 43

1810 September 16 El Grito de Dolores 44

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqqnzzxuytq September 16, 1810 El Grito de Dolores My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once Will not you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines! 45

Padre Hidalgo Banner of Guadalupe Generalissimo (caudillo) 46

Insurgents Spanish loyalist La virgen de los remedios 47

Social Revolution End of caste system Almost no criollo support July 31, 1811 executed in Chihuahua, Chihuahua 49

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon 1765-1815 Mestizo priest 51

1813 Chilpancingo Congress Congress of Anáhuac political vision for Mexico 53

PA# 4 Article 1. Who wrote the article? When? 2. What do we know about the author? Who is the intended audience? 3. What does the document say about religion and the government? 4. What does the document say about society? 5. What are the goals of the document? 6. Write your own question/thesis statement.

1813 Sentimientos de la Nación ("Feelings of the Nation ) America is free and independent of Spain and all other nations, governments, or monarchies. The Catholic faith is the sole religion, and no others will be tolerated. Division of powers into appropriate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Jobs to be reserved for Americans only. An end to slavery and discrimination based on castes. December 12 to be dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, and celebrated. 55

December 22, 1815 Tezmalaca, Pue. 56

1815-1821 War of Independence 57

California Hippolyte Bouchard 1818 attacks Monterrey & San Juan Capistrano California remains loyal to Spain

1815-1821 War of Independence 59

Abrazo de Acatempa Feb.10 1821 60

Plan de Iguala 1821 1. The Mexican nation is independent of the Spanish nation, and of every other, even on its own Continent. 2. Its religion shall be the Catholic, which all its inhabitants profess. 3. They shall be all united, without any distinction between Americans and Europeans. 8. His Majesty Ferdinand VII shall be invited to the throne of the empire, and in case of his refusal, the Infantes Don Carlos and Don Francisco de Paula. 9. Should His Majesty Ferdinand VII and his august brothers decline the invitation, the nation is at liberty to invite to the imperial throne any member of reigning families whom it may select. Attract conservative criollos 3 guarantees Religion Independence Equality White = religion Green = independence Red = union 61

Treaty of Córdoba August 24, 1821 Agustín de Iturbide the last royal viceroy Juan de O Donojú 62

El Angel de la Independencia http://aristeguinoticias.com/1401/mexico/hu esos-de-ninos-mujeres-y-animales-entrelos-restos-de-los-heroes-patrios/ 63

1833 Cholera Epidemic 64

Mexican Empire 8 months from July 21, 1822 to March 19, 1823

1 st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide Generalísimo de Tierra y Mar (120,000 pesos) Becomes emperor July 21, 1822 U.S. minister Joel Poinsett Caudillo Dissolves legislative branch

1 st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide Becomes emperor July 21, 1822 U.S. minister Joel Poinsett Caudillo

Vicente Filisola 68

State Constitutions Articles of Confederation 1781 (1 st Constitution) Each state is independent 1 branch of government legislative No executive branch, no judicial branch Weaknesses Weak central government Congress can not tax without the approval of the states 70

The Constitutional Convention This painting of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 by an unknown artist shows George Washington presiding. Because the convention met in secrecy, the artist used his imagination to paint the scene. 71 Independence National Historical Park

Philadelphia Convention Summer of 1787 Constitution is finished on September 17, 1787, written mostly by James Madison Electoral College: a group of people chosen by states 72

U.S. Constitution 1787 Argentina Constitution 1853, 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 Australia 1900 Brazil, seven constitutions, 1988 Canada 1982 China, 1954, 1975, 1978, 1982 France 1791, 1958 Germany 1949 Japan,1947 Mexico 1824, 1835, 1917 Spain 1978

We the People National Identity Indians Other persons, People, who were the only ones entitled to American freedom 74

Naturalization Act of 1790 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That any Alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof on application to any common law Court of record in any one of the States wherein he shall have resided for the term of one year at least,

George Washington s Presidency A colorful image from around the time of the War 77

Washington Presidency 1789-1797 78

Washington s Farewell Address 1796 In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our Western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen, in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event, throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in the General Government and in the Atlantic States unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure to them everything they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their brethren and connect them with aliens? 79

Political Parities Federalist Democratic-Republicans 81

Election of 1800 83