US GOVERNMENT FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

SS.912.C.3.1 US GOVERNMENT FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 1. What country has the oldest written constitution in the world? a. England b. France c. Greece d. United States e. Venezuela Score: 2. John Adams and many others who would end up writing the founding documents of America believed in a system, which is known as a, where the people would set up and agree upon the basic rules and procedures that would govern them. a. minority right b. rule of law c. constitutional system d. social contract e. faction 3. What ancient British legal principle holds that all people are equal before the law, all are subject to it, and no one is above it? a. rule of law b. stare decisis c. positivism d. human rights e. habeas corpus Page 1 of 34

4. The Framers drew on the ideas of the British political philosophers in perceiving the relationship between government and the governed as a social contract. a. Charles Darwin and William Montague b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Niccolò Machiavelli c. Michel Foucault and Herbert Marcuse d. Thomas Aquinas and Alexis de Tocqueville e. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke 5. The right to life, liberty, and property, according to John Locke, are rights, rights so fundamental that government cannot take them away. a. inalienable b. constitutional c. human d. natural e. worldwide 6. Unlike Athens, the early United States had a population of nearly 4 million people, which made direct democracy impractical. Instead, the Framers created a a. dictatorship. b. direct democracy. c. representative democracy. d. socialist government. e. monarchy. 7. A republic is a form of government in which power derives from a. a supreme mandate of the masses, rather than from divine right. b. the citizens but their representatives make policy and govern. c. the majoritarian consensus of all citizens. d. sectarian violence. e. none of these. Page 2 of 34

8. According to the U.S. Constitution, power is channeled into three different branches of government:,, and. a. executive; economic; legislative b. legislative; executive; judicial c. judicial; legislative; military d. executive; federalism; legislative e. judicial; executive; liberal 9. Shortly after the ratification of the Constitution, people began to form competing groups called, which were organized to win elections. a. factions b. sectarians c. political parties d. interest groups e. political action committees 10. To ensure that one branch does not become too powerful, the Constitution divides power among the three branches to create a system of a. checks and balances. b. federalism. c. separation of powers. d. majority rule. e. democracy. 11. When people have a fairly consistent set of views over a range of policy choices, they are said to have a political ideology. With regard to political ideology, most Americans are a. conservatives. b. liberals. c. libertarians. d. moderates. e. populists. Page 3 of 34

12. A shared way of thinking about community and government and the relationship between them is called political culture. American political culture is founded upon a. individualism. b. capitalism. c. egalitarianism. d. limited regulation of businesses. e. all of these. 13. Public policy is the intentional action by government to achieve a goal. Groups of citizens who share a common interest by trying to influence public policy to benefit themselves are known as a. party identification groups. b. interest groups. c. policy agenda groups. d. populists. e. moderates. 14. In monarchies, autocracies, and oligarchies, a single person or small elite rules society. These systems are by definition a. democratic. b. undemocratic. c. fascist. d. monopolistic. e. anarchist. 15. The idea that each citizen must have a chance to have his or her voice heard in government is the root of a. political economy. b. self determination. c. political culture. d. political equality. e. civil society. Page 4 of 34

16. According to the Preamble of the Constitution, the functions of government include all of these EXCEPT a. establish justice. b. promote economic security. c. provide for the common defense. d. promote the general welfare. e. insure domestic tranquility. 17. provide the most common way to remove elected officials and are the primary mechanisms for forging responsiveness. a. Elections b. Impeachments c. Interest groups d. Political parties e. The courts 18. interest is the idea that citizens get involved in the political process because they want to be part of the voluntary organizations of civil society that enable communities to flourish. a. Civic b. Civil c. Political d. Pluralist e. Self- Page 5 of 34

19. John Locke suggests people have certain natural (or inalienable) rights that government cannot take away, including the right to life, liberty, and property. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson substituted in place of property. a. order b. just compensation c. national security d. the pursuit of happiness e. interstate commerce 20. The Declaration of Independence a. declared the right of the people to alter or abolish government. b. declared the colonies' independence from Britain. c. contained a stirring call for equality and human rights. d. contained a stirring call for public participation in government. e. did all of these. 21. The United States of America was formally established under the Articles of Confederation. Due to the fear of a powerful central government, the Articles of Confederation emphasized over order. a. the right of secession b. the power of the people c. freedom from national authority d. a strong central government e. strong civil liberties 22. The limited scope of power afforded to Congress under the Articles of Confederation included all but which of the following? a. Each state had one vote in Congress. b. No national judiciary existed. c. Congress needed consent from 9 of the 13 states to pass any legislation. d. A single state such as Rhode Island could block the passage of an amendment. e. Congress did not have the power to regulate Indian affairs. Page 6 of 34

