Follow-up Needs Assessment Report (1 month on) Plan International Nepal Earthquake in Nepal

Follow-up Needs Assessment Report (1 month on) Plan International Nepal Earthquake in Nepal 1. General information: Name and the nature of the disaster Date/s on which the rapid needs assessment was done. Date on which the rapid needs assessment report is being written. Full name, job title, e-mail and phone number of the team leader/ person writing the report. Earthquake 7.8 magnitude on 25 th May and 7.3 magnitude earthquake on 12 th May Nepal The information presented in this report was taken from Plan assessments, the DDRC, other agencies assessments. 25, 26, 27 and 28 th of April 2015. Additional information added 30 th April 2015. Lindsey Evans lindsey.evans@planinternational.org and Katie Tong katie.tong2@gmail.com 2. Situation Overview 2.1 Nature and intensity of the emergency On 25 April a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck 77 kilometers (48 miles) northwest of Nepal's capital Kathmandu on 25 Apr 2015. This was followed by a second earthquake measuring 7.3 on 12 May 1. The epicenter for the second earthquake was South-East of Kodari (Sindhupalchowk District), 76 km northeast of Kathmandu - an area already affected by the 25 th April Earthquake (OCHA, 12 May 2015). Aftershocks ranging between 4 and 6.3 in magnitude continue to cause landslides potentially cutting off road access to remote locations. Children and their families continue to live in informal settlements, either unable to return home due to the damaged or destroyed households or unwilling due to fear of further aftershocks. In addition the monsoon season which is due to start early June will present increased logistical challenges for agencies providing relief and recovery interventions. 2.2 Geographical extent/spread of the affected area Following the earthquakes on 25 April and 12 May (map opposite), the Government identified 14 most affected districts (Bhaktapur, Dhading, Dolakha, Gorkha, Kavrepalanchwok, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Nuwakot, Ramechhap, Rasuwa, Sindhupalchwok, Makawanpur, Sindhuli and Okhaldhunga). In 12 of these 14 districts (Dolakha and Rasuwa data still pending) the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) has identified the needs of 88,482 displaced people in 373 sites. The DTM data is available here. 1 Some sources such as USGS are referring to this as a large aftershock 1

A map detailing the estimated population directly affected by destroyed houses, as of 22nd May can be found here. Plan is responding in 3 priority districts and has limited interventions in 7 others. The map below identifies the areas of Plan s emergency response. 2.3 Number of people affected As of 25 May (14:30, UTC+5:45), the Government confirmed that 500,717 houses were destroyed and 269,190 partially damaged by the two earthquakes and aftershocks (OCHA, 25 May). The death toll has increased to 8,676 people (3, 894 male and 4, 781 female) (Government of Nepal) 2. The numbers of those injured are expected to be over 19,000, although as of 28 th May this is not currently being reported by the Government. Humanitarian partners estimate 2.8 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance. Over 860,000 people are in immediate need due to loss of shelter, limited road access and poverty (OCHA, 25 May). It is thought that 3.2 million women are among the population affected by protection concerns, 525,000 are women of reproductive age, of whom 126,000 are pregnant. In addition 40,000 women and girls are at immediate risk of gender-based violence (Gender Equality Bulletin). Women are the first household members to reduce the frequency of meals, size of meals and diversity of food when access to food is insufficient. Pregnant and lactating women are at particular risk due to their higher nutritional requirements. According to the Food Security Cluster, fifty three percent of female headed households have either poor or borderline food consumption, compared to 44 percent for male headed households. 2.4 How many children are affected? According to UNICEF, 1.7 million children have been affected (as of 1 st May). The repeated aftershocks and additional earthquake on 12 th May continue to increase the trauma for children. After the first 2 The 1934 earthquake the death toll was 8, 599 (3, 850 male and 4, 669 female). Almost identical to the 2015 earthquake (The Great Earthquake) 2

