Current Trends in Juvenile Incarceration Presented by Barry Krisberg April 25, 2012
NATIONAL TRENDS
Youth in Residential Placement, Counts, by Gender, 1975 2010 100,000 80,000 77,015 89,720 90,771 92,985 89,115 81,975 78,998 75,017 Male Female 60,000 57,679 64,424 72,611 61,358 40,000 57,078 20,000 17,192 14,243 15,667 19,035 16,717 17,917 14,284 14,508 15,104 14,556 13,723 11,797 9,434 0 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010 Numbers of youth in residential placement, both male and female, have declined steadily for at least 10 years. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ (for 1997 2010) Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20 year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for 1975 1995)
120,000 100,000 80,000 Youth in Residential Placement, Total Counts, 1975 2010 74,270 71,922 80,091 91,646 107,637 107,493 105,055 104,219 93,732 96,531 92,721 86,814 70,792 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010 Total numbers of youth in residential placement are now lower than they have been for 35 years. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011). "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ (for 1997 2010) Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20 year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for 1975 1995)
States with the Largest Declines in Residential Placement, between 1997 and 2010 Rank State % Change 1 Tennessee - 63% 2 Louisiana - 63% 3 Connecticut - 54% 4 Mississippi - 53% 5 New Jersey - 48% 6 Michigan - 46% 7 Wisconsin - 45% 8 New York - 43% 9 California - 42% 10 Arizona - 42% Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
Youth in Residential Placement, Rates, 1975 2010 450 400 350 300 250 241 251 290 357 359 381 356 355 355 306 295 278 225 200 150 100 50 0 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010 Rates of youth in residential placement have declined since 1995 and are lower now than 35 years ago. Sources: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ (for 1997 2010) Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20 year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for 1975 1995)
Youth in Detention Centers, Counts, 1997 2010 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 24,367 29,324 31,320 24,260 25,771 24,691 Male Female 20,312 15,000 10,000 5,000 4,690 5,516 7,421 5,495 5,158 4,927 3,807 0 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 2007 2010 Numbers of youth in detention centers, were lower in 2010 than any year since 1997. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
Youth in Residential Placement, Counts by Race*, 1997 and 2010 1997 2010 2% 2% White 1% 4% 18% 38% Black 22% 32% Hispanic 40% Asian Other 41% The portion of white youth in residential placement was lower in 2010 than in 1997, while the portion of youth of color was higher. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ * Other includes Native American, and Pacific Islander, as well as others.
Youth in Residential Placement, Counts by Age, 1997 and 2010 1997 2010 23% 12% 2% 5% 11% 20% 12 or younger 13 14 15 16 28% 14% 1% 3% 8% 18% 27% 17 18 to 20 28% Youth in residential placement were slightly older in 2010 than in 1997; there were more youth 16 and over. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
Youth in Residential Placement, Counts by Age, 1997 and 2010 18 to 20 9,931 12,649 17 19,990 24,564 16 19,540 28,201 15 12,604 21,237 14 5,955 11,578 13 2,079 4,648 12 or younger 693 2,178 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 1997 2010 Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C. (2011). "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
10% 9% 12% 1997 6% Youth in Residential Placement, Most Serious Offense, Counts, 1997 and 2010 30% 33% Person offenses Property offenses Drug offenses Public order offenses Technical violations Status offenses 12% 16% 7% 2010 The portion of youth in residential placement for person offenses increased from 1997 to 2010, while the portion for property, drugs, and status offenses declined. 4% 24% 37% Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,360,895 Juvenile Arrest Trends, Counts, 2001 2010 Total Male Female 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 998,238 362,657 1,040,453 733,955 306,498 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Juvenile arrests for both boys and girls have declined steadily for at least 10 years. Source: FBI, Crime in the United States 2000 2010, Table 33: Ten Year Arrest Trends. Note: includes all 29 offenses for which the FBI collects data (i.e., all Part I and II crimes).
9,000 Youth in Local Jails, Average Daily Population, 2000 2010 8,000 7,000 6,000 7,615 7,613 7,247 6,869 7,083 6,759 6,104 6,837 7,703 7,560 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The ADP of youth in local jails reached a low point in 2006 and has increased since then. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000 2010.
Youth in State Prison, Counts, 2000 2010 4,500 4,000 3,896 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 3,147 3,038 2,741 2,485 2,208 2,390 2,639 2,717 2,779 2,295 1,500 1,000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The counts of youth in state prisons declined from 2000 to 2006, increased until 2009, and declined again to 2010. * Youth are considered those under age 18. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000 2010.