23. Some of the issues that confronted the delegates to the Philadelphia convention included several areas of compromise, including large state versus small state representation. Under the Virginia Plan, each legislative chamber would have representation proportional to the population of the states, meaning that a. the smaller the population, the more representation a state would have. b. each state would have equal representation regardless of size. c. each state would vie for representation in open national elections. d. the larger the population, the more representation a state would have. e. none of these statements are true. 24. Some of the issues that confronted the delegates to the Philadelphia convention included several areas of compromise,including large state versus small state representation.under the New Jersey Plan, each state would have equal representation, meaning that a. regardless of population, each state would have an equal say in Congress. b. states with larger populations would have a larger say in Congress. c. states with smaller populations would have less of a say in Congress. d. states with a higher population of slaves would have a larger say in Congress. e. none of these statements are true. 25. Under the Connecticut Compromise, a. the House of Representatives would be proportional to population, but the Senate would represent each state equally. b. the Senate would be proportional to population, but the House of Representatives would represent each state equally. c. the House of Representatives and the Senate would have equal representation. d. the House of Representatives and the Senate would have proportional representation. e. Connecticut would be considered a state. Page 7 of 34

26. Under the, states were granted extra representation based on the number of slaves they held. a. slavery population clause b. equal population compromise c. three-fifths compromise d. five-eighths compromise e. census clause 27. The Framers did not trust the people, so they created which two important gates against popular influence: the election of the president and the election of the Senate. Rather than directly electing the president through a popular vote, the Constitution created the, in which the president is indirectly chosen by electors. a. College of the Cardinals b. Proportional Representation c. Electoral Council d. Council of Representatives e. Electoral College 28. The Constitution established a bicameral Congress, which means that a. it is popularly elected. b. all members are elected every two years. c. it consists of two chambers. d. all hearings are opened to the public. e. all hearings are closed to the public. 29. The sole power of impeachment belongs to a. the House of Representatives. b. the Senate. c. the Supreme Court. d. the Council of Impeachers. e. the states. Page 8 of 34

30. The Senate has the sole authority to a. try cases of impeachment. b. ratify treaties. c. confirm executive branch appointments. d. confirm judicial branch appointments. e. do all of these. 31. The Constitution provides the president with a general grant of and certain specific powers. a. legislative powers b. executive powers c. judicial powers d. war powers e. police powers 32. The president appoints federal judges with the advice and consent of the a. House of Representatives. b. Senate. c. people. d. state legislatures e. judiciary. 33. The Constitution vests all judicial authority of the United States in one and other inferior courts. a. Appeals Court b. Court of Recusal c. Supreme Court d. District Court e. Constitutional Court Page 9 of 34

34. Federal judges are appointed for a term of "good behavior," which means that they hold their seats a. for a term of six years. b. at the pleasure of the president. c. for a term of twenty years. d. for life. e. for none of these. 35. In the historical case Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court first exercised its authority to strike down laws passed by Congress, which is known as a. basic law. b. advisory opinion. c. judicial oversight. d. stare decisis. e. judicial review. 36. One way to amend the Constitution allows of the states to request a national constitutional convention that can propose amendments that go into effect when approved by of the states. a. two-thirds; three-fourths b. three-fourths; two-thirds c. two-thirds; all d. three-fourths; all e. all; three-fourths Page 10 of 34

37. By the time the state ratifying conventions started meeting, two distinct camps had formed: those who supported the Constitution called, and those who opposed the Constitution, who became known as. a. Nationalists; Secessionists b. Nationalists; Abolitionists c. Federalists; Antifederalists d. Federalists; Secessionists e. Federalists; Abolitionists 38. Which amendments are referred to as the Civil War Amendments? a. Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Amendments b. Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments c. Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Amendments d. Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First Amendments e. Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, and Twenty-Third Amendments 39. Constitutional amendments have increased access to government in all of these ways EXCEPT a. ensuring equal rights for all regardless of race or gender. b. ensuring voting rights for women. c. allowing for the direct election of senators. d. ensuring equal protection under the law. e. abolishing slavery. 40. In a, independent states grant powers to a national government. a. unitary system b. confederal system c. federal system d. proportional system e. feudal system Page 11 of 34

