Name Class Period Chapter 7: Immigration and Urbanization (pages 126-149) Lecture Notes Section 1: The New Immigrants (pages 128-133) I. New Immigrants Come to America A. The foreign-born population of the U.S. nearly doubled. 1. In the 1840s and 1950s, had immigrated to the United States. 2. Despite differences, their children were often able to. 3. But starting in, some people. B. Old Immigrants and New Immigrants Old Immigrants New Immigrants II. Immigrants Decide to Leave Home A. Immigrants to the United States from, up from 1% at mid-century. B. 1
Push Factors Pull Factors III. The Immigrant Experience A. Coming to America was often a tough decision. Immigrants usually brought. B. When the immigrants arrived after their long journeys, they were. 1. There, officers conducted legal and medical inspections. Only 2 percent were denied entry into the U.S. 2. Chinese and other Asian immigrants crossing the were processed at. 1. Some were detained at Angel Island for weeks or months in poor conditions. 2. They waited to see if they would be allowed to. IV. Opportunities and Challenges in America A. Large cities such as had huge immigrant populations by 1890. 1. Once in America, immigrants had to. They also had to learn. 2. Many and took jobs in factories. They lived in. 2
V. Opportunities and Challenges in America A. Immigrants had some help with their new surroundings. 1. to help recent immigrants learn English and adopt American dress and diet. 2. Immigrants formed associations based on which provided social services and financial assistance. B. Many believed that American society was a. 1. This model, who became targets of social and legal discrimination. C. Despite the hopes of settlement workers, immigrants often held on to. 1. They established their own fraternal. 2. Immigrants children, however, became more. D. Immigrants often dealt with and hostility from. E. Religious for jobs and housing led to divisions and. F. In 1882, Congress started to immigration. 1. The prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the rights of Chinese immigrants in the U.S., and forbade the of Chinese residents. 2. Congress passed another law that. VI. Immigrants Change America A. Immigrants transformed American society. 3
1. They fueled industrial. 2. They helped build the and worked in. 3. Their became part of American culture. 4. Increasingly, they became. Section 2: Cities Expand and Change (pages 136-143) I. America Becomes a Nation of Cities A. In 1860, most Americans lived in, with only 16 percent living in with a population of at least 8,000. 1. By 1900, 32 percent or 15 million Americans lived in with populations of more than 50,000. 2. This period was the beginning of an that brought changes to the country. B. America s major cities were centers connected by lines. C. The cities were clustered in the D. Life was hard in the cities, but most people preferred them to the country. 1. Workers could attend city. 2. Churches, theaters, social clubs, and museums offered. 3. Most were able to enjoy a, and some moved into the. 4
Immigrants, Farmers, and Migrants from the Rural West African Americans II. Technology Improves City Life A. As cities swelled in size, American developed new technologies to. Technology Skyscrapers Description Safety elevator Central heating systems B. reshaped the nation s cities. 1. In 1888, Richmond, Virginia started using powered by overhead electric cables. 2. Within a, every major city followed. 3. Electric streetcars were than coal-driven commuter trains or horse-drawn trolleys. 4. Traffic congestion often kept streetcars from running. 5. In 1897, Boston solved this problem by building the nation s first system, and. 6. Mass transit made it possible for. 5
C. As cities grew, began to use to designate certain parts of the city for certain functions. 1. Cities set aside space for such as libraries and government buildings. 2. But were also important in cities, and Frederick Law Olmsted designed many well-known ones, such as. III. Urban Living Creates Problems A. Many neighborhoods became. 1. Some poor workers lived in, which usually were unhealthy and dangerous because they had. B. At this time, cities had. 1. To solve these problems, governments and city planners tried to. 2.They began to take water from clean reservoirs and to use water filtration systems. 3.Cities responded to the threats of fire and crime with. 4.However, the police were unable to overcome the challenge of conflicts between different. Section 3: Social and Cultural Trends (pages 144-149) I. Americans become consumers A. In his 1873 novel,, novelist Mark Twain satirically depicted American society as gilded, or having 6
1. Most Americans were not as cynical, but Twain s label stuck, and historians call the late century the Gilded Age. B. changed the lives of American workers, as more people began to work for rather than for on farms. 1. More people had more, and more were available. 2. For many, this led to a culture of. C. By the 1870s, many big cities had, which turned shopping into a form of for middle-class men and women. 1. Department stores attracted customers with wide-spread advertising and a variety of. D. People began to, and they equated purchasing power with a. E. In this period, the cost of living because manufactured products and new technology. F. Better contributed to a longer life expectancy. G. Change in the Gilded Age Changes for Women Changes for Men II. Mass Culture A. One of the effects of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising was that Americans became more. 1. Rich and poor wore the same styles. 7
2. People the same kinds of products. 3. This phenomenon is known as. B. The newspapers of the both reflected and helped create mass culture. 1. Between 1870 and 1900, the number of increased from about 600 to more than 1,600. 2. Ethnic and special-interest publishers to the array of urban dwellers, especially. 3. Joseph Pulitzer believed that the job of a newspaper was. His papers were. 4. The sensationalistic newspapers of competed with Pulitzer s papers for readers. C. During the Gilded Age, literature and art that explored harsh realities was popular. 1. Stephen Crane wrote about New York s. 2. Horatio Alger wrote about characters who through hard work. 3. Robert Henri and others developed a style of painting known as the, which depicted the of New York slums. D. Public education expanded rapidly, as grade-school education became, more teenagers began high schools, and opened. 1. As a result, the literacy rate climbed to nearly 90 percent by 1900. E. Schools began to do a better job of preparing people for. 1. Schools taught that workers needed in budding industries. 2. Teachers attended training schools, and reformers such as introduced new teaching methods. 3. Universities began to provide for urban careers such as social work. 8
F. Education for All Immigrants Women African Americans III. New Forms of Popular Entertainment A. During the Gilded Age, new kinds of entertainment emerged. Amusement Parts Outdoor Events Fun in the City B. Baseball, America s national sport, became extremely popular during the Gilded Age, although after 1887 it was not yet a league. C. Horse and bicycle racing, boxing, football, and basketball also became popular spectator events. 9