earthquake it was reported that Government run relief camps have limited services available to protect children, as well as limited basic needs facilities. This further indicates the need for agencies to implement child protection and psychosocial support mechanisms. According to the Department of Education, a total of 32,145 classrooms were destroyed and 15,352 damaged in 42 districts as a result of the earthquakes on 25 April and 12 May. Education needs continue to increase as additional data from the districts becomes available. The Education Cluster estimated 999,000 children aged 3 to 18 years of age would be unable to return to their classrooms on the opening of schools on 31 May. Thousands more are identified as needing support to access education services (OCHA, 25 May). The closure of schools until 31 May will have an impact on children s development as they will be unable to continue learning and have limited peer interactions and recreational activities, which can help reduce the impact of trauma. It is estimated that 15, 000 children (6 to 59 months) have severe acute malnutrition and require therapeutic feeding. In addition there are 70,000 children (6 to 59 months) have acute malnutrition and require supplementary feeding. Mother of children (0 to 23 months) who require breastfeeding support is estimated at 168, 000 (OCHA, 18 May 2015). At least 70 per cent of birthing centres across the 14 most affected districts of Nepal have been damaged or destroyed, rising to 90 per cent in some areas. With surviving facilities overwhelmed, many pregnant women have been left without access to the healthcare they need to ensure the safe delivery of their babies. Thousands have also lost their homes, leaving mothers without a safe place to stay with their newborns (UNICEF). 3. Methodology Eight Rapid Needs Assessment teams comprising of different sectoral specialist were deployed to conduct assessments with the support of local implementing partners. Plan has completed RNAs in Makwanpur, Kathmandu Valley (Bhaktapur, Lalitpur and Kathmandu), Dolakha, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Kavrepalanchok. Details are as follows: - 3 teams covered Kathmandu valley - 1 team for Dolakha, Ramechhap districts - 1 team for Tanahu and Kavrepalanchok districts - 3 teams from the Program Unit covered Makwanpur, Sindhuli and Baglon areas Primary data collection was made through key stakeholder interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and household interviews. An RNA questionnaire was used as a primary source for understanding the situation in the ground. Secondary data from District Relief Commissioner s office, Village Development Committees and other Humanitarian agencies supplemented initial findings from Plan s RNAs. Information from school teachers, police department, village heads, youth clubs were also collected. 4. Needs by district Sindupalchowk (Plan target VDCs - Badegau, Bhimtar, Bhotasipa, Jyamire, Kunchok, Langarche, As per the DCWB record 3,426 people died (943 male, 1357 female, 547 boys and 579 girls). 734 male, 578 female, 110 boys, and 148 girls injured. 21 children lost their both parents. Two weeks after the first earthquake destroyed more than 80% of houses in the assessed VDCs, another 7.3 magnitude earthquake led to the destruction of additional housing to such an extent that these are 3

Nawalpur, Sikharpur, Sipa Pokhare, Sipal Kavre, Syaule, Batase Bhotenamlang) Dolakha (Plan target VDCs - Lapilang, Sundrawali, Boch, Lakuridanda, Suspa Kshyamawati, Sunakhani, Magapauwa, Bhusaphedi, Katakuti, Phasku, Dodhapokhari, Sailungeshwar, Pawati, Ghyangsukathokar, Bhedpu, Dandakharka) now inhabitable. In Plan s 13 target VDCs, 98 schools are affected by the earthquake (61 schools are primary level (grade 1 to 5) schools and 37 are lower secondary/secondary level schools). Out of 628 classrooms in these schools, 455 classrooms are fully damaged, 243 classrooms have a major damaged, 103 classrooms have a minor damaged and 20 classrooms have no damaged. In Plan s target VDCs, damaged toilets are reported in 85 schools. Water facilities are damaged in 56 schools, in 12 schools these are unusable and in 30 schools there are no water facilities at all. In all of Plan s 13 VDCs, some small shop are open that sell daily items such as food and drinks. However hard ware construction materials are not available. In large areas of Sindupalchowk it is reported that markets are still not functioning. In Mountain areas market access continues to be severely constrained. Most markets are still closed and travel time is up to 2.5 hours. According to initial assessments, the condition of water sources and access to sanitation facilities varies by location. Some villages have found additional water sources or have temporarily fixed their water source where broken. Lack of latrines and the absence of electricity in the villages exposes especially women and girls to risks related to gender based violence. In Jyamire and Sirkarpur there are several reported cases of diarrhoea which were treated in the health post with minimum services. For other Plan target VDCs there are no reports of disease outbreaks. In Plan s target VDCs 5 district hospitals are totally damaged, whilst 7 are identified as partially damaged. Toilets are usable in the health facilities in Nawalpur and Sirkapur, partially damaged in Jyamire and totally damaged in Sipa Pokhare. No health facilities have a regular supply of drinking water. Villages close to road networks have reported receiving a lot of relief items, whilst those in remote villages have reported limited access to aid. There is no report about trafficking and or abuse cases. According to DDRC, 90% of houses were severely damaged after the first earthquake. The second earthquake on 12 May resulted in houses previously reported as partially damaged to be completely destroyed. It is reported that 59,510 houses are totally damaged, whilst no data is currently available on partially damaged. In Dolakha 363 schools were affected by the earthquake, of which 1632 classrooms are fully damaged and 864 have major damage. In Plan s 16 target VDCs 184 classrooms are reported as fully damaged and 134 partially damaged. Given school closures until 31 st May, there is need for TLCs and also psychosocial first aid. The follow up assessment showed that 4 health centres were identified as partially damaged, whilst 53 were totally damaged. In total 17 birthing centres were identified as totally damaged. To date there are no reports of disease outbreaks. It is reported that hygiene and sanitation facilities are available in 6 health centres and damaged in 53. In schools 133 have totally damaged toilets and 230 are identified as partially damaged. Following 2 major earthquakes a market-assessment was undertaken by 4