41. In a, virtually all power goes to the national government. a. confederal system b. federal system c. unitary system d. system of self-government e. multifederal system 42. A system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between the national and state governments is known as a. the supremacy clause. b. implied powers. c. states rights. d. federalism. e. a confederal system 43. The Framers feared that too much power in any government would lead to a. autocracy. b. monarchy. c. tyranny. d. meritocracy. e. socialism. 44. Under the Constitution - Article 1, Section 8-, Congress was not granted general legislative power, but rather, powers, that is, an explicit list of powers in which it could engage. a. absolute b. enumerated c. inherent d. implied e. necessary Page 12 of 34

45. Which of the following was among the list of Congressional powers? a. the authority to tax to provide for the general welfare b. the authority to regulate commerce among the states and with foreign nations c. the authority to borrow money d. the authority to declare war, raise armies, and maintain a navy e. all of these 46. The, as part of the Constitution under Article I, Section 8, establishes the exclusive authority of Congress to regulate commerce among the states and prohibits the states from establishing trade barriers, or leveling unequal taxes against goods from another state a. necessary and proper clause b. general welfare clause c. commerce clause d. full faith and credit clause e. supremacy clause 47. Congress exercises its implied powers through the, which gives Congress the power to pass laws that are related to the enumerated powers. a. general welfare clause. b. privileges and immunities clause. c. equal protection clause. d. full faith and credit clause. e. necessary and proper clause. 48. Congress did not receive the authority to veto state laws, but the Constitution declared that a. states can nullify national laws. b. state and national laws would have equal standing. c. national law would be supreme. d. state law would be supreme. e. two-thirds of the states could veto national law. Page 13 of 34

49. The clause makes the Constitution of the United States, plus all laws and treaties made under the Constitution, superior to state law. a. commerce b. confrontation c. guarantee d. republican e. supremacy 50. All powers not granted to Congress remain with the states, as made explicit in the Amendment to the Constitution. a. Fourth b. Sixth c. Ninth d. Tenth e. Thirteenth 51. The reserve powers of the states, sometimes referred to as the, include the powers to protect the safety,health, and welfare of citizens. a. concurrent powers b. national powers c. people powers d. police powers e. safety powers 52. Which of the following remain almost exclusively within state authority? a. marriage and divorce law b. insurance regulations c. professional licensing d. prosecuting state crimes e. all of these Page 14 of 34

53. Powers held by both the national and state governments in a federal system are called a. concurrent powers. b. denied powers. c. police powers. d. enumerated powers. e. express powers. 54. The Constitution prohibits the state governments from a. passing bills of attainder. b. passing ex post facto laws. c. taxing imports and exports. d. entering into any treaty or alliance with foreign nations. e. all of these. 55. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits states from denying a. voting rights on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. b. due process of law. c. equal protection of the law. d. the right to assembly. e. the right to privacy. 56. The, which passed in 1868, prohibits states from denying any person due process and the equal protection of the laws. a. Tenth Amendment b. Eleventh Amendment c. Twelfth Amendment d. Thirteenth Amendment e. Fourteenth Amendment Page 15 of 34

57. Under current U.S. law, if a heterosexual couple is married in Las Vegas, they are married in all 50 states due to the of the Constitution. a. general welfare clause b. interstate commerce clause c. full faith and credit clause d. equal protection clause e. necessary and proper clause 58. The right of the states to reject national laws that would be beyond the powers granted in the Constitution is referred to as a. direct democracy. b. a unitary system. c. states rights. d. nullification. e. none of these. 59. Supporters of states' rights, such as Thomas Jefferson, believed that the central focus of power rests with a. the states. b. the federal government. c. the people. d. the Congress. e. the townships. 60. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power to create a bank due to the a. necessary and proper clause. b. full faith and credit clause. c. privileges and immunities clause. d. interstate commerce clause. e. fugitive slave clause. Page 16 of 34

61. Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court fostered the view that the system of government was - centered. a. state b. nation c. people d. township e. county 62. During the Civil War, Lincoln used his power as commander in chief to issue the, which prohibited slavery in states under rebellion, as slave labor was an asset to the Confederate army. a. Articles of Proclamation b. Declaration of Independence c. Emancipation Proclamation d. Fugitive Slave Act e. Personal Liberty Act 63. In 1857, the Supreme Court sided with the states rights supporters, declaring in that Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in the territories. a. Dred Scott v. Sandford b. Prigg v. Pennsylvania c. Brown v. Board of Education d. Marbury v. Madison e. none of these Page 17 of 34

