Palgrave Dictionary of Public Order Policing, Protest and Political Violence

Palgrave Dictionary of Public Order Policing, Protest and Political Violence

Palgrave Dictionary of Public Order Policing, Protest and Political Violence Peter Joyce Manchester Metropolitan University, UK and Neil Wain University of Cambridge, UK

Peter Joyce and Neil Wain 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-137-26975-1 ISBN 978-1-137-27008-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137270085 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Joyce, Peter. Palgrave dictionary of public order policing, protest and political violence / Peter Joyce, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, Neil Wain, University of Cambridge, UK. pages cm Summary: Events of protest and dissent have been the subject of much global debate and media attention. However, no one book has dealt with the wide range of protests nor with the terminology associated with the state and police response to it. This dictionary explores a variety of issues related to the policing of public order, protest and political violence providing a comprehensive overview of international protest since 1945. It defines the key terms associated with these activities and, through the use of a number of international case studies, it includes numerous examples of protest and dissent that have taken place across the world, and the groups and organisations which have utilized these forms of political expression.written in an accessible style, each entry is accompanied by a list of sources and suggestions for further reading through which readers can extend their knowledge of each of the topics. This unique and in-depth resource will be an essential guide for scholars across Criminology, Criminal Justice, Policing, Political History and International Relations. Provided by publisher. ISBN 978 1 137 26975 1 (paperback) 1. Riot control Dictionaries. 2. Crowd control Dicitionaries. 3. Protest movements Dictionaries. 4. Demonstrations Dictionaries. 5. Police Dictionaries. I. Wain, Neil. II. Title. HV8055.J69 2014 363.32'303 dc23 2014022917 Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

To our respective families Julie, Emmeline and Eleanor Joyce and Jane, Jessica, Hannah, Esther and Samuel Wain

Contents List of Entries Preface About the Authors viii xi xiii Dictionary 1 Index 358 vii

List of Entries Animal rights protest groups 1 Anti-globalisation 5 Anti-globalisation movement 8 Anti-globalisation/anti-capitalist protests (UK) 9 Anti-globalisation/anti-capitalist protests (worldwide) 12 Anti-National Security Agency protests (Germany) 2013 16 Arab Spring (Arab world) 2010 onwards 17 August riots (England) 2011 28 Austerity protests (worldwide) 2010 13 33 Banlieue riots (Paris) 2005 41 Battle of the Beanfield (Wiltshire, England) 1985 49 Battle of the Bogside (Derry, Northern Ireland) 1969 50 Bloody Sunday (or the Bogside Massacre) (Derry, Northern Ireland) 1972 56 Bradford riots (Manningham, Bradford) 1995 58 Broadwater Farm Estate riots (Haringey, London) 1985 64 Building workers strike (England and Wales) 1972 66 Burntollet Bridge (Derry, Northern Ireland) 1969 70 Chicago Democratic National Convention riot (Chicago) 1968 72 Civil disobedience 76 Copycat riots (England) 1981 80 Counterculture protest 84 Counter-terrorism 86 Dale Farm evictions (Essex, England) 2011 95 Demonstrations 98 Direct action 102 Dirty protest (Northern Ireland) 1978 81 106 English Defence League 110 Environmental protest groups 112 Fracking protests 118 viii

List of Entries ix Fuel crisis (Britain) 2000 121 G20 protests (London) 2009 126 Gdańsk Shipyard protests (Gdańsk, Poland) 1980 9 129 Greenham Common (Berkshire, England) 1981 2000 135 Grosvenor Square (London) 1968 137 Hactivism 140 Housing estate riots (England) 1991 2 142 Islamic terrorist groups 146 Kettling (containment) 154 Lewisham disorders (Lewisham, London) 1977 157 Live animal exports protests (England) 1994 5 160 Los Angeles riots (Los Angeles, California) 1992 163 Miners dispute (Britain) 1972 166 Miners dispute (Britain) 1973 4 168 Miners dispute (Britain) 1984 5 172 Monsanto protests (worldwide) 2013 177 Nationalist terrorist groups 180 News International dispute (Wapping, London) 1986 185 Northern Ireland: security policy during the Troubles 187 Notting Hill carnival riot (Notting Hill, London) 1976 197 Northern England town riots (Bradford, Oldham and Burnley) 2001 199 Occupy movement 204 Paramilitary policing (England and Wales) 210 Peace movement 211 Political policing 216 Post-Arab Spring 225 Protest Liaison Officers (England and Wales) 237 Protest songs 239 Provisional IRA 242 Public disorder theories and models 250 Public order legislation (England and Wales) 256 Public order policing (England and Wales) 266 Public order policing (France) 276

