Public Disclosure Authorized 103821 Profile of Migration and Remittances: Turkey June 2012 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized This profile of migration and in Turkey, as well as similar profiles for EU 10 and Western Balkan countries, attempts to provide consistent and reliable estimates of migration and. The profile also provides information on regulations on migration and. The goal of this profile is to promote improvement in data collection, monitoring of migration and remittance trends, as well as to inform policy makers and other stakeholders working on migration and. This profile will be updated annually using all available national and international sources. This country profile covers the following areas: (1) Migration stocks and flows (2) Remittances flows and channels (3) Regulations pertaining to migration and (1) Migration stocks and flows Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Number of emigrants in 2010 (thousands) Destination Emigrant stock EU Germany 2,733.1 France 299.5 Netherland 195.0 Austria 160.7 Bulgaria 98.1 Belgium 94.6 United Kingdom 71.8 Other United States 107.3 Switzerland 65.7 Saudi Arabia 89.4 Other countries 346.6 Total 4,261.8 1
Note: Data is for foreign born population in the destination country. Foreign nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 2: Stock of Turkish emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons) Destination Low Medium High Total America 13,818 20,342 44,155 78,314 Europe (including EU15) 153,066 210,973 121,495 1,863.130 EU15 151,074 173,865 116,988 1,801.600 Asia and Oceania 12,332 6,413 8,393 27,139 Note: Low primary or 0 8 years of education; Medium secondary or 9 12 years of education; High tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment Release 1.1. March 2005. Table 3: Emigration of Physicians, stocks Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Turkey Medical Brain Drain 1991 2,187 57,262 3.8% 1992 2,251 58,374 3.9% 1993 2,328 59,491 3.9% 1994 2,386 66,673 3.6% 1995 2,434 67,910 3.6% 1996 2,472 41,697 5.9% 1997 2,335 76,818 3.0% 1998 2,633 78,188 3.4% 1999 2,710 80,817 3.4% 2000 2,742 84,044 3.3% 2001 2,798 85,040 3.3% 2002 2,873 90,513 3.2% 2003 2,927 91,926 3.2% 2004 2,949 91,926 3.2% Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991 2004). February 2010. 2
Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign nationals, thousands) Destination Emigrant stock EU Bulgaria 538.7 Germany 306.5 Greece 66.3 Netherlands 24.5 Other Macedonia 35.3 Other countries 439.6 Total 1,410.9 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 5: Immigrant stock in 2000 by gender and age group (foreign born, thousands) Turkey Age group Male Female Total 00 00 2 2 4 01 04 13 13 26 05 09 20 20 39 10 14 31 30 60 15 19 46 45 91 20 24 60 66 127 25 29 62 71 133 30 34 44 49 93 35 39 41 44 85 40 44 43 45 88 45 49 45 45 90 50 54 42 44 85 55 59 34 36 70 60 64 32 35 67 65 69 31 34 65 70 74 24 30 54 75 79 19 23 41 80 84 8 12 20 85 89 4 7 11 90 94 1 2 4 95 99 0 1 1 100+ 0 0 0 Total 605 655 1,260 Source: Turkey Census 2000 via UN Global Migration Database 3
Refugee population Table 6: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons Country of asylum: Turkey Country of origin: Turkey Refugees 14,465 139,778 People in refugee like situations 1 Total refugees and people in refugee like situations 14,465 139,779 Asylum seekers (pending cases) 10,964 6,671 Returned refugees IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP like situations Returned IDPs Stateless persons 780 Various 9,576 Total population of concern 35,785 146,450 Source: UNHCR 2011 Global Trends (2) Remittance flows and channels Remittance flows Table 7: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Inflows s' 4 Outflows s' (US $, millions) 2008 Q1 352 12 0 364 0 27 0 27 2008 Q2 322 12 0 334 0 26 0 26 2008 Q3 394 12 0 406 0 28 0 28 2008 Q4 363 9 0 372 0 30 0 30 2009 Q1 218 9 0 227 0 32 0 32 2009 Q2 225 9 0 234 0 35 0 35 2009 Q3 290 9 0 299 0 36 0 36 2009 Q4 257 9 0 266 0 38 0 38 2010 Q1 211 12 0 223 0 39 0 39 2010 Q2 203 10 0 213 0 40 0 40 2010 Q3 279 11 0 290 0 46 0 46 2010 Q4 255 12 0 267 0 50 0 50 2011 Q1 228 12 0 240 0 48 0 48 2011 Q2 243 12 0 255 0 49 0 49
2011 Q3 319 9 0 328 0 51 0 51 2011 Q4 255 9 0 264 0 57 0 57 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 1993 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 8: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $. millions) Inflows Outflows s' s' 2000 4,560.0 0.0 0.0 4,560.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2001 2,786.0 0.0 0.0 2,786.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2002 1,936.0 0.0 0.0 1,936.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2003 729.0 0.0 0.0 729.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2004 804.0 0.0 0.0 804.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2005 851.0 36.0 0.0 887.0 96.0 0.0 96.0 2006 1,111.0 35.0 0.0 1,146.0 107.0 0.0 107.0 2007 1,209.0 39.0 0.0 1,248.0 106.0 0.0 106.0 2008 1.431.0 45.0 0.0 1,476.0 111.0 0.0 111.0 2009 990.0 36.0 0.0 1,026.0 141.0 0.0 141.0 2010 948.0 45.0 0.0 993.0 175.0 0.0 175.0 2011 1,045.0 42.0 0.0 1,087.0 205.0 0.0 205.0 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 1993 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 9: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)* Inflows Outflows Personal o.w. Workers Personal Total Total and Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Turkey * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 2007 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Channels of flows providers Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions. 5
Remittance costs Table 10: Cost of sending to Turkey from Germany (percent) Amount sent=> $200 $500 2008 10.60 5.71 Q1 2009 10.54 5.41 Q3 2009 6.92 3.70 Q1 2010 9.70 5.91 Q3 2010 9.04 Q1 2011 8.95 4.34 Q3 2011 7.88 3.70 Q1 2012 11.01 5.23 Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database (3) Regulations pertaining to migration and Table 11: Regulations pertaining to migration Immigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Interior of Turkey (www. icisleri.gov.tr) Immigration regulations and laws Yes Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Types of visas available for immigrants Single-entry visa (called Tek giris) and multiple-entry visa (called Muteaddit giris) Types of occupations in which immigrants Yes are allowed Emigration topic Institutions responsible for emigration Restrictions on emigration Cost of passports and visas Dual citizenship Regulation Yes Table 12: Regulations pertaining to Remittances topic Regulation Institutions responsible for monitoring and Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (www.tcmb.gov.tr) regulating Types of private sector firms allowed to Money transfer firms (Western Union, MoneyGram, etc) perform inward and outward remittance transactions Reporting requirement for data Reporting requirements exist but are different by type of by commercial banks and other types of provider. remittance service providers 6
Restrictions on inward/outward Anti money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML CFT) requirements Yes 7