64. Vice President John C. Calhoun argued that states had the right to nullify laws as well as secede from the union if they desired. To secede means that the state(s) a. disobey an act of Congress. b. fail to enforce the full faith and credit clause. c. fail to enforce the fugitive slave clause. d. formally leave the union. e. do none of these. 65. The Amendment prohibited slavery throughout the nation. a. Eleventh b. Thirteenth c. Fourteenth d. Fifteenth e. Seventeenth 66. federalism recognizes that while the national government is supreme in some spheres, the state governments remain supreme in others, with layers of authority separate from one another, an arrangement that political scientists compared to a layer cake. a. Confrontational b. Cooperative c. Dual d. Multi e. State-centered 67. In 1932, was elected president having promised a New Deal to Americans who had lost their jobs, their homes, and their savings in the Great Depression. a. Abraham Lincoln b. Benjamin Franklin c. Franklin Roosevelt d. George Washington e. Theodore Roosevelt Page 18 of 34

68. The Johnson administration gave money to the states for its programs through, which was money for the states to use on what the national government wanted. a. block grants b. Pell Grants c. categorical grants d. piece-meal grants e. marque grants 69. The Nixon administration began a trend, labeled as, of shifting powers back to the states. a. dual federalism b. new federalism c. fiscal federalism d. cooperative federalism e. layer cake federalism 70. President Reagan cut back on categorical grants and replaced them with, which are more flexible and set fewer restrictions on how the states can use the money. a. free grants b. marque grants c. Pell Grants d. categorical grants e. block grants 71. Those rights that are so fundamental that they are outside the authority of government to regulate are known as a. civil liberties. b. civil rights. c. direct freedoms. d. negative freedoms. e. positive freedoms. Page 19 of 34

72. The consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution. It placed into law some of the natural rights that Thomas Jefferson spoke about in the Declaration of Independence. a. Articles of Confederatiom b. Bill of Rights c. pamphlet Common Sense d. Magna Carta e. Petition of Rights 73. If a majority wishes to abridge rights, it often falls to the, which is not designed to be responsive to public desires, to protect those rights. a. bureaucracy b. executive branch c. legislature d. judiciary e. president 74. The articles of the Constitution protect civil liberties in all of the following EXCEPT a. writ of habeas corpus. b. ex post facto laws. c. bills of attainder. d. bills of libel. e. trial by jury. 75. The Constitution protects the right to a. trial by jury. b. freedom of expression. c. freedom of press. d. freedom of assembly. e. all of these. Page 20 of 34

76. As originally written, the Bill of Rights limited the activities of the national government, not the state governments. The Supreme Court applied the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states through the process of a. emancipation. b. dispersion. c. incorporation. d. ratification. e. reification. 77. All of the following rights have been incorporated EXCEPT a. quartering of soldiers. b. keeping and bearing arms. c. freedom of speech. d. unreasonable search and seizure. e. double jeopardy. 78. Beginning in 1897, the Supreme Court slowly began to use the protection of life, liberty, or property in the Fourteenth Amendment s clause to incorporate some of the provisions of the Bill of Rights as binding on the states. a. due process b. equal protection c. full faith and credit d. interstate commerce e. presentation Page 21 of 34

79. During times of war, the government's increased concern for order and citizens' increased concerns about security generally find civil liberties being limited. During World War I, Congress passed the Act of 1917, which made it a crime to obstruct military recruiting. a. Espionage b. Freedom c. Sedition d. Smith e. USA PATRIOT 80. In the mid-1960s,, the counterintelligence program of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), infiltrated and disrupted groups that expressed opposition to mainline American policies, including antiwar groups, civil rights groups, left-wing groups, and white supremacy groups. a. ATF b. CIA c. COINTELPRO d. NASA e. TSA 81. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Act, which overturned many of the COINTELPRO reforms, by allowing greater sharing of intelligence information and enhancing law enforcement s ability to tap telephone and e-mail communications. a. Espionage b. Freedom c. Sedition d. Smith e. USA PATRIOT Page 22 of 34

82. Normally, wiretapping requires a warrant signed by a judge or magistrate backed by that a crime is being committed. a. absolute certainty b. preponderance of the evidence c. probable cause d. reasonable cause e. reasonable suspicion 83. What First Amendment test requires the state to prove there is a high likelihood that the speech in question would lead to a danger that Congress has the right to prevent? a. necessary and proper test b. Lemon test c. equal protection test d. clear and present danger test e. Miller test 84. In the 1960s, the Supreme Court ruled that certain types of nonverbal activities, such as flag burning, saluting the flag, or students wearing black armbands to school, were protected under the First Amendment as a. symbolic speech. b. direct speech. c. fighting words. d. hate speech. e. public speech. 85. originally protected individuals only against the national government, and, at the time, only two states, Virginia and Rhode Island, had unqualified religious freedom. a. Civil liberties b. Symbolic speech c. The free exercise clause d. The clear and present danger test e. Incorporation Page 23 of 34