Kavrepalanchok (Plan target VDCs - Sarsunkharka, Kanpur Kalapani, Pokhari Narayansthan, Chapakhori, Mechchhe) Plan at Charkot Bazar (biggest market in the district) with the objective of identifying the market functionality. Almost 40% of shops and trading houses in the market area are inhabitable. More than 66% of shops are still closed. Stores which are open are only for 1-2 hours a day due to limit influx of customers. The sales after the shock have decreased by almost 50 percent. Price of the commodities is stable. No further increase in price after the earthquake. According to the Food Security Cluster, food insecurity ranges throughout the district. Areas in the central and north region of Dolakha are identified as having severe food insecurity issues. Large parts of the district still have no or partially functioning markets. There are currently no reports of trafficking and/or abuse. 11 girls were taken to Kathmandu and an investigation is on-going, although this is not suspected as trafficking. After the second earthquake priority needs are identified as shelter, education, sanitation and NFIs. After the initial earthquake the DDRC and VDC representatives assessed that 90% of houses were severely damaged in some areas. Following the second earthquake, households previously partially destroyed are now reported as completed damaged. Although assessments are still on-going. 548 schools in Kavrepalanchok have been affected by the earthquake, of which 904 classrooms are fully damaged, 924 with major damaged and 1506 with minor damage. The lack of sanitary facilities meant open defecation was identified as a common practice. This was raised as a particular concern for women. In some areas there are reports of fever, colds and diarrhoea. According to the Food Security Cluster, hilly areas of Kavre have been heavily affected and have been classified as having high or severe food insecurity. These zones are traditionally inhabited by minorities, with poorer quality housing than neighbouring areas. Main risks identified for children are sexual exploitation, physical labour and early marriage. Communities have also highlighted that the level of trauma children are experiencing is significant as seen by their hysteria and separation anxiety from their parents. After the second earthquake priority needs are identified as tarpaulin, tents for lactating and expecting mothers for privacy and longer term heath assistance Ramechhap: After the first earthquake the DDRC reported that approximately 25% of houses were severely damaged. The RNA team observed that initial priority needs after the first earthquake were food assistance and emergency shelter. This area was identified as a moderately affected district in comparison with others. Travel time to markets is generally low, although the second earthquake resulted in new market closures. Data is not currently available for school building and health centre damage, as well as disease outbreaks. Tanahu: Based on the preliminary assessment after the earthquake it was reported that approximately 10,000 people were affected. More than 5,000 houses were reported as severely damaged. Around 60 pregnant 5

