US History, February 17 Entry Task: What are problems that industrialization and urbanization (movement to cities) cause? Announcements: Today: Begin learning about the Progressives (reaction to Industrialization) Please take out your reading/s from Friday (if you finished and turned them in, you re good!) SCHEDULE COMING UP: Topic this week: Working Conditions (Chilson will be in New Orleans Friday & Monday) NEXT TUESDAY Registration (FYI)
Biltmore Estate still privately owned; 178,926 square feet of floor space. In Ashville, NC VANDERBILT Shipping and RR industries
Jacob Riis, Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street, c. 1889
GILDED AGE Mark Twain What is the chief end of man? to get rich. In what way? dishonestly if we can; honestly if we must. Age of Extremes (Robber barons vs. impoverished immigrants, monopolies vs. muckrakers, child labor and mass consumption) Example: Business tycoons bought politicians and presidents while little girls and boys worked 12-hour days in dangerous mines and factories
Edward Bellamy Looking Backwards Socialism theory that would take the control of industry out of private hands, abolish competition and replace it with association, handing the branches of production to be operated by society as a whole; the common account with participation from all Socialism & Communism mostly based on ideas from Karl Marx & Frederich Engels
The Protectors of Our Industries
The Robber Barons of the Past
The Bosses of the Senate
What a Funny Little Government (1899)
American Industrialization Benefits of rapid industrialization: The U.S. became the world s #1 industrial power Per capita wealth doubled Improving standard of living Human cost of industrialization: Exploitation of workers; growing gap between rich & poor Rise of giant monopolies
New Type of Business Entities
Standard Oil Co.
Thomas Alva Edison Wizard of Menlo Park
The Light Bulb
The Phonograph (1877) "Mary had a little lamb" were the first words that Edison recorded on the phonograph and he was amazed when he heard the machine play them back to him. In 1878, Edison established the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company to sell the new machine.
The Motion Picture Camera Edison wanted a device to "do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear" single camera (1892)
Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)
Alternate Current vs. Direct Current George Westinghouse vs. Thomas Edison
Alternate Current Westinghouse Lamp ad
The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC December 7, 1903
On December 17, 1903 the Wright Flyer became the first powered, heavier-than-air machine to achieve controlled, sustained flight with a pilot aboard. With Orville Wright as pilot, the airplane took off from a launching rail and flew for 12 seconds and a distance of 120 feet.
Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product! Produced 1 908-1 927
The Reorganization of Work The Assembly Line
Model T Prices & Sales
What is the Progressive Era? Rose from Populism reaction to Social Darwinism ( survival of the fittest) People wanted to humanize industry; take care of victims Believed people were a result of their environment therefore Gospel of Wealth to Gospel of Efficiency Progressives wanted everything run by experts and there should be standards for everything. GOVERNMENT = Solution
M u c k r a c k e r s G o o G o o s T e m p e r a n c e S u f f r a g e t t e s P o p u l i s t s M i d c l a s s W o m e n L a b o r U n i o n s C i v i l R i g h t s
Progressives were: White Protestants Middle class and native born. College Educated Professionals Social workers Scholars Politicians Preachers Teachers Writers
MUCKRAKERS Teddy Roosevelt coined this term from Bunyan s Pilgrim s Progress Muckrakers described people who seeks to expose corruption to the public They are so busy raking in dirt, they forget to look up and see the crown
Muckrakers and Reform Efforts Problem: Filthy, unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. Muckraker: Upton Sinclair, author of The Jungle Reform: Laws were passed to improve meat inspection.
I aimed for America s heart And hit them in the stomach!
Casualties of the Spanish American War (1898) 274,000 US soldiers sent to Cuba only 379 killed in battle rest killed by malaria, yellow fever, dysentery or from 500,000 pounds of beef purchased from Armour and Co.