86. The clause of the First Amendment prevents Congress from recognizing one church by law as the nation s official church, as Britain had done with the Anglican (Episcopal) Church. a. establishment b. free exercise c. full faith and credit d. interstate commerce e. presentation 87. Opponents of gun rights believe that the clause limits the right to own a gun. a. clear and present danger b. due process c. well-regulated militia d. establishment e. free exercise 88. The amendments that protect the rights of the criminally accused include all of the following EXCEPT the Amendment. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Sixth d. Eighth e. Tenth 89. If the police conduct a search later found to be unconstitutional, the holds that evidence collected during the search cannot be used in trial. a. exclusionary rule b. rule of evidence c. Fifth Amendment d. full faith and credit clause e. Seventh Amendment Page 24 of 34

90. The Constitutional right inferred by the Court that has been used to protect unlisted rights such as sexual privacy is known as the a. right to privacy. b. right against self-incrimination. c. right to counsel. d. right to assembly. e. right to bear arms. 91. Congress is ; that is, it is divided into two separate chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. a. bicameral b. bifurcated c. bisected d. divided e. unified 92. The Framers listed the powers of the legislature in the Constitution because they were afraid that the legislative branch would. a. stop being responsive to the people b. become too powerful c. become beholden to special interests d. be manipulated by the other two branches e. create unconstitutional laws 93. By setting the size of House of Representatives by population and the Senate equal regardless of population, the Framers ensured that. a. large states could not control the legislative agenda b. small states could control the legislative agenda c. the House could override the will of the states d. the Senate could override the will of the people e. the president could largely ignore the Congress Page 25 of 34

94. To be a member of the House of Representatives, an individual must. a. be at least 25 years old b. be a U.S. citizen c. have been a U.S. citizen for seven years prior to running for office d. reside in the state that he or she represents e. fulfill all of these 95. To be a senator, an individual must a. be appointed by the governor of the state that he or she represents. b. be at least 35 years old. c. be a U.S. citizen. d. have been a U.S. citizen for twelve years prior to running for office. e. fulfill all of these. 96. What is the term of office for U.S. senators? a. 2 years b. 4 years c. 6 years d. 8 years e. 10 years 97. What is the term of office for members of the House of Representatives? a. 2 years b. 4 years c. 6 years d. 8 years e. 10 years Page 26 of 34

98. The Act of 1965 prohibited states and political subdivisions from denying or abridging the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. a. Civil Rights b. Equal Protection c. Judiciary d. Omnibus e. Voting Rights 99. Since 1959, when Hawaii and Alaska joined the union, the Senate has had members. a. 50 b. 100 c. 270 d. 435 e. 535 100. To gain control of the Senate a party must have senators. a. 51 b. 66 c. 50 d. 52 e. 63 101. Article II, Section 1, of the Constitution states that the president must be at least 35 years old, a resident of the United States for at least fourteen years, and. a. a natural born citizen b. a naturalized citizen c. an officer in the military d. a former member of the Senate e. a former governor Page 27 of 34

102., the hero of the Revolutionary War, whom the Framers had in mind for the office, helped shape the idea of what a president should be. a. Benjamin Franklin b. George Washington c. James Madison d. John Adams e. Thomas Jefferson 103. According to the constitution, who becomes president when the president is removed from office by death, resignation, or inability to perform the duties of the office? a. Attorney General b. president pro tempore c. Secretary of State d. Speaker of the House e. vice president 104. By not following the precedent set by George Washington of only running for two terms, 's fourth term in office prompted the Senate to propose the Twenty-Second Amendment that limits the president to two terms. a. Woodrow Wilson b. Franklin D. Roosevelt c. Theodore Roosevelt d. Dwight D. Eisenhower e. Grover Cleveland 105. Under the power of, the president directs all war efforts and military conflict. a. commander of the armed forces b. supreme leader and chief c. commander in chief d. man at arms e. commodore of the admiralty Page 28 of 34