Makwanpur (Plan target VDCs - Agara, Bajrabarahi, Betini, Bhimfedi, Budhichaur, Chitlang, Daman, Dandakharka, Fakhel, Gogane, Ipa Panchakanya, Kankada, Kulekhani, Namtar, Nibuwatar, Palung, Shikharpur) Kathmandu Valley and Town Sindhuli (Plan target VDCs - Bhadrakali, Jhangajholi Ratmata, Kapilakot, Kuseswor Dumja, Mahadevsthan, Majhuwa, Purano Jhangajholi, Ratanchura, Sitalpati, Jalakanya women and 30 lactating mothers were identified as requiring health care. The assessment team indicated that the most affected areas of Tanahun District were the municipalities of Suklagandaki, Byas and Bandipur. 9 VDCs were identified in particular (Bhanu, Rupakot, Chaur, Abukhairini, Manpang, Chhang, Firfire, Purkot and Barbhanjyang). According to the initial RNA team 16 schools collapsed as a result of the first earthquake on 25 th April. Data is not currently available for school building and health centre damage, as well as disease outbreaks and market data. After the first earthquake the DDRC reported that more than 2000 houses were fully damaged and 60 percent of houses were partially damaged. In the 17 VDCs Plan is focusing response operations household damage is an average of 87%. 361 schools are reportedly affected by the earthquakes on 25 April and 2 May. There are 383 fully damaged classrooms and 461 with major damage. Fear of landslides and road blocks during the rainy season was identified as a challenge. According to the Food Security Cluster the majority of Makwanpur has minimal food insecurity and most areas have access to functioning markets. The price of the harvested commodities such as potato and cauliflower has fallen compared to prices of previous year. Farmers are compelled to sale products at a lower price to wholesalers and middleman. After the earthquake on 25 th April safe shelters and sanitation facilities were identified as a high priority. Partially damaged houses were identified as a potential risk with the continuing aftershocks. As of 26 th May, 187 schools were affected by the earthquake, of which 448 classrooms are fully damaged, 586 have major damage and 743 have minor damage. Currently data on damaged health facilities, disease outbreaks and market assessments is not available. After the first earthquake 39 out of 50 VDCs were identified as being affected of which 29 were badly affected. After the first earthquake: o Several groups of the community visited local Plan Offices requesting additional support on top of DDRC mandated response support. o DDRC has requested Plan to supply additional tarpaulin to distribute where possible. o The DHO requested for some medicines for the treatment of injured people. Two people died following the earthquake on 12 May and a further 32 during a following aftershock. As of 26 th May, in the district of Sindhuli, 451 classrooms were affected by the earthquake. In total 303 classrooms are reported as fully damaged and 625 as having major damage. Following further assessments, Plan identified 10 priority VDCs for the 6

organisation s earthquake response. Of these VDCs: o Household damage is an average of 62%. o 7 health centres were identified as partially damaged and 1 fully damaged. o 125 classrooms and/or school buildings are fully damaged and 327 are reported as partially damaged. The Food Security Cluster reported that hilly areas of Sindhuli have been heavily affected by the earthquakes. Some areas are reported to have moderate or high food insecurity. Most areas have access to functioning markets. The earthquake on 12 May caused further destruction to household damage. It is reported that 28, 000 houses in 22 VDCs are completely damaged, causing people to live in open spaces. It has been identified that there are significant gaps between distributions and the actual need of tarpaulin. Significant concern has been raised around seeds and livelihoods over the coming months. Parbat In the district of Parbat, 127 schools were affected by the earthquake. There are 170 fully damaged classrooms and 179 with major damaged. In Plan target VDCs, 5 schools are fully damaged and 3 partially damaged. In total 3 health institutes are being described as fully damaged, whilst 20 are identified as partially damaged. In Plan s target VDCs household damage is estimated at 42%. Although Ranipani is the most affected VDC many agencies are working in this area, so adequate support is provided. For this reason Plan has chosen not to respond in this VDC. No data was collected on market functionality, disease outbreaks or child protection concerns. Myagdi An earthquake assessment was not undertaken in Myagdi. On Sunday 24 th May, a landslide occurred in the Kaligandaki River which affected markets in Ramche village and Besuari. As a result of the landslide 26 houses collapsed. The Home Ministry announced high alert areas in some VDCs, including Begarkhola, Tilyang, Bhurulung, Dana and most river bank settlements. 4. Needs by sector WASH: The earthquake has worsened already fragile water and sanitation systems compromising already poorly functioning water and sanitation systems in outlying areas and making poor hygiene practices unavoidable for many people. The lack of latrines is a particular concern for women, presenting protection concerns. Some communities have requested lighting to be included in relief distributions and the setting up of toilet facilities to improve the safety of these facilities. Water purification has been identified a as high priority in some areas given the limited accessibility to clean water supplies. There are also concerns about the spread of water borne diseases during the monsoon (WHO 13/05/2015). 7

