C 30: little bit on Native Americans/ Canada

C 30: little bit on Native Americans/ Canada

Assimilation VS Acculturation

Regional divisions in Canadian society, but independence achieved without war British and French Canadians French territories ceded after Seven Years War (1756-1763) Concessions made to large French population Recognition of Roman Catholic church, French law code After 1781, British population in Ontario joined by loyalists fleeing U.S. War of Independence 1867: Dark red will Form the Dominion of Canada Confederation: Federal dominion of 4 provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick)

The Dominion of Canada in the Nineteenth Century U.S. declares war on Britain over encroachments during Napoleonic wars (1812) British forces in Canada repel U.S. attacks Social tensions between French and English populations remain British wish to avoid repeat of U.S. War of Independence, gradually extend home rule between 1840 and 1867 1871 British Columbia joins the Confederation of Canada

1800-1900 California Gold Rush 1849 By 1850s European migration to USA = 2.3 million After mid 19 th c, Qing government permitted foreigners to take Chinese as indentured servants Agricultural plantations of Latin America = swallows (4 million Italian in Argentina)

Ottomans: Janissaries Capitulations Extraterritorilaity Muhammad Ali Crimean War Tanzimat Reforms Young Turks Winners and losers?? China: Cohong East India Company Opium Unequal treaties Spheres of Influence Hong Kong Taiping Rebellion Self Strengthening Movement Boxer Rebellion Winners and Losers? Ottoman Russia China Japan Russia: Crimean War Serfs Sergei Witte Zemstovs Nicholas II Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday Revolution 1905 Winners and losers? Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate bakufu Commodore Perry Meiji Restoration Daimyo and samurai? The Diet Zaibatsu Sino-Japanese War 1895 Russo-Japanese War 1904 Winners and losers?

C 31: Societies at the Crossroads: Ottoman Empire, Russia, Japan and China Issues that they share military weaknesses vulnerable to foreigners who could often force their way in (SOME) propose reform modeled on the West (education, responsive govt, written constitutions, limit power of rulers, guarantees of equality) Suffered from internal pressures (population/ declining crop production/ Falling income/ failing economy) (unable to address because of administrative issues) Issues where they differ Ottoman Empire, Russia China = elite rulers did not embrace or support reform Japan = Tokugawa Shogunate fell, emperor was restored, reform is thorough and embraced industrialization

Territorial Losses of the Ottoman Empire (1800-1914) POLITICAL and ECONOMIC Problems. Muhammad Ali (r. 1805-1848)

Sultan Abdul Hamid II 1876-1901 Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876 Sultan Mahmud II 1808-1839 (the survivor) The Crimean Wars: 1854-1856 The Young Turks 1889-1908

Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire (Young Turks 1908) 1. The basis for the Constitution will be respect for the predominance of the national will. One of the consequences of this principle will be to require without delay the responsibility of the minister before the Chamber, and, consequently, to consider the minister as having resigned, when he does not have a majority of the votes of the Chamber. 2. Provided that the number of senators does not exceed one-third the number of deputies, the Senate will be named as follows: one-third by the Sultan and two-thirds by the nation, and the term of senators will be of limited duration 7. The Turkish tongue will remain the official state language. Official correspondence and discussion will take place in Turkish 9. Every citizen will enjoy complete liberty and equality, regardless of nationality or religion, and be submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans, being equal before the law as regards rights and duties relative to the State, are eligible for government posts, according to their individual capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be equally liable to the military law.

Societies at the Crossroads: The Ottoman Empire 1750-1914 Social Territorial Losses from Russia, the Balkans Loss of Egypt (Muhammad Ali) 1820, Greece 1830, Serbia 1867 Semi-independent war lords are a problem Corrupt leadership/ private armies Military weak/ technologically weak Internal conflict ethnic/ nationalist groups = REVOLT then Authority under Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839) (however undermined authority of the ulama) Tanzimat Era: 1839-1876 (conservative critics??) Reform accelerated, restructuring of military Based on European models, attacked Ottoman sharia laws educational reform, centralized/ check power of the sultan YOUNG TURKS: 1889-1908 (Social and Political) (Parisian Exiles): Universal suffrage Equality before the law, Freedom of religion emancipation Free public education, Nationalistic (Turkish independence within empire=arab resistance united in mistrust of Europe 1908: Inspired an Army Coup Mehmed V Rashid (r. 1909-1918) puppet sultan Political