106. The president has the power to bills passed by Congress before they become law by refusing to sign them and sending them back to the chamber in which they originated with his objections. a. approve b. commute c. override d. proclaim e. veto 107. To counter the power of the veto, the Framers gave Congress the veto, the power to overturn a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in each chamber. a. approval b. commutation c. override d. proclamation e. veto 108. At the highest level of federal office, two presidents and have been impeached, but neither was convicted by the Senate, and both remained in office. a. Bill Clinton; John Wilkes Booth b. Andrew Johnson; Bill Clinton c. Thomas Jefferson; Andrew Johnson d. Richard Nixon; Bill Clinton e. Abraham Lincoln; John F. Kennedy 109. Where does the process of removal begin for the president, vice president, and all civil officers (including cabinet secretaries and federal judges)? a. House of Representatives b. Senate c. executive branch d. Supreme Court e. all of these Page 29 of 34

110. If impeachment proceedings are initiated, who holds the trial? a. House of Representatives b. Senate c. Senate Judiciary Committee d. Supreme Court e. Special Prosecutor 111. How many presidents have been impeached? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 5 112. In, the government prosecutes an individual for breaking the law. a. appeals b. civil suits c. class action lawsuits d. criminal cases e. probate court 113. The Supreme Court granted itself the power of judicial review in the case of a. Brown v. Board of Education. b. Gibbons v. Ogden. c. Marbury v. Madison. d. McCulloch v. Maryland. e. Roe v. Wade. Page 30 of 34

114. When a court declares that a law passed by Congress and acts of executive branch are unconstitutional, it is exercising. a. judicial restraint b. judicial review c. judicial ordinance d. judicial oversight e. judicial impact 115. Where in the Constitution is the equal protection clause? a. Article I b. Article III c. Article IV d. Fourteenth Amendment e. Fifteenth Amendment 116. Under the Constitution, accused criminals in federal courts have a right to indictment by a, a specially empanelled jury consisting of between sixteen and twenty-three citizens who determine whether the government has sufficient evidence to charge the suspect with a crime. a. grand jury b. judicial review c. judiciary committee d. prosecutorial committee e. supreme jury 117. is an agreement by a criminal defendant to plead guilty in return for a reduced sentence. a. Criminal case b. Plea bargain c. Grand jury d. Common law e. Appeal Page 31 of 34

118. The decision in expanded national power in two ways: by granting the national government the right to create a bank through the necessary and proper clause, and by limiting state power by denying the states the authority to tax activities of the national government. a. Brown v. Board of Education b. Dred Scott v. Sandford c. Gibbons v. Ogden d. Marbury v. Madison e. McCulloch v. Maryland 119. In, the Supreme Court declared that no black person could be an American citizen and that Congress did not have the authority to regulate slavery in the territories. a. Brown v. Board of Education b. Dred Scott v. Sandford c. Gibbons v. Ogden d. Marbury v. Madison e. McCulloch v. Maryland 120. Following the Civil War, Congress passed and the states ratified the Amendment, which overturned the Dred Scott case by making all persons born in the United States citizens of the United States. The amendment further prevented states from denying any person due process of law or the equal protection of the laws and from abridging the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. a. Tenth b. Twelfth c. Thirteenth d. Fourteenth e. Fifteenth Page 32 of 34

121. The Constitution spells out in some detail the workings of the, which chooses the president. a. Electoral College b. Federal Election Commission c. House of Representatives d. Senate e. state legislatures 122. The right to vote is referred to as and is also called the franchise. a. apathy b. efficacy c. filibuster d. suffrage e. turnout 123. After the Civil War, voting rights were extended to African American males in the Amendment. a. Thirteenth b. Fourteenth c. Fifteenth d. Nineteenth e. Twenty-First 124. Southern state legislatures, no longer under federal authority, passed segregation laws that denied African Americans basic political rights, in an era known as a. the Civil Rights Era. b. the Enlightenment. c. Jim Crow. d. the Progressive Era. e. Reconstruction. Page 33 of 34

125. To strengthen protections of the franchise, in 1965, Congress passed the Act, which effectively ended literacy tests and other strategies that had discriminated against African Americans at the polls and gave the Justice Department the authority to supervise voter registration in locales that had discriminated. a. Civil Rights b. Equal Voting c. Federal Rights d. Smith e. Voting Rights 126. Compared to other democracies, voter turnout in the United States is a. about the same. b. consistent. c. extremely high. d. moderate. e. low. 127. The is an important gateway that allows the public to influence politics and politicians to influence the public. a. campaign b. primary election c. election d. debate e. registration drive Page 34 of 34