Revolutions Review American Revolution (1776-1783) -war of independence against a mother country -Causes -1. Enlightenment Ideas -Montesquieu-separation of powers and checks and balances -Locke-natural rights and social contract -Rousseau-social contract -2. Seven Years War/French and Indian War (1756-1763 or 1754-1763) -occurred over the Ohio River Valley Region in the U.S. -fur trade was an issue as well as other colonial concerns -British won -Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war -gave the British control of Canada and French territories, Spain got Louisiana Territory -Britain got control over India -created two problems: -1. Possible renewed conflict with Native Americans due to expanding frontier -2. Heavy debt form war led to increased taxes -3. British Policies -Proclamation of 1763 -established western limit for settlement -Taxation issues -fundraising efforts occurred in the colonies -Stamp Act of 1765 -Tea Act of 1773 -led to the Boston Tea Party -colonial activists insisted they needed direct representation in the English Parliament -argued taxation without representation was going on -Key Figures -George Washington -Thomas Jefferson -Key Events -early events -Boston Massacre in 1770 -Boston Tea Party in 1773 -Battles of Lexington and Concord -Continental Congress created in 1775 -popular support grew with things like Thomas Paine s Common Sense -Declaration of Independence -Enlightenment inspired document -affirmed popular sovereignty and individual rights
-people had the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness -all Enlightenment Ideas -Revolutionary forces used guerilla war and help from foreign countries like France and Spain to defeat the British by 1783 -Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 to end war -results -Constitution written -reflected Enlightenment ideas -protection of private property -checks and balances -separation of powers -civil liberties and rights -social change did not really happen -slavery still present -women still could not vote -first anti-imperial revolution -served as an inspiration elsewhere French Revolution (1789-1799) -challenge/revolt against the established political and social structure (wanted to end absolutism and feudal remnants) -Long Term Causes -1. Enlightenment -political theories of Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and other philosophers were popular -criticism grew against government inefficiency, corruption, and privileges of the aristocracy -French people upset that they had no representation in the government -2. Unfair Social Classes -France based around a system called the Estates General -First Estate-Clergy -20 percent of land owned despite being only 100,000 people and exempt from taxes -Second Estate-Nobility -300,000 people, but owned 25 percent of the land, were exempt from taxes, and had special privileges -Third Estate-Everyone Else -95% of the population -paid almost all of the taxes (land tax, church tax, income tax, salt tax, etc.) -had feudal obligations to honor -middle class upset and wanted more power
-3. Famine -1780s had tons of crop failures, which resulted in a shortage in grain thus raising the price of bread -led to massive starvation and peasant unrest -also had harsh winters due to the continued Little Ice Age -Short Term -1. Budget issues -France had enormous debt (half the budget was being used to pay off the debt) and other spending problems -the monarchy borrowed recklessly to pursue wars and high living -when more money was needed in the 1780s, the monarchy asked the nobility for more and they refused -King Louis XVI was forced to summon the Estates General (a congress of all the estates) to meet at his palace at Versailles to deal with the financial crisis -Key Figures -Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette -Maximillian Robespierre -Jean Paul Marat -Napoleon Bonaparte -Key Events -Constitutional Monarchy Stage (1789-1792) -1. Estates General Meeting (May-June 1789) -declared themselves to be a legitimate governing body and challenged the authority of the king -assumed sovereign power for the nation and called themselves the National Assembly -decided to write a constitution -2. Events of 1789 -mobs of angry Parisians that were starving and tired of inequality stormed the symbol of absolutism in Paris, the Bastille, on July 14, 1789 -peasants in the country side began to take over nobles estates and attack property -women in Paris in October, 1789 marched to the King s palace, Versailles, took him back to Paris and made him a prisoner of the city until they were executed in 1793-3. Reforms of the National Assembly -issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (August 26, 1789) -announced basic rights that were inspired by the Enlightenment -abolished all remaining features of feudalism -abolished the tithe for the Catholic Church -created a constitutional monarchy and limited the King s power -completely abolished the nobility -secularized the state (no religion) -made a new constitution in 1791
