INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
Also by Margaret P. Doxey ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT THE COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT AND THE CONTEMPORARY COMMONWEALTH
International Sanctions in Contemporary Perspective Margaret P. Doxey Emeritus Professor of Political Science Trent University Ontario Canada Second Edition
Published in Great Britain by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. First edition 1987 Second edition 1996 ISBN 978-0-333-63883-5 ISBN 978-1-349-25016-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25016-5 Published in the United States of America by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division. 175 Fifth Avenue. New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-16162-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Doxey, Margaret P. International sanctions in contemporary perspective / Margaret P. Doxey, - 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-16162-0 1. Sanctions (International law) 2. Economic sanctions. I. Title. JX 1246.D69 1996 341.5'82-dc20 96-15978 CIP Margaret P. Doxey 1987, 1996 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96
Contents List of Tables Preface to the Second Edition 1 The Sanctions Problematique vi vii 16 2 Major Cases of Sanctions 1935-95 16 3 Contexts and Frameworks for Sanctions and the Intentions of Senders 47 4 Costs and Burden-Sharing 66 5 Problems of Implementation 82 6 The Impact on Targets: Vulnerability and Response 95 7 Sanctions Revisited Ill Notes and References 128 Select Bibliography of General Works 139 Index 141 v
List of Tables l.l Typology of non-violent sanctions 3.1 Intentions of sender states 4.1 Costs for senders 14 58 68 vi
Preface to the Second Edition The first edition of International Sanctions in Contemporary Perspective was published in 1987 from a text prepared a year earlier and a new and revised edition is obviously needed. Any study of inter-state relations which claims topical relevance must take account of the momentous changes in the international arena which have occurred since 1989 and the enhanced role of the United Nations on a wide spectrum of peace and security issues. This is particularly true of multilateral sanctioning where recent experience has generated a wealth of new material. The format of this new edition has been changed to accommodate these developments while keeping the length of the book within reasonable limits. Descriptive studies of fourteen cases of multilateral sanctions are now presented in summary form and used to inform detailed analysis of the problems associated with sanctions application and impact as well as the major policy considerations which are relevant to official sanctioning decisions. The frequency with which governments find themselves confronting such decisions underlines the importance of the subject for practitioners and scholars alike. My interest in international sanctions dates from the late 1960s when I wrote a PhD thesis for the University of London entitled Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement which was published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press in 1972. A second edition was published by Macmillan in 1980. In my 'pioneering' days I recall warnings from experts that the subject was best avoided because of the lack of adequate empirical data. Happily I ignored this advice but such comments would be inconceivable today when the popularity of sanctions as a technique of statecraft has generated a mini-industry for scholars. By the late 1980s I was teaching undergraduate and graduate courses on 'Sanctions and International Relations' at Wellesley College, Massachusetts, at the London School of Economics and at my own university. Students could draw on an excellent body of literature and enjoyed both the interdisciplinary focus and the challenging policy issues which were raised. I wrote International Sanctions in Contemporary Perspective to take account of the high-profile cases of sanctioning outside the United Nations framework which began in late 1979 with the response to the Tehran hostages crisis and the Soviet intervention in Afghanivii
viii Preface stan. It was also important to discuss the intense debate over sanctions against South Africa where the persistence of the institutionalized system of racial discrimination known as apartheid offended the conscience of the international community. In preparing this new edition I have derived much benefit from exchanges with colleagues and practitioners at conferences and workshops organized by the Stanley Foundation, the Fourth Freedom Forum and Kroc Institute at Notre Dame University, the Canadian Centre for Global Security and Yale University's United Nations Studies Program, and the Carnegie Commission for the Prevention of Deadly Conflict. Librarians at Trent University, Chatham House, the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, the University of Toronto's Robarts Library and the United Nations were helpful, as always. Colleagues in the Department of Political Studies at Trent, the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics, and elsewhere in academe provided helpful insights and UN officials were most generous with time and information. All opinions expressed in the book are, of course, my own. Trent University Ontario August 1995 MARGARET DOXEY