Food Security: As identified in the district breakdown above, market availability varies depending on the District and VDC. In many areas close to both of the epicentres markets continue to stay closed or there is significant travel time in order to reach functioning markets. Food assistance remains a priority, particularly in marginalised communities. Planting of seeds prior to the monsoon season has also been identified as a priority need. Health: Priority areas identified by WHO include: Provide access to surgical, medical and emergency obstetric care and proper case management, particularly for trauma, wounds and burns Organize priority immunizations, including mass vaccination campaign for measles/rubella, and include tetanus immunization as part of wound care Strengthen communicable disease surveillance and response, including preparedness for epidemic-prone diseases Provide sufficient safe drinking water, adequate sanitation and hygiene Disseminate public health risk communication on hazards avoidance, health promotion and handling dead bodies Humanitarian crisis after Nepal earthquakes 2015 Provide reproductive health care, especially safe deliveries, obstetric and neonatal care Assure continuity of care for chronic diseases Address psychosocial and mental distress Support appropriate infant and young child feeding and malnutrition management Shelter: Shelter remains to be the largest priority for those affected by the earthquake, particularly with the monsoon season fast approaching in June. Many agencies are in a phase of scaling up distributions now that we are one month in and the pipeline is beginning to open a bit more. NFI: Non-food items such as hygiene kits, sanitation kits, medical kits and cooking kits continue to be required following the second earthquake. Reports indicate that households that received relief distributions after the earthquake on 25 th April lost these as a result of the earthquake on 12 May. Protection: There are a number of protection concerns following the earthquake on 25 April and 12 May. In emergency settings there is an added risk of child trafficking, early and forced marriage and GBV. In addition the continuous aftershocks are causing psychosocial distress for both children and adults. Children have continued to show signs of high stress and significant changes in behaviour. Increased trafficking is a real risk, with the UN estimating that 10,000 to 15,000 girls and young women are trafficked every year anyway (United Nations). Increased child marriage is also a real risk, with a current 41% rate of child marriage and 1 in 10 girls being married before the age of 15 (UNICEF, SOWC 2015) Education: In VDCs visited by Plan assessment teams, there are reports that educational materials has been lost, and many schools are no longer serviceable. Following guidance from the government, schools have been suspended until 31 May, although it is believed many schools will still not re-open by this date. Barriers also exist with reference to parent s willingness to send their children to school in fear of further aftershocks. The need for Temporary Learning Centres is evident in most areas in order to reduce the disruption to child s learning and development. 5. Marginalized and vulnerable group 8

Immediate needs identified by marginalised communities and ethnic minorities include shelter, food security and access to health facilities. It is common that these marginalised groups often live in the most vulnerable conditions and in hilly and hard to reach terrains. There is potential that this could impact on the aid received from the government and humanitarian agencies. After the first earthquake it was reported that in one of the relief camps in the Kathmandu town, upper caste communities displaced lower caste groups from the government run tents. This impacted on services received by these lower caste groups, although the effects are thought to be minimal. In addition there have been reports that some of the most vulnerable and minority groups are not receiving adequate attention due to stigma, for example HIV/AIDs affected children. No in-depth assessment of these reports has been conducted. There have been reports that families in rented accommodation in Kathmandu City are not considered for relief items, as these community members lack proper documentation. In some areas community members spoken to identified that landlords receiving relief items were not fairly distributing these among tenants, In Chautara, Sindupalchowk, Dalits are considered particularly vulnerable due to their social status. There are concerns that they may be subject to discrimination that leads to differential distribution of humanitarian aid. 6. Projection Aftershocks continue, keeping people in fear of new buildings collapsing. This is also preventing people returning home. The death toll is continuing to rise, although this is now at a slower pace, one month after the initial earthquake. Some of the areas affected are among the most vulnerable in Nepal, with high prevalence of malnutrition, high maternal and child mortality. Children s access to health services, development and education were low already before the earthquake. Then monsoon season is due to start early June, which will further limit the accessibility of remote VDCs, and distribution of relief goods. Lack of access to food, shelter and basic commodities could lead to frustration and a deteriorating security situation amongst some communities. There have been incidents of communities protesting and creating road blocks in response to the perceptions of a delayed government response and unfair aid distribution by humanitarian agencies. It was also observed that some communities did not allow government representatives and political party leaders to enter in to their village as they were angry with the government s response. There is need to provide alternative solutions to education services given the closure of schools until 31 st May and the perception that many schools will not be open by this date due to unsuitable buildings. With widespread damage to health services there is need to provide interim facilities for the continuation of services. It is expected there will be extensive rehabilitation needs. 7. Response Capacity of national and local authorities and civil society actors The government has declared emergency and has mobilised its major players to be part of response including Nepal Red Cross, Nepal Army, Armed Police Force and Nepal Police in the rescue work. A high level Natural Disaster Risk Management Committee (NDRMC) under the Chairpersonship of the Minister of Home affair coordinates the operation from the central level. The committee is represented by members from different departments. A disaster relief committee in the district level is headed by the Chief district officer (CDO). Plan Nepal is an active member of the consortium of I/NGOs working on Disaster Risk Management both at the national level and district level. 9