-4. War -many figures in France rose up against these changes and various foreign nations were appalled -nations of Europe joined together against France and would be at war until 1815 -Second Stage: Radical Stage/Reign of Terror (1792-1795) -Key events -5. Establishment of New Government -in 1792, the French government reformed itself into a republic -no more monarchy would be allowed -would be based on liberty, equality, and fraternity -King executed in January of 1793, Queen in October -because of this action, more resistance formed and more countries began to invade -6. Reign of Terror -with counterrevolutionary forces across the country and France at war with most of Europe, radicals called Jacobins took over the government -established the Committee of Public Safety led by the figures Robespierre and Marat -this was an emergency executive that took dictatorial power to stop chaos -influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau s idea of the general will -took radical actions -killed all suspected enemies with the use of the guillotine -instituted a military draft that raised 800,000 men for war -abolished slavery -de-christianized the country -cult of reason -price controls put in place and government controlled the economy -7. Overthrow -people grew fearful and tired of the Reign of Terror and Robespierre was overthrown in July 1794 -Directory Stage -key events -8. Return to normal -French government now moved to a Directory -a rule of five directors/presidents over the country -Directory became corrupt though and abused its power -9. Napoleon Bonaparte s Rise -taking advantage of the dissatisfaction with the government, the figure Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799 using a military coup
-Results -Rule of Napoleon -ruled France as a consul from 1799-1804, when he became an emperor until 1815 -implemented a new law code called the Napoleonic Code that had Enlightenment ideas -no increase of rights for women though -established a police state in France to ensure he kept power -went on wars of expansion across Europe, taking over most of it by 1812 -eventually defeated by a coalition of European powers, and exiled in 1815 -Congress of Vienna in 1815 reestablished the monarchy in France, punished France, and attempted to ensure the ideas from the French Revolution did not spread -also established a balance of power idea -ideas spread across the world -idea of nationalism grew as well as liberalism -idea of a nation-state now, which spread Haitian Revolution (1789-1804) -Causes -1. Enlightenment Ideas -2. French Revolution Inspiration -revolutionary events in France influenced people in Haiti to revolt -created chaos in the established order -led to two groups: -Plantation owners -wanted to obtain independence and greater control over economy -Creoles and Mixed Race Groups -wanted political equality with Whites -neither wanted freedom for slaves -3. Slavery/Plantation System -was a French colony and very wealthy with plantations -produced sugar, cotton, indigo, and coffee -produced nearly 1/3 of all French trade and 2/3 of tropical goods -slavery was very cruel in Haiti -Key Figures -Toussaint L Ouverture
-Key Events -1. Slave Revolt (1791-1800) -slave rebellion started in 1791 with plantations -plantations destroyed, masters killed, and crops burned -leader emerged named Toussaint L Ouverture -crated a military force -defeated slave owners by 1800, and Toussaint took power -made a constitution in 1801 that granted citizenship and equality for all residents -did not declare independence from France yet -2. Anti-Imperial Revolt (1801-1804) -Napoleon had taken over France by this point -wanting to restore order in Haiti, he sent military troops in -Toussaint was arrested and died in prison -slave forces rose up and began to defeat French forces -were heavily aided by yellow fever that swept through their ranks -independence declared in 1804 -results -first independent black republic -massive economic problems occurred -violence and chaos occurred throughout the rest of the 19 th century and into the 20 th -British were inspired to end the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in 1833 -white plantation owners elsewhere were fearful Latin American (1800-1825) -Causes -1. Enlightenment inspiration -2. Creole Issues -by this point, they outnumbered peninsulares, but had less rights -also resented control by the mother countries -well read in Enlightenment philosophy -wanted political rights that were equal to their political accomplishments -wanted political independence, but not social reform -a conservative revolution -3. Napoleon -Napoleon s wars of expansion crated chaos in Spain and Portugal -invasion in 1807 of Spain and Portugal resulted in instability, which led to military leaders taking control in Spanish colonies with institutions called Juntas -also led to new economic wealth and profit
-Key Figures -Simon Bolivar -Jose San Martin -Key Events -1. Bolivar s Revolution -started in the Venezuela area -Simon Bolivar, a creole military officer, raised support to win victories against Spanish forces in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador -wanted to unite all of South America under one government, but different interests led to a failure in this effort -Bolivar wrote the Jamaica Letter, attacking mercantilist ideas and advocating for political rights -2. San Martin -Started in Argentina -Jose de San Martin led military forces against Spanish forces in Argentina, Chile, and Peru -won victories and attempted to unite these areas like Bolivar -failed to do so -however, by 1825, all of Spanish America was free though -3. Brazil -plantation owners were afraid of a large slave rebellion here -Portuguese royal family fled here after Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807 -King Pedro I took the initiative to present an uprising and declared Brazil an independent nation in 1822 -was a monarchy, but a written constitution was allowed for -slavery kept until 1881 -Results -independence from Spain by 1825 for all areas -not much social change -mostly the Creole elite, plantation owners, and merchants benefited -stage set for later revolutions and movements since not everyone was helped Mexico-1810 -causes -1. Enlightenment ideas -2. Crop failures and disease -3. High unemployment from the people -4. Inequality in terms of land ownership -5. Unrest from Napoleonic Wars
