SUB Hamburg A/579434 Understanding the Political World A Comparative Introduction to Political Science Eleventh Edition JAMES N. DANZIGER University of California, Irvine PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xiii To the Reader xix Maps xxi PART I On Knowing the Political World CHAPTER 1 Politics and Knowledge 1 PART II Political Behavior CHAPTER 2 Political Theory and Political Beliefs 26 CHAPTER 3 Political Actions 57 CHAPTER 4 Influences on Beliefs and Actions 84 PART III Political Systems CHAPTER 5 Political Systems, States, and Nations 111 CHAPTER 6 Political Institutions I: Institutional Structures 135 CHAPTER 7 Political Institutions II: Institutional Arrangements 163 CHAPTER 8 Political Economy 197 PART IV Political Processes CHAPTER 9 Public Policy, Power, and Decision 230 CHAPTER 10 Change and Political Development 257 CHAPTER 11 Politics Across Borders 283 CHAPTER 12 Political Violence 315 PART V Politics Among States CHAPTER 13 The Developed Countries of the Global North 349 CHAPTER 14 The Developing Countries of the Global South 376 CHAPTER 15 The Transitional Developed Countries 412 Appendix: Political Analysis 443 Glossary 457 References 469 Photo Credits 485 Index 486
DETAILED CONTENTS Preface xiii To the Reader xix Maps xxi PARTI World On Knowing the Political CHAPTER 1 Politics and Knowledge 1 Towards a Definition of Politics 3 On Political Knowledge 5 Types of Political Knowledge 5 Description 5 Explanation 6 Prescription 7 k COMPARE IN 1 The Acid Test I 8 Sources of Political Knowledge 10 Authority 10 Personal Thought 13 Science 14 Political Science 15 Doing Comparative Analysis 16 Political Science and Political Knowledge 16 h. THE BESATE IN 1 Is Political Science Possible? 17 The Subfields of Political Science 18 Where is This Book Going? 19 k. FOCUS INI The Political Knowledge of Different Age Groups in the United States 21 PART II CHAPTER 2 Beliefs 26 Political Behavior Normative Political Theory 29 Political Theory and Political k FOCUS IN 2 Great Britain as a Context for Some Great Political Theorists 30 Political Ideology 31 Conservatism 33 Classical Liberalism 34 Socialism 36 Some Further Points About "Isms" 39 Individual Political Beliefs 42 Types of Political Orientations 42 Identifying Specific Beliefs 43 Belief Systems 45 Political Culture 48 National Character Studies 48 h, THE BEBATE IN 2 Is There a "Clash of Civilizations"? 49 Survey Research Analyses 50 k. COMPARE IN 2 Value Differences Across Countries 51 Looking Ahead 53 CHAPTER 3 Political Actions 57 Individual Political Actions 60 Modes of Political Activity 60 Political Activists 61 Political Participation Studies 63 k COMPARE IN 3 Extent of Political Actions in Mexico and Poland 66 Group Political Actions 68 Political Interest Groups 69 Activities of Political Interest Groups 69 Constraints on a Group's Behavior 71 Types of Interest Groups 72 t\ THE OEBATE IN 3 How Interested Are Interest Groups in Democracy? 73 Political Parties 76 Activities of Political Parties 76 viii
Detailed Contents ix k FOCUS IN 3 Let's Party! The Rise of the Green Party in Germany 77 Doing Politics 79 CHAPTER 4 Actions 84 The Environment 87 Influences on Beliefs and Agents of Political Socialization 89 The Family 89 k FOCUS IN 4 Political Socialization in China 90 Schools 91 Peer Groups 92 The Media 93 h> THE DEBATE IN 4 Do the New ICTs Substantially Change Our Political Beliefs and Actions? 94 Religion 96 Culture 96 Events 97 Personal Characteristics 97 k COMPARE IN 4 You Go Your Way, I'll Go Mine 100 Political Personality 102 Personality 103 Biology and Human Nature 105 Concluding Observations 106 PART III Political Systems CHAPTER 5 Political Systems, States, and Nations 111 The State 113 A Legal Definition of the State 113 A Structural-Functional Definition of the State 115 t\ THE DEBATE IN 5 Does Humanitarian Intervention Violate State Sovereignty? 