Societies at the Crossroads: The Ottoman Empire 1750-1914 Interaction with The Environment CULTURE Increased economic pressure from Europe Loss of control (and revenue) from trade due to shifting focus on Atlantic trade Reluctance to embrace modern technology Led to fiscal insolvency, economic dependence, foreign loans (high interest) Geographically diverse- for centuries controlled trade routes from East to West Islam Some resistance to reform by conservative clerics/ internal conflict (Christians, Muslims, Jews) Turkish made the official language even With Arabic and Slavic speakers See Tanzimat Era/ Young Turks ECONOMIC 1882 CAPITULATIONS = humiliating Deprived Ottomans of income (GB didn't t have to pay taxes) Extraterritoriality imposed

Societies at the Crossroads: The Ottoman Empire 1750-1914 The SICK MAN OF EUROPE DECLINE: continued to lose wars, subject peoples wanted autonomy, survived b/c Europe didn t know how to divide empire w/o upsetting their own balance of power

The Russian Empire 1801-1914 Sergei Witte: Minister of finance 1892-1903 Trans-Siberian RR Remodeled state banks- encouraged savings bankshigh protective tariffs to support local business BUT.. Industrial/social/political discontent followed.

Peter I the Great (r. 1682-1725) Catherine II the Great (r. 1762-1796) Alexander I (r. 1801-1825) Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) Sergei Witte

Karl Marx (1818-1883) Frederick Engles (1820-1895) -Believed that all the social problems of Industrialized societies were a direct Result of capitalism VS. -All human history has been the struggle of the classes - Dictatorship of the proletariat would capitalism Robert Owen (1771-1858) -stressed communal living -cooperative living -Established model communities based on equality/ harmony New Harmony, Indiana

Societies at the Crossroads: The Russian Empire 1750-1914 Social Political Military defeats (Crimean War, Russo-Japanese War 1905) Russification: attacks on ethnic minorities led to riots/ secret police/ censorship Secret assassinations (Alexander II) Bloody Sunday (January 1905 march on Winter Palace) LOW standard of living w Witte mode Outlawed strikes/trade unions/lack of political Freedom = Social Discontent leads to October 1905 Revolution (Anarchists?) Bloody Sunday 1905: Soldiers shot into the crowd Civilian Deaths= 96-4000 Strike for fair pay, Suffrage, shorter Work day Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917): further police control, (distraction) further expansion into Manchuria/Korea = Russo-Japanese War 1905 (Japan destroys Russian navy) (Initially little resistance from businesspeople.unlike in Europe. AFTER BLOODY SUNDAY: Tsars agree to some political concessions = The Duma (national legislature) by October 1905 (failed for now- lacked authority)

Societies at the Crossroads: The Russian Empire 1750-1914 Interaction with The Environment CULTURE Better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for serfs to revolt and liberate themselves Extremely geographically diverse Technology had to be employed to create communication and facilitate trade (Sergei Witte: Trans-Siberian RR) Russian Orthodox Christianity (1/2) Judaism (pogroms) Extreme multi-culturalism Industrialization (however peasant discontent: low wages, long hrs, uprooted from agrarian lifestyle) Industrialization with a fundamental agrarian economy (motivation different than in WEST: Why??) Key to modern success = emancipation of the serfs (mobile labor force/ consumers) (BEFORE: thought they needed serfs for social stability) Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) abolished serfdom (landowners compensated for their loss BUT freed serfs not happy: WHY?) ECONOMIC Motivation was social and political NOT motivated by entrepreneurial Initiative (TOP DOWN) Workers suffered.

In Russia, Industrialization took place in a framework for capitalism, BUT it differed from western European industrialization in that the motivation for development was POLITICAL and MILITARY and the driving force was But government policy rather than entrepreneurial initiative.

China and Japan: 19 th century Pressures

CHINA: Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1838-1842 Since 1759: European trade Limited to port of Guangzhou Foreign merchants forced to deal with Chinese firms called cohongs: ONLY trade in silver buillon WAR! 40,000 chests of opium a year shipped to China by 1838 Commissioner Lin Zexu rejected by Queen Victoria (PAGE 719) Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium Forced to grant extraterritoriality status UNEQUAL TREATIES/ Spheres of Influence

Unequal Treaties According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to: Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese Open several ports to British trade Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong (returned July 1, 1997) Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China REACTION? Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Self-Strengthening Movement 1860-1895 Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use (technology) (not as radical: but contradictory and undermined Confucian tradition Opposed the Manchus: wanted radical Social change, no footbinding, no private property, free public ed, no concubinage (men and women equal) 20-30 million lives lost Massive decline in economy/ food 1885 Britain took Burma 1886 France took Vietnam 1895 Japan took Korean independence 1898 Spheres of Influence 1898 Hundred Days Reform? Proto-industrialization Cixi nullifies