-Key Figures -Miguel Hidalgo -Jose Maria Morelos -Key Events -1. Uprising led by Hidalgo -Miguel Hidalgo started the revolution in 1810 with a mass uprising -targeted Spanish officials and wealthy Creoles -Creoles turned on Hidalgo, crushed the rebellion, captured him, and executed him in 1811-2. Jose Maria Morelos -continued Hidalgo s actions, but also executed in 1815-3. Independence -wanting independence from Spain, Creole military officials made an agreement with the rebellious peasants and declared a republic in 1821 -Results -chaotic political system -coups common as well as military rule and dictatorships despite being declared a republic -Foreign investments and involvement still present -Size reduced in half -Central American regions broke off and Texas gained independence -also lost territories to the U.S. in the Mexican-American War in the 1840s -economic problems persisted -no rights for lower classes Mexico-1910 -Causes -1. Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915) -Diaz had used terror and corruption to maintain power between 1876-1910 -allowed foreign interests into the country -2. Inequality -95% of the peasantry owned no land, fewer than 200 Mexican families owned 25% of land -only the upper classes had any real rights and power -people also going hungry while plenty of land was available to fix this -3. Foreign Investments -Foreign investors owned 20-25% of the land and territory
-Key Figures -Emiliano Zapata -Pancho Villa -Key Events -1. Revolt happened in 1910 -peasants rose up in anger when Diaz tried to run for the presidency again -2.Regional leaders emerged -Zapata -advocated for Land and Liberty -freedoms for the people and equal land distribution -peasants began to seize large sugar estates with these ideas in their heads -Zapata assassinated in 1919 -Villa -also advocated for land reform -attacked foreign interests in Mexico, namely the United States -3. Constitution of 1917 -chaos died down when conservative leaders took control -constitution passed that increased rights -minimum wages and minimum hours -social benefits -restrictions placed on the Catholic Church and clergy -restrictions placed on foreign interests -some land reform, 3 million acres redistributed -results -heavy inspiration for other Latin American countries -true land reform did not come until the 1930s -15 million dead Chinese Revolution of 1911 and 1949 -Causes -1. Weakened Qing Dynasty -British imperialism in the region, rebellions, and Japanese invasions had weakened the regime significantly -2. British Imperialism -people were tired of foreign nations controlling China s trade and economy -3. Enlightenment ideas of representative government for 1911 -Sun Yat Sen crated a Revolutionary Alliance in 1908 that advocated for three things: -Nationalism, Democracy, and People s Livelihood -4. Inequality
-most people still peasants and had no rights -Key Figures -Sun Yat-Sen -Chiang Kai Shek -Mao Zedong -Key Events: -1. Revolution in 1911 -civilians and army rose up against the state in 1911 -Qing Emperor overthrown -Sun Yat Sen s party, the Guomindang (National People s Party) inspired many individuals across the country -despite the popularity, China descended into chaos -warlords and regional rulers took control and the Japanese began to have more influence in China -2. Civil War -when Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925, party leadership passed to Chiang Kai-Shek and his nationalist supporters -unified China under his rule and then attempted to crush communists led by the figure Mao Zedong -Communists fought back, but the two sides put aside differences to deal with Japan during WWII -3. Communist Revolution-1949 -under the leadership of Mao, communists were able to defeat Chiang Kai-Shek and his forces and take over in 1949, creating a Communist country -Results -Communists took power -brutal civil war that killed many -Mao s policies hurt China economically and in terms of population
Russian-1917 -Causes -1. Backwardness in Russia -poor classes and inequality still existed -Russia lacked industrialized areas -2. Racial ideas -Vladimir Lenin developed socialism in Russia with new ideas -argued revolution could start at any time and that it needed a revolutionary elite to control it -3. Government was ineffective and inept -4. WWI led to further issues, casualties, and famine -straw that broke the camel s back -Key Figures: -Tsar Nicholas II -Vladimir Lenin -Joseph Stalin -Leon Trotsky -Key Events -1. February Revolution (1917) -initial support for WWI quickly turned south -in February 1917, revolts and strikes broke out across St. Petersburg and the army joined protestors -women rioted for bread in the streets -Tsar was forced to abdicate in March 1917 -a provisional government took over, which promised reforms after WWI was taken care of -2. October Revolution/Socialist Takeover (1917) -with people wanting more reforms, groups of soviets formed across Russia -councils of workers and soldiers -peasants began to seize aristocratic estates as well -with the chaos going on, Lenin arrived in Russia in April 1917 -had the idea of Peace, Land, and Bread written in his April Theses -called for a socialist revolution -an initial attempt at revolution failed in July 1917, but a second attempt in October succeeded -Lenin took control over the country -results -Lenin established an authoritarian government -police state established -reforms implemented -land reform for the peasants -end of WWI -bread given out
-not everyone was on board and a civil war broke out -western powers interfered -Red/communist forces won -first Communist country established -Stalin took over after Lenin and implemented very damaging policies for his country