Chapter 23 Lecture Outline Making the World Over : The Progressive Era 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Progressives
The Varied Sources of Progressivism business owners were more interested in securing changes to avoid the problems they had experienced beforehand. The Progressive Era was marked by a growth in the middle and uppermiddle classes. Populism was one of the catalysts of this era. Elements of Reform
The Social Gospel Christian Crusaders for Reform Social Gospel Christian values should govern workplace with employer and employee uniting in serving each other Through the social gospel, Christians and Jews provided the crucial source of energy for progressive reformers. (minimum wage/shorter work day)
Religious Reformers The Social Gospel Washington Gladden, a Congregationalist minister in Springfield, Massachusetts. argued that the greatest thing Christianity should emphasize is the teaching to love thy neighbor as thyself. His publications made him a leader of the reform movement.
The Settlement House Movement To combat the slums and tenement houses, workers such as Jane Addams (Hull House) would create residential community centers known as settlement houses. staffed by middle-class, college-educated women. worked to improve the lives of their dwellers such as by arranging for nurseries for working women, kindergartens, and neighborhood programs for children. Early Efforts at Urban Reform
Early Efforts at Urban Reform Women s Employment and Activism By 1910, 7.8 million women worked outside the home. In 1869 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton would found the National Woman Suffrage Association to secure nationally the right of females to vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton In this 1870s engraving, Stanton speaks at a meeting of the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Muckrakers Early Efforts at Urban Reform Investigative journalists would find a career reporting on the working conditions that many an American was subjected to as price of their employment. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Democracy Features of Progressivism candidates were held at a national convention of party members. this system would be supplanted by the direct primary system every member was allowed to vote for a candidate. Also during this time the initiative and referendum were introduced and in some states were allowed to directly pass laws or force the legislature to consider legislation CP Grey Primary Election Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_95i_1rziis
Efficiency Features of Progressivism In 1911, the concept of Taylorism was introduced, which that promoted efficiency in the workplace to allow workers to accomplish more during less time. Charlie Chaplin and Taylorism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfgs2y5wj14
Anti-Trust Regulation Features of Progressivism Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 to control big business had proved more symbolic than effective Attempts to reestablish small firms in areas in which a trust had a monopoly failed Social Justice Efforts to regulate child labor and the consumption of alcohol and the creation of more hygienic cities were major issues.
Features of Progressivism Progressivism and Religion Christians and Jews would find much in common linking progressivism and religion. Prohibition Reformers hoped that closing saloons and making alcohol illegal would deprive political bosses of a valuable tool for recruiting people to their cause.
Executive Action Roosevelt s Progressivism In 1902, Roosevelt embraced a Square Deal for Americans, in which the regulating of existing anti-trust legislation would be upheld and more powerful enforcement powers would be established. Roosevelt would often support the regulation of trusts over their dissolution, as he viewed this to be more efficient.
The 1902 Coal Strike Roosevelt s Progressivism coal workers in Pennsylvania and West Virginia went on strike until a 20 percent pay increase was granted, Roosevelt did not send in troops to restore the mines. Roosevelt attempted to broke a resolution between the two sides until the owners refused to accommodate.
Theodore Roosevelt as an apostle of prosperity
Theodore Roosevelt as a Roman tyrant
Features of Progressivism Expanding Federal Power Altogether, Roosevelt s administration initiated nearly twenty-five anti-trust suits. Through these cases, the Interstate Commerce Commission created by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was further strengthened and made more relevant.
Roosevelt s Second Term Legislative Leadership In 1904, the Republicans nominated Roosevelt for his first term as president. He would defeat the Democrat Judge Alton B. Parker by an extremely lopsided victory. Roosevelt would use his mandate as a reason to further pursue his progressive policies. He would attempt to regulate railroads, meat packers, food processors, and drugs and patent medicines.
Environmental Conservation Roosevelt s Second Term Perhaps Roosevelt s greatest legacy came in the form of conservation of public lands. Under his administration, Yellowstone National Park was created and the Division of Forestry was established to control the national parks. Special programs to provide for the distribution of water to the arid West were also approved.