Anti-foreign Anti- Chinese Christian Anti- Chinese who helped the foreigners China: The Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900 Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists

University of Pennsylvania 49 lb flawless crystal spheresecond largest in the world Puyi (2 yrs old) Last emperor of China 1908-1912

Societies at the Crossroads: China 1750-1914 Social popular uprisings 1850-1860s Taiping Rebellion defeated by Qing and foreign troops (1864) government slaughtered 100,000 Taipings Hundred Days reforms 1898 1896 Spheres of Influence 1899-1900 Boxer Rebellion (Empress Dowager Cixi supported militia against foreigners) 1900- Chinese leaders no longer in control of economy 1912- collapse of the Qing Dynasty Political Qing Dynasty (Manchus) 1644-1911 British introduced opium to end cohong system Opium War (1839-1842)- Chinese easily defeated unequal treaties Treaty of Nanjing 1842 lost tribute states of Vietnam, Burma, Korea, Taiwan

Societies at the Crossroads: China 1750-1914 Interaction with The Environment Extremely geographically diverse Led to policy of isolationism Always has problem of securing enough arable land for growing populations (terraces) CULTURE BEFORE: tight control of foreign trade/ foreign contact/ cohong system agrarian/ little demand for foreign goods AFTER: unequal treaties ultimately severe economic decline (eating grass, human flesh) "Self Strengthening" Movement (1860-1895) failed Confucianism still strong under Manchu rule unequal treaties allowed Christian missionaries Qing widely known as patrons of the arts (Qianglong especially) ECONOMIC

Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world. Closed Country Edicts 1635 and 1639

JAPAN: Commodore Perry 1853 and Unequal Treaties Japan had a history of successful imitation and China did not. Meiji Restoration 1868 ended Tokugawa Shogunate European style military Modernized the infrastructure New public health measures/ population increase 1872 Mass public education system 1890s Massive industrialization (zaibatsu) Supported consumer culture/ department stores History of feudalism may have helped them understand the military aspects of the Western challenge/ created group loyalties

Treaty of Kanagawa: March 31, 1854 1. Peace and friendship between the United States and Japan. 2. Opening of two ports to American ships at Shimoda and Hakodate 3. Help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast and protection for shipwrecked persons 4. Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water, and other necessary provisions in Japanese ports.

Societies at the Crossroads: Japan 1750-1914 Bakufu threatened By foreign pressure Social No more samurai No more swords/ top knot No more samurai stipend Shortlived samurai rebellion 1878- Then no more trouble for the Meiji national government 1883-1884 Peasant uprisingsanti labor- anti peasant- Famine- starvation Conscription army Replaces samurai Political peasant class suffer under tax burden uprisings quickly suppressed Confucian social order dismantled Almost all Japanese became legally equal as commoners- still female infanticide political stability linked to industrial growth defeated China 1895, Russia 1904 Tokugawa shogunate failing to end crisis foreign pressure to reverse closed door policy 1840s bakufu plan to attack foreign interests 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry unequal treaties = humiliation = end of Tokugawa rule 1868 Meiji Restoration = end to military rule, constitutional government 1889 (parliament, Diet, political parties) Emperor still theoretically in charge) daimyo and samurai lose power government supported industrial growth/ outlawed unions and labor reform

Societies at the Crossroads: Japan 1750-1914 Interaction with The Environment Island nation Very resource poor Need to trade especially as population grows CULTURE tax system reorganized (grain taxes to fixed money) industry: govt take over of industry to modernize it- then sold some to private investors (zaibatsu) railroads, telegraphs, steamships, postal systems, banking systems, munitions production) 1899 unequal treaties ended- no limits on Japanese in trade either Shintoism/ Neo-Confucianism/ Buddhism unequal treaties allowed Christian missionaries universal education (primary and secondary) competitive universities ECONOMIC

Ottomans: Janissaries Capitulations Extraterritoriality Muhammad Ali Crimean War Tanzimat Reforms Young Turks Winners and losers?? Ottomans: Janissaries Capitulations Extraterritoriality Muhammad Ali Crimean War Tanzimat Reforms Young Turks Winners and losers?? SPICE? (Changes and Continuities?) (WHC?) Analyze continuities and changes in the response to Western influence between 1750-1900. Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate bakufu Commodore Perry Meiji Restoration Daimyo and samurai? The Diet Zaibatsu Sino-Japanese War 1895 Russo-Japanese War 1904 Winners and losers? China: Cohong East India Company Opium Unequal treaties Spheres of Influence Hong