116 Major Goals 118 The Nation 121 Nation and State 122 k FOCUS IN 5 State and Nations: The Indian Subcontinent 123 The Political System 124 k COMPARE IN 5 Power and Authority 126 Conceptualization of the Political System 128 Three Major Concepts: A Reprise 131 CHAPTER 6 Political Institutions I: Institutional Structures 135 Executives 137 Roles of Executives 138 Structural Arrangements 139 The Age of the Executive? 142 Legislatures 142 Roles of the Legislature 142 k FOCUS IN 6 Electoral Systems and Legislative Representation: South Africa 144 Legislative Structures 147 The Decline of Legislatures 149 Administrative Systems 150 Administrative Functions and Power 150 Bureaucracy as One Form of Administration 151 k COMPARE IN 6 Five Styles of Administration 152 Judiciaries 153 Aspects of Adjudication 154 Judicial Structures 155 \\ THE DEBATE IN 6 Is Judicial Review Democratic? 156 Styles of Adjudication 158 Concluding Observations 159 CHAPTER 7 Political Institutions II: Institutional Arrangements 163 Constitutions and Constitutional Regimes 166 Constitutions 166 Constitutional Regimes 167 Nonconstitutional Regimes 167 Democracies and Nondemocracies 168 Defining Democracy 170 Defining Nondemocracies 172 A Democracy-Nondemocracy Measure 174 Areal Distribution of Power 175 Unitary State 175
Detailed Contents Federation 177 Confederation 178 Forms of Executive-Legislative Relations 179 Presidential Government 179 Parliamentary Government 180 Hybrid Systems 182 Council Systems 183 k FOCUS IN 7 A Hybrid System in Action: France 183 Assembly Systems 184 Which Form Is Optimal? 185 K THE DEBATE IN 7 Which Form of Government Is Preferable: Parliamentary, Presidential, or Hybrid? 185 Political Party Systems 187 Two-Party Systems 189 Multiparty Systems 189 Dominant- Party Systems 190 One-Party Systems 191 k COMPARE IN 7 Party Systems in Four Countries 191 No-Party Systems 192 Classification and Clarity 193 CHAPTER 8 Political Economy 197 Politics and Economics 199 A Political-Economic Framework 200 Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers 200 Getting and Spending 202 The State Joins In 204 The World Joins In 205 The Economy Strikes Back 206 Measuring Economic Prosperity 207 k COMPARE IN 8 Wealth Inequality 210 Two Ideal-Type Political Economies 211 The Market Economy: Total Private Control 212 The Command Economy: Total State Control 214 Key Problems of Each Ideal-Type Political Economy 215 Market Economy 215 Command Economy 216 The Mixed Economy 216 k FOCUS IN 8 Mexico's Political Economy 219 Politics Plus Political Economy: The Other U ISMS" 220 The Three "Isms" 220 The Real World 221 ts. THE DEBATE IN 8 Is Communism Dead? 222 Concluding Observations 226 PART IV CHAPTER 9 and Decision Political Processes Public Policy, Power, 230 Public Policy 233 Types of Public Policies 233 k COMPARE IN 9 Selected Public Policies in Seven Countries 235 Analysis of the Stages of the Policy Process 236 Policy Impact Analysis 238 Policy Prescription 239 Explaining Public Policy Decision Making 239 The Elite Approach 240 Key Concepts 240 Major Theorists 240 The Public Policy Process 241 The Prevalence of Elite-Based Political Systems 244 k FOCUS IN 9 Elite Politics in Swaziland 242 The Class Approach 244 The Public Policy Process 245 The Pluralist Approach 246 The Policy making Process 247 h, THE DEBATE IN 9 Does Money Dominate the Policymaking Process? 250 The Three Approaches Compared 251 Which Approach Is Correct? 251 Essential Similarities and Differences 252