Nathaniel Pitt Langford The first superintendent of Yellowstone National Park, on Jupiter Terrace at Mammoth Hot Springs, ca. 1875.
Gifford Pinchot Pinchot is seen here with two children at the edge of a larch grove.
Tariff Reform From Roosevelt to Taft Roosevelt would step down after his first full term and support William Howard Taft as the Republican candidate in the 1908 election. Taft easily defeated William Jennings Bryan., Taft departed from Roosevelt and the Republicans on tariff reform and supported lowering it. Taft ended up alienating the Republican party and signed a tariff bill that made things worse.
From Roosevelt to Taft Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot Taft s secretary of the interior, Richard Ballinger, was opposed to Roosevelt s establishment of national parks. He would open up land for the construction of waterpower sites & opened up land for coal mining companies, who sold some of the land to other developers. Pinchot reported this to Taft, who chose to do nothing. He then went to the press. Taft fired him for insubordination.
From Roosevelt to Taft Taft and Roosevelt After Taft wins, Roosevelt goes on 2 year African safari feels betrayed once he returned In 1912, Roosevelt was chosen by a group of progressive Republicans to be their choice for president while Rep party officially renominates Taft Party divided = opposite party win: Woodrow Wilson (dem)
Political giants A cartoon showing Roosevelt charging through the air at Taft, who is seated on a mountain top.
Wilson s Rise Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism Wilson had served as president of Princeton University and a governor of New Jersey before winning the presidency. The Election of 1912 In the 1912 campaign, Roosevelt was shot in the chest by a mentally disturbed man before a speech. Although injured, he gave his speech anyway, and commented that it took more than a bullet to kill a bull moose.
Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism Wilsonian Reform Roosevelt had been a strong president because of his personality, Wilson was strong because of his conviction. He would personally court members of Congress to his side to adopt his programs.
The Tariff Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism Underwood-Simmons Tariff in 1913. It reduced duties on most goods and lowered the average duty from about 37 to 29 percent. Also at this time the newly ratified Sixteenth Amendment was placed into effect and a 1 percent tax on income over $3,000 was in place.
Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism The Federal Reserve Act the Federal Reserve Act created a new system of national banks and a central board of directors. This new system spread out the flow of currency and fixed most of the problems in banking.
Anti-Trust Laws Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism Wilson s presidential plan was known as the New Freedom. The chief aspect of this plan was trust-busting. In 1914, the Federal Trade Commission was created with strong powers to regulate trusts
Reading the Death Warrant Woodrow Wilson s plan for banking and currency reform spells the death of the money trust, according to this cartoon.
Social Justice Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism Wilson was not a strong believer of social justice, as he believed if business could be regulated and controlled, society would adjust on its own. Progressivism for Whites Only Wilson showed little concern for the plight of African Americans. He did denounce the Ku Klux Klan for their reign of terror.
The privileged elite President Wilson and the First Lady ride in a carriage.
Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism The Women s Movement Women gained the right to vote in federal elections with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Following World War I and the contribution made by women in the workforce, Wilson renounced his reservations about the amendment and publicly supported it. Although the number of women in the workforce would climb after the war, they were still principally working in traditional occupations, as secretaries, dressmakers, and clerks.
Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism Margaret Sanger and Birth Control Margaret Sanger was a nurse who pushed for the distribution of birth control information to women in the United States to prevent unwanted pregnancies. She would alienate supporters when she began to lobby for the forced sterilization of mentally incompetent people and those with certain hereditary conditions.
Alice Paul s strategies of civil disobedience became increasingly militant. Here she sews a suffrage flag, which she often brandished at strikes and protests.
Woodrow Wilson s Progressivism Progressive Resurgence After World War I broke out in Europe in 1914, Wilson, who desired another term, would return his attention to reform. He promoted labor and farm reforms to shore up these areas Labor Legislation During this time the eight-hour workday for railroad workers was upheld by the Supreme Court and child labor was restricted for those under fourteen. During Wilson s first administration, progressivism reached its high point.
Limits of Progressivism Displays of paradox and irony The first twenty years of the twentieth century were a time of landmark reform, although also marked by a new wave of anti-immigrant nativism. Progressivism was largely a middle-class movement in which the poor or those who chose not to organize had no say.