8. International response capacity within the country A Flash Appeal was launched for US$423 million to support the provision of vital humanitarian relief for people affected by the Earthquake. As of 28 th May, this was 225 funded. All international humanitarian organizations, bi-lateral agencies and the UN are active. Cluster systems have been activity and sub-clusters are in Gorkha and Sindupalchowk. Regular coordination meetings are happening, as are sub-clusters and working groups. The UN operation in Nepal is coordinated by UNOCHA/UNRCO. Plan is playing an active role in the consortium meetings at the national and cluster level. 9. Operational Environment Many areas affected by the earthquake remain prone to landslides, which are causing frequent road blockages. Access to many remote villages remains a major challenge, and some locations in the affected area will be cut off once the monsoon season begins. Landing permission and customs requirements at Kathmandu airport are returning to pre-- emergency procedures. Helicopter missions are underway to assess the damage to community trails prior to the start of rehabilitation. These trails will be essential to the planned use of porters for last mile transport. The flow of cargo through Kathmandu airport has greatly reduced and there is at present little congestion. The majority of humanitarian relief items coming through the airport continue to be processed through the Humanitarian Staging Area (HAS). The US Military has almost completely withdrawn from Nepal, however a team of six remains to assist with incoming humanitarian cargo at the airport. Four of these are forklift drivers who will be facilitating incoming cargo and also providing forklift training to ensure continuing capacity. The Canadian Military will be providing assistance over the next ten days with one 10 mt forklift and two Operators. The inaccessibility of many of the affected areas means that the humanitarian response in Nepal will remain heavily dependent on airlift for the coming period. A landslide occurred in Myagdi district north of its district headquarter Beni, blocking the Kali Gandaki river. The location is at Baisiri in Bhagwati VDC. The government has issued a flood warning and people in the Mustang, Mygadi, Baglung, Parbat, Gulmi, Palpa, Syangja, Tanahu & Nawalparasi districts living near the river have been asked to move to safer locations on higher ground. 10. Humanitarian Country Team s strategic Priorities Shelter Food and Nutrition WASH and Health including MNCH, SRH Protection Education NFIs 11. Analysis and recommendation on what needs and gaps Plan should respond to. 10

Considering above the priority needs in the district visited by the RNA team are as follows: Shelter and NFIs: Provision of Shelter was found to be a top priority. A substantial share of the children and their caregivers has lost their belongings and are in need of household items including blankets and mattresses, and cooking items, including utensils. Food assistance and Cash Transfers: Food assistance was found to be a priority. In most communities visited, some markets are now functional. In the short term, provision of food will still be needed. Now markets are starting to re-open, cash transfers will be a more appropriate solution. Targeted nutrition support is also required for infants, lactating mothers and young children. Child Protection: Many children were found to be have suffered emotional distress by the earthquake or being separated from families and friends on being orphaned. There is a need for psychosocial interventions. It is recommended to establish Child Friendly Spaces, as a physically safe entry point to set up temporary support to contribute to child care and protection. WASH: Water and Hygiene are key priorities, to prevent illness and disease, and to maintain dignity. Urgent need for safe water containers and water purification tablets and hygiene kits, as well as hygiene promotion. Sanitation needs to be restored in schools and health posts. Education and ECCD: Schools and ECCD centres were not functional at the time of the assessments and remain closed until 31sy May. In many communities schools buildings have collapsed, and school materiel has been lost. Temporary Learning Spaced and ECCD centres are recommended, and schools rehabilitation, once urgent needs are met. Teachers and children are in need emotional care and support. MNCH: Many health posts, health centres and birthing centres have been totally or partially damaged in the earthquake. There is a need to establish temporary facilities to ensure continuity of health services. 11