Federal Meat Inspection Act PUBLIC WAS HORRIFIED to read The Jungle and other exposé articles! President Theodore Roosevelt sent in inspectors to find out if the Jungle was true = ALL OF IT was found true (except the death of a worker) RESULTS: Sanitary conditions were required Harmful food was banned All labels had to be accurate
Meat Industry Today Today only 13 slaughterhouses process the majority of the beef consumed by 300 million Americans what effects does this have? Salmonella, listeria, etc. cause 300,000 hospitalizations each year
Pure Food & Drug Act 1906 If the ingredients of a food were labeled, that statement had to be accurate. Before this act: CAVEAT EMPTOR - The presence and amount of 11 dangerous ingredients, including heroin, morphine, cocaine, and alcohol, had to be labeled on all drugs and foods. The law forbade adding substances to food so as to conceal inferiority, to substitute for something else, or to make the food injurious to health, and it was forbidden to market a food that was filthy or decomposed.
Elixir Lash Lure Sulfanilamide Diethylene glycol is used as an automotive antifreeze today! No toxicity Tests conducted: 107 Americans Killed in 1937 FDA had a display: Chamber of Horrors
Dr. Harvey Wiley s Poison Squad - a group of volunteers whose carefully controlled diet included measured amounts of various food preservatives, such as borax, benzoates, and formaldehyde, and the effects were noted.
Several early 20th-century epilepsy "remedies." The maker of Dr. Lindley's Epilepsy Remedy, top left, pleaded guilty to misbranding in violation of the Pure Food and Drugs Act, just days before the U.S. v. Johnson ruling.
Thalidomide withdrawn in 1961 10,000-20,000 cases worldwide of children who were born with defects
Washington s minimum wage will be $9.04 per hour beginning January 1, 2012. Workers who are 14 or 15 years old may be paid 85% of the adult minimum wage, or $7.68 $7.25 Federal Minimum Wage
Hours and Schedules Minors are Permitted to Work in Non-Agricultural Jobs Hours a Day Hours a Days a Week Begin Quit 14-15 year-olds School weeks 3 hours (8 hours Sat.-Sun.) Non-school weeks 16-17 year-olds School weeks 4 hours (8 hours Fri.-Sun.) School weeks with a special variance Non-school weeks Week 16 hours 6 days 7 a.m. 7 p.m. (9 p.m. June 1 8 hours 40 hours 6 days 7 a.m. 7 p.m. to Labor Day) 6 hours (8 hours Fri.-Sun.) 20 hours 6 days 7 a.m. 10 p.m. (Midnight Fri.- Sat.) 28 hours 6 days 7 a.m. 10 p.m. (Midnight Fri.- Sat.) 8 hours 48 hours 6 days 5 a.m. Midnight
The Hand That Will Rule the World One Big Union
The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
Dumbell Tenement
Dumbell Tenement, NYC
Tenement Slum Living
Lodgers Huddled Together
Urban Growth: 1870-1900
Muckrakers and Reform Efforts Problem: Overcrowded, unsanitary and unsafe housing and working conditions. Jacob Riis, Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street, c. 1889
Two Ragamuffins: Didn t live nowhere.
Opium Den of a Chinese Man
Slept in the Cellar four years
What a Funny Little Government (1899)
Standard Oil Co.
Muckrakers and Reform Efforts Problem: Unfair business practices by Standard Oil and other trusts. Muckraker: Ida Tarbell, journalist for McClures First CEO Profile (ever) Reform: Her stories led to demands for tighter control of trusts. 1911 Supreme Court called Standard Oil an unreasonable monopoy broken down into 34 companies (Exxon, Mobil, etc.)
Mr. Rockefeller has not squandered his income. He has applied it for thirty-five years to accumulating not only oil property but real estate railroad stock, iron mines, copper mines, anything and everything which could be bought cheap by temporary depressing and made to yield rich by his able management. For thirty-five years he has worked for special privileges giving him advantages over competitors, for thirtyfive years he has patiently laid net-works around property he wanted, until he had it surely corralled and could seize it; for thirty-five years he has depreciated values when necessary to get his prey. And to-day he still is busy. In almost every great financial maneuvre in the country is felt his supple, smooth hand with its grip of steel, and while he directs that which is big, nothing is too small for him to grasp. Tarbell, Ida. John D. Rockefeller: A Character Study McClures. July, 1906
The Bosses of the Senate
Sherman Antitrust Act (1888) - Prohibited trusts and the unfair limiting of competition, such as monopolies.