x List of Entries Pussy Riot protest (Moscow) 2012 279 Red Lion Square (London) 1974 281 Riot police 284 Riots 287 Self-immolation 291 Social media and the policing of protest and disorder (worldwide) 292 Southall disorders (Southall, London) 1979 295 States of emergency 301 Stockholm riots (Sweden) 2013 307 Student protests (England) 2010 309 Student riots (Paris) 1968 312 Subversion 317 Tea Party movement 320 Terrorism 321 Third force 327 Tiananmen Square protest (Beijing) 1976 and 1989 328 Trafalgar Square anti-poll Tax rally (London) 1990 330 UK Uncut 335 Urban guerrilla groups 338 Walking (with a political purpose) (England) 1977 onwards 345 Whistleblowing (worldwide) 347 Workplace protest 353

Preface This book discusses public order policing, protest and political violence. It considers the nature of protest and political violence, the groups and organisations that are engaged in activities of this nature, and discusses the response of the state and the police to such events. It is presented in dictionary format with the aim of drawing together in one work a wide range of topics that are related to this broad subject area. The activities associated with protest and political violence are varied. These include demonstrations and various forms of direct action, including civil disobedience and industrial disputes. Countercultural forms of protest are also considered, including protest conducted through music and also by styles of living that are different from those adopted by mainstream society. Political violence is considered in relation to riots and terrorism, accepting the view that some participants to such events regard their actions as purposeful, designed to bring about political changes (even if other participants are involved for other reasons, such as the presence of looters at riots). This book defines these activities and also considers the role performed by contemporary technology (such as social media) in facilitating protest and other forms of political violence. The book includes detailed case studies of a number of protests, commencing in 1968. This year has been chosen because it witnessed a number of protests across the world that were especially associated with students and young people. Accordingly, events that took place in Paris, Chicago and London are examined. It would clearly be impossible to include every protest that has occurred since 1968 and thus it has been necessary to present a highly selective number of case studies of events that have taken place to provide specific illustrations of protest and political violence. This selection has been governed by a number of factors, the most important of which is to provide specific examples of the wide array of activities that are embraced by the terms protest and political violence (including protests that are designed to affect the commercial practices of private sector bodies as well as to effect changes in the direction of public policy). The case studies that have been selected to illustrate these objectives are drawn from across the world, reflecting the historical and contemporary importance of protest and violence in the political affairs of nations which possess different political systems. They have also been chosen to illustrate the range of outcomes that may be achieved through the use of protest and political violence, ranging from attaining relatively minor changes in the direction xi

xii Preface of public or commercial policy to achieving the overthrow of a government and the initiation of regime change. In addition to the inclusion of case studies, the book also seeks to examine policing methods and practices that are adopted in connection with protest. This aspect of the discussion includes entries that examine specific police units whose role is to respond to anticipated (or actual) public disorder and the tactics they may deploy. Other entries consider police powers and the legislation from which these are derived in connection with specific forms of protest that include demonstrations, industrial disputes and terrorism. The book also considers some of the main groups that use protest as their chief form of activity to secure changes to public policy or to commercial practices. The entries associated with this aspect of protest place a number of organisations under a number of umbrellas, such as environmental protest groups, the peace movement, groups in opposition to capitalism and globalisation, Islamic terrorist organisations and urban guerrilla groups. As with other areas embraced by this book, the account is selective and primarily focuses on groups associated with causes of global concern. This book assumes no prior knowledge of the subject areas that are considered and is especially designed to whet the appetite of the reader to undertake further investigation into them. To aid this objective, each entry provides suggestions for further reading that will further enhance knowledge and understanding of public order policing, protest and political violence.

About the Authors Peter Joyce is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. He has published widely in the areas of criminal justice policy, policing and British politics. Neil Wain is Resident Scholar at the Jerry Lee Centre of Criminology at the University of Cambridge, UK. He was an Assistant Chief Constable with Greater Manchester Police and was responsible for specialist operations and major events. He has delivered police training programmes in the UK, the USA, India and the Caribbean. He is the Vice President of the British Society of Evidence Based Policing (www.sebp.police.uk). xiii