Detailed Contents xi CHAPTER 10 Change and Political Development 257 Change 259 Development 260 Characteristics of "More Developed" Human Systems 260 The Process of Development 262 The Dynamics of Economic Development 264 Political Development 268 Characteristics of Political Development 268 The Process of Political Development 269 k FOCUS IN 10 Political Development and Modernization in Turkey 270 Political Development as Democratization 272 t\ DEBATE IN 10 Is Economic Development a Necessary Prerequisite for Democracy? 273 World of Changes 275 k COMPARE IN 10 Six Political Systems in Cambodia? 276 Concluding Observations 279 CHAPTER 11 Politics Across Borders 283 Perspectives on States' Behavior 286 Realist and Idealist Perspectives on the States' "Motives" 286 A Geopolitical Perspective 287 k COMPARE IN 11 Geopolitics in Two Countries 288 Mechanisms of Political Cooperation Across Borders 289 Diplomacy and Interstate Agreements 290 International Law 293 International Organizations 295 Political Competition Across Borders 300 Transnational Systems of Power 301 Domination and Dependence 303 k FOCUS IN 11 The Faces of Colonialism: Congo 305 Globalization? 306 h. THE DEBATE IN 11 Is Globalization a Positive Development? 308 Competition in the Globalizing World 309 CHAPTER 12 Political Violence 315 Violence 317 Political Society 318 Types of Political Violence 319 State Violence Against Individuals or Groups 319 Individual Violence Against an Individual 321 Group Violence Against an Individual 322 Group Violence Against a Group 325 h> THE DEBATE IN 12 Is Terrorism Ever a Justifiable Form of Political Violence? 326 Individual or Group Violence Against the State 330 Use of Force Between States 334 War 335 What Causes War? 336 k FOCUS IN 12 Ultraviolence among the Children of Abraham: Israelis and Palestinians 337 k COMPARE IN 12 Levels of War and Peace 339 Evaluating Political Violence: Means and Ends 342 PART V Politics Among States CHAPTER 13 The Developed Countries of the Global North 349 Grouping the States in the Contemporary World 351 The Developed Countries of the Global North 352 The Developing Countries of the Global South 353 The Transitional Developed Countries 354 Goal: Prosperity 355 Mixed Economy 355 k COMPARE IN 13 Sweden and Switzerland 357 Performance 358 Challenges to Prosperity 360 b, THE REBATE IN 13 Are the Social Democracies Dying? 362 Goal: Stability 363 Liberal Democracies 363
xii Detailed Contents Political Institutionalization 364 Order Maintenance 365 k FOCUS IN 13 Welcome to the Brave New World: Singapore 365 Challenges to Stability 367' Goal: Security 369 The Era of Colonialism 369 The Cold War Period 370 The Post-Cold War Period 370 Challenges to Security 371 The Developed Countries Overall 372 CHAPTER 14 The Developing Countries of the Global South 376 Grouping Countries in the Developing World 379 Developmental Classification 379 Regional Classification 380 Achieving Development in the Global South: Some Obstacles 382 k COMPARE IN 14 Obstacles to Development: Nigeria and the Philippines 384 Goal: Prosperity 386 The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices 386 k FOCUS IN 14 Poor Women and Development: Microcredit in Bangladesh 391 Current Outcomes 392 Goal: Security 395 Interstate Violence 395 Economic Security 397 Goal: Stability 398 Inadequate Political Development 398 The Decline of Order 399 Democratization 400 Political Approaches 402 Is it Getting Better all the Time? 405 1\ THE DEBATE W 14 Will There Always Be a Third World? 407 CHAPTER 15 The Transitional Developed Countries 412 k COMPARE IN 15 Acid Test II 416 Goal: Prosperity 418 Strategy 418 Performance 418 Challenges 419 Goal: Stability 420 Strategies 420 Challenges 422 Social Disorder 422 Nationality Conflicts 423 Entry into Europe and Global Society 423 Goal: Security 424 The Newly Industrializing Countries 425 Goal: Prosperity 426 Approach 426 Performance 427 k FOCUS IN 15 Order and Progress in Brazil: Sometimes 431 Goal: Stability 433 Asian NICs 433 Latin American NICs 433 Democratization? 433 Goal: Security 434 Asian NICs 434 Latin American NICs 435 The Future of the Transitional Developed Countries 435 The Postcommunist Developed Countries 436 The NICs 436 Next? 437 So... 437 t\ THE FINAL DEBATE What Time Is It? 438 Appendix: Political Analysis 443 Glossary 457 References 469 Photo Credits 485 Index 486 The Postcommunist Developed Countries 415