Significant Supreme Court Cases Around the World Style
Case tried under the Marshall Court Case dealt with the failure of executive officials to serve judicial commissions Expanded the power of the judicial branch Established the concept of judicial review
Marbury v. Madison, 1803
5 th Amendment- eminent domain case Case centered around the federal government seizing private property during war time Ruling demonstrated the government s limits to claim eminent domain Harry Truman was in office Case title has one of Ohio s crappiest cities in it
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 1952
Equal protection under the law case Considered one of the worst decisions ever rendered by the Court Ruling permitted the government to establish internment camps for people living in the U.S. during emergency situations People of Japanese decent were evacuated from the West Coast by the U.S. military
Korematsu v. U.S., 1944
Decision used the concept of the right to privacy implied by the 9 th Amendment and the due process clause of the 14 th Amendment Outlawed many federal and state statutes prohibiting abortion Landmark case
Roe v. Wade, 1973
Due process rights issue Case tried during the Warren Court era Police must explain due process rights (right to an attorney and protection against self-incrimination, etc.) to a suspect at the time of arrest Defendant s state nickname- The Grand Canyon State
Miranda v. Arizona, 1966
Due process, rights of the accused issue 8 th Amendment case 8 th Amendment = cruel and unusual punishment Upheld the death penalty, overturning Furman v. Georgia, 1972 that put a de facto moratorium on capital executions Defendant s state nickname- The Peach State
Gregg v. Georgia, 1976
Freedom of speech issue Case concerned an individual encouraging WWI draftees to not report for duty The decision rendered the clear and present danger limit to free speech Example- Yelling fire in a crowded movie theater
Schenck v. U.S., 1919
Overturned a state law limiting what the media could put in newsprint Ruled that prior restraint (government actions that prevent communications from reaching the public) was unconstitutional Incorporated freedom of the press portion of the First Amendment Defendant s state motto- Land of 10,000 lakes
Near v. Minnesota, 1931
The Court ruled that flag burning is a permissible form of symbolic free speech Invalidated flag burning laws in 48 states Plaintiff's state nickname- The lone star state
Texas v. Johnson, 1989
Decision upheld a student s rights to symbolic free speech Students wore arm bands in protest of the Vietnam War The school district suspended the students claiming it caused an undue interruption of school activities Case title includes the capital city of Iowa
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1969
Free speech case Established the direct incitement test Ruling declared that the government cannot punish inflammatory speech unless it is directed towards inciting and is likely to incite imminent lawless action Dealt with coverage of a KKK rally Defendant was the Buckeye State
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969
Freedom of the press case Executive privilege/authority could not be used to censor the publication of previously classified documents At issue was the publishing of the Pentagon Papers during the Vietnam War The Court ruled that prior restraint was not justified as the publication would not put anyone in immanent danger
New York Times v. U.S., 1971
Fourth Amendment case The case incorporated the Fourth Amendment Established the exclusionary rule The case determined that search warrants were needed to obtain evidence for a trial The police charge the defendant with possessing obscene materials but never found what they were searching for (a bombing suspect) Defendant was the Buckeye State
Mapp v. Ohio, 1961
Equal protection under the law case (minorities) De facto school segregation is not permissible The Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance among schools, even where the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race The case is base on Queen City of the South
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County BOE, 1971
Overturned Barron v. Baltimore, 1833 stating that the due process clause of the 14 th Amendment applied to not only the federal government but to the states as well and federal courts could rule on such cases Incorporated the freedom of speech & press sections of the First Amendment Case heard during the 1920s Red Scare The Court upheld this person s conviction of criminal anarchy on the basis that the government may suppress or punish speech when it directly advocates the unlawful overthrowing of the government. Plaintiff s name is an illegal school dance move Defendant was the Empire State
Gitlow v. New York, 1925
Civil Rights era case Ruling stated that the equal protection clause found in the 14 th Amendment guarantees that legislative apportionment must be fair Established the one-person, one-vote principle
Baker v. Carr, 1962 (Reynolds v. Sims, 1964 Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964)
Equal protection of the law case Ruling upheld Roe but Permitted states to include restrictions on abortion so as long as those restrictions do not violate due process rights
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 1992
Federalism and separation of powers case Declared that Article VI of the Constitution allowed Congress to expand its authority to carry out its expressed duties Article VI = the supremacy clause Congress has implied powers derived from the elastic clause Case centered around the Old Line State taxing a federal bank
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
Freedom of religion case Case dealt with the 1 st Amendment s establishment clause Established a test in an effort to find a workable solution to deal with church and state questions Many issues centered around state funding of parochial schools
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971
Federalism and separation of powers case Deemed one of the worst rulings ever by the Court Slaves were property not citizens
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
Freedom of religion case Free exercise clause issue Federal laws could punish criminal activity regardless of religious beliefs. Religious practices that impaired the public interest did not fall under the protection of the free exercise clause Case centered around polygamy
Reynolds v. U.S., 1878
Equal protection of the law- minorities Post Civil War era case Established the separate but equal doctrine Promoted segregation in the South for decades to follow
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
Federalism and separation of powers case Citing the 14 th Amendment, the Court ruled that Florida s method of recounting ballots violated the equal protection clause Case centered around the 2000 presidential election
Bush v. Gore, 2000
Equal protection of the law- minorities Laws specifically against homosexual activities violate the equal protection clause of the 14 th Amendment Case originated in the Lone star state
Lawrence v. Texas, 2003
Due process and rights of the accused case Incorporated the 6 th Amendment Required states provide counsel to defendants unable of afford their own attorneys Trumpeted the cause for the less privileged
Gideon v. Wainright, 1963
Equal protection under the law- minorities Overturned the Plessy case Established the separate is inherently unequal Schools must be integrated with all deliberate speed Seminal case in the civil rights movement era Case originated in the capital city of Kansas
Brown v. BOE of Topeka, KS, 1954
Federalism case Granted the federal level of government increased powers citing the commerce clause Congress could govern interstate trade Case dealt with boat traffic on the Hudson River between NY and NJ
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
Freedom of religion case Limited the provisions of the free exercise clause A state could deny unemployment benefits to employees who were terminated for violating drug use policies even if it was for religious purposes The plaintiff was the Beaver State
Oregon v. Smith, 1990
Separation of powers case Ruled that executive privilege is not absolute especially in criminal proceedings Tapes that could possibly hold information concerning the Watergate scandal did not constitute a breech of national security The president had already resigned because of this scandal
U.S. v. Nixon, 1974
Freedom of religion case Case based on the 1 st Amendment s establishment clause Outlawed school led prayer in public institutions as it violated the establishment clause
Engel v. Vitale, 1962
Due process and the rights of the accused case 4 th Amendment issue Police can search and seize with probable cause or reasonable suspicion to protect themselves or society Defendant was the Buckeye State
Terry v. Ohio, 1968
Equal protection of the law- women Right to privacy issue (marriage) Ruling overturned a state law criminalizing the use of contraceptives Defendant was the Nutmeg State
Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965
Equal protection of the law- minorities Case dealt with reverse discrimination Ruling stated that strict affirmative action quotas based on race were illegal, but race can be one consideration in admitting university students Plaintiff was the Golden Bears
Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 1978
Due process and rights of the accused case 4 th Amendment issue School searches without warrants are permissible Plaintiff was the Garden State
New Jersey v. TLO, 1985