Youth in Prisons, Counts by Gender, 2000 2010 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 3,721 3,010 2,927 2,627 2,375 2,118 2,286 2,523 2,626 2,645 2,217 Male Female 1,000 500 0 175 137 111 114 110 90 104 116 91 134 78 Youth in state prisons are mostly male. The number of girls in adult prisons declined from 175 in 2000 to 78 in 2010. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000 2010
Youth in State Prisons, Female Counts, 2000 2010 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 175 137 134 116 111 114 110 104 90 91 78 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 A closer look at the numbers for girls in prison shows a general decline between 2000 and 2010, with fluctuations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series, 2000 2010.
Highest State Rates of Juvenile Incarceration, 2010 Rates of youth per 100,000 in Residential Placement. Rates have been rounded to the nearest multiple of three. State of offense refers to where the juvenile committed the offense for which they are being held. Includes youth ages 10 through the upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction in each state. Rank State Rate per 100,000 1 South Dakota 575 2 Wyoming 440 3 Nebraska 378 4 Alaska 342 5 Oregon 319 6 Pennsylvania 316 7 West Virginia 316 8 Colorado 287 9 Indiana 276 10 California 271 Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
24% Youth in Detention Centers, by Most Serious Offense, Counts, 1997 and 2010 1997 2010 2% 30% Person offenses Property offenses Drug offenses 24% 2% 34% 10% 8% 26% Public order offenses Technical violations Status offenses 12% 6% 22% The portion of youth in detention centers for person offenses increased from 1997 to 2010, while the portion for property, drugs, and public order offenses declined. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/
Youth in Detention Centers, by Race, 1997 & 2010 Other API Hispanic Black 2010 1997 White 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Relative Rate Index In 2010, there were more Black youth in detention than in 1997, relative to White youth. For both periods, of all youth of color, only API youth had an RRI lower than 1. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ & Puzzanchera, C., Sladky, A. and Kang, W. (2011). Easy Access to Juvenile Populations: 1990 2010. Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezapop/
Youth in Residential Placement, by Race, 1997 & 2010 Other API Hispanic 2010 1997 Black White 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Relative Rate Index In 2010, there were more Other youth in placement than in 1997, relative to White youth. For both periods, of all youth of color, only API youth had an RRI lower than 1. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/ & Puzzanchera, C., Sladky, A. and Kang, W. (2011). Easy Access to Juvenile Populations: 1990 2010. Online. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezapop/
THE EXPERIENCES OF JDAI SITES
Warren Institute Study of JDAI Impact Commissioned by AECF to evaluate results in JDAI sites compared to their respective states and to the sites that were not part of the JDAI process. Compared site baseline years to 2010 and calculated the percent change. Used data from the JDAI Annual Results Report for the JDAI sites. Used data from the Census for Juveniles in Residential Placement for the states. Examined more than 80 sites in 23 states. Focused on ADP, commitments, and arrests (FBI data). Findings are preliminary, but informative.
Aggregate Percent Change in ADP Counts, Baseline Year to 2010 0% JDAI Sites Non JDAI Sites State Totals 10% 8% 20% 17% 30% 40% 41% 50% Comparing baseline years to 2010, Casey sites saw a drop in their detention populations that was 2.5 times greater than that of the state totals and 5 times greater than that for the non JDAI sites. Sources: Casey Annual Report 2010 (JDAI Sites), Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (States). * Non JDAI Sites were estimated based on a calculation of CJRP state total counts minus JDAI total counts.
Aggregate Percent Change in Commitment Counts, Baseline Year to 2010 0% JDAI Sites Non JDAI Sites State Totals 10% 20% 30% 25% 29% 40% 40% 50% Comparing baseline years to 2010,the Casey sites saw a drop in commitment counts that was 33% greater than that of the state totals and 40% greater than that for the non JDAI Sites. Sources: Casey Annual Report 2010 (JDAI Sites), Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (States). * Non JDAI Sites were estimated based on a calculation of CJRP state total counts minus JDAI total counts.
Percentage Change in ADP, State Partners to County Partners, 1997 2010 Percentage Change in Commitments, State Partners to County Partners, 1997 2010 0% State Partners County Partners 0% State Partners County Partners 10% 10% 20% 20% 30% 30% 40% 35% 40% 35% 50% 44% 50% 43% Source: Casey Annual Results Report 2010.