Assignment: Be a Muckraker! Choose an issue with a partner. Develop three examples of HOW you could be an activist to help SOLVE the problem or RAISE AWARENESS
Muckraker Options Health Care Gay Rights Domestic Violence Media impact on self-image Body Image/plastic surgery Gun restrictions Profanity in movies/tv Education Reliance on Oil/gas prices Poverty Social Security Immigration border control, undocumented workers Discrimination/Racism Video Games Pollution/Littering Teen Pregnancy Teen Drinking/Driving Economic Reform/Inequality of Wealth Unemployment Global Warming Bullying/Cyberbullying Food Safety Homelessness Safety (nail salons, tattooing) School Dropouts Drug Abuse Military/War Medical Marijuana Government Spending Police Brutality
Entry Task/Announcements Entry Task: Work with your partner on the BE A MUCKRAKER ASSIGNMENT 10 minutes. Announcements: Today: Short & Sweet Presentations of your 3-part plans to, Be a Muckraker Finish up Progressive notes FYI: Sub tomorrow
Teddy Roosevelt p. 525-526 A. What are TR s beliefs about trusts in America? If they are harmful to Americans, then - TR helped to sue the Northern Securities Company, which led to - TR pushed passage of the Inspection Act and the Pure Act, which TR filed anti-trust suits, which shows B. SKIP THIS ONE! C.What are some examples of how you ve (TR) handled conflict between big business and workers? - In the 1902 Coal Strike, TR took control of the situation by - TR regulated Railroads by helping to pass D. What are some of your policies that will help consumers in America? - TR wants to offer Americans a Deal, which means
Objective: To examine the early reforms of the Progressive Era.
Who is pictured in the cartoon? How are they portrayed? What message is the cartoonist trying to get across?
Congress Who s In It and Who Owns It ; by Jacob Burck
Entry Tasks/Announcements Entry Task: Chilson s grading system is changing. What is your reaction? Announcements: Grades have been updated please check!!! Speech check-in, review TODAY: Political Corruption TEMPERANCE Assignment: p. 642, #1-3
State Reforms by 1920, 20 states had adopted one of these: Recall Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Initiative Referendum Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. *Drafted by citizens can either be accepted by Legislature or go to voters Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Secret Ballot Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Direct Primary Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.
Gray Davis CA Governor recalled in 2003
Recall WA state Article I, 33 of the Washington Constitution says that a recall can only occur if the targeted public official has engaged in the "commission of some act or acts of malfeasance or misfeasance while in office, or who has violated his oath of office." Signature requirement 25 or 35% depending on position
Recent Initiatives 2/3 needed to change an initiative (difficult) 2010 59 6 1053 Tax and fee increases Approved 1082 Industrial Insurance Rejected 1098 Establishing a state income tax Rejected 1100 Liquor retail Rejected 1105 Liquor wholesale Rejected 1107 Reversing certain 2010 amendments to state law Approved 2011 81 3 1125 State Expenditures on Transportation Rejected 1163 Long-Term Care Workers Approved 1183 Privatization of Liquor Sales Approved
1790 to 1828 Caucus---small group of individuals who would choose a candidate 1828 to 1900 Convention---members from the political parties nominate a candidate Current System Used Direct Primary---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate Which of these nominating processes would be the most democratic way to nominate candidates and narrow the field of candidates for the general election?
NATIONAL LEVEL 17 th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators (1913) Increased voters power and reduced corruption in Senate
17 th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators (1913) Increased voters power and reduced corruption in Senate
Patronage practice of giving out government jobs as favors to loyal party workers Patronage oftentimes led to corruption. Examples: Jobs were frequently given to unqualified people. I ve got to thank Uncle Billy for getting me this cool job. Well a little joke never hurt anyone, right?
President James Garfield attempted to reform the spoils system.
An angry office seeker (Charles Guiteau) assassinated Garfield before he could reform the system (in office only 200 days)
Garfield believed that civil service jobs should be given to people based on merit and ability, not political connections. Pendleton Civil Service Commission (1883) - began to award jobs based on the results of an exam.
The Emergence of Political Machines Organized group that controls a city s political party Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support Example: firms that contribute to the machine receive gov t contracts, tax breaks Behind the scenes control of elections (funding), politicians Often used dishonest ways to get income
Recruiting Followers: What tells in holdin your grip on your district is to go right down among the poor families and help them. I've got a regular system for this. If there's a fire in Ninth or Tenth or Eleventh Avenue, for example, any hour of the day or night, I'm usually there with some of my election district captains as soon as the fore engines. If a family is burned out I don't I don't ask them if they are Republicans or Democrats, and I don't refer them to the Charity Organization Society, which would investigate their case in a month or two and decide if they are worthy of help about the time they are dead from starvation. I just get quarters for them, buy clothes for them if their clothes were all burned up, and fix them up until they get things runnin' again. It's philanthropy, but it's politics too - mighty good politics. Who can tell me how many votes one of those fires brings me? The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs...
Recruiting Followers Another thing, I can always get a deserving man a job. I make it a point to keep track of jobs, and it seldom happens that I don't have a few up my sleeve ready for use. I hear a young feller that's proud of his voice... I ask him to join our Glee Club. He comes up and sings, and he's a follower of Plunkitt for life. Another young feller gains a reputation as a baseball player in a vacant lot. I bring him into our baseball club. That fixes him. You'll find him working for my ticket at the polls next election. I rope them all in by givin' them opportunities to show off themselves off. I don't trouble them with political arguments. --George Washington Plunkitt, Politician, New York, 1889
William Boss Tweed Kept Democratic Party in power in NYC called Tammany Hall, formed the Tweed Ring Bought votes, encouraged corruption, controlled NYC politics
Officeholders stole public money. William Marcy Tweed as a Robin Hood? In the three or four years that Tweed and his group were in control the city debt rose from about $30 million to close to $100 million. Tweed Ring milked the city with false leases, padded bills, false vouchers, unnecessary repairs and overpriced goods
Who stole the people s money? Twas Him
Muckrakers and Reform Efforts Let s stop them damned pictures, the Boss supposedly said. I don t care so much what the papers write about my constituents can t read but damn it, they can see pictures. Boss Tweed Muckraker: Thomas Nast, cartoonist for Harper s Weekly Reform: - Tweed was arrested - Good government leagues were formed to replace corrupt leaders.
Muckrakers and Reform Efforts Reinhart, Charles S. He Tries to Steal Away. Harper s Weekly. July 17, 1875
Muckrakers and Reform Efforts Tweed-le-dee and Tilden-dum, Thomas Nast, Artist, Illustration in Harper's Weekly, July 1, 1876. Tweed was sued by New York State for $6 million; Held in debtor's prison (cell = luxurious). Escape: Fled to Spain; was recognized from Nast s pictures Tweed died in debtor's prison on April 12, 1878.
City Bosses Kansas City's Boss Tom Thomas J. Pendergast During the Great Depression: hemanipulated elections and undermined prohibition, but he also kept Kansas City working Boston's James Michael Curley Chicago's Richard J. Daley Mayor 21 years last of the big city bosses Possibly stuffed ballot boxes for JFK 1960
December 9, 2008 ILLINOIS GOVERNOR ARRESTED IN OBAMA SUCCESSOR PROBE RELEASED AFTER COURT APPEARANCE CHICAGO - Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich was arrested on Tuesday on charges he brazenly conspired to sell or trade the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by President-elect Barack Obama to the highest bidder in what a federal prosecutor called a "corruption crime spree." On December 7, 2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison.
Teddy Roosevelt p. 525-526 A. What are TR s beliefs about trusts in America? If they are harmful to Americans, then - TR helped to sue the Northern Securities Company, which led to - TR pushed passage of the Inspection Act and the Pure Act, which TR filed anti-trust suits, which shows B. SKIP THIS ONE! C.What are some examples of how you ve (TR) handled conflict between big business and workers? - In the 1902 Coal Strike, TR took control of the situation by - TR regulated Railroads by helping to pass D. What are some of your policies that will help consumers in America? - TR wants to offer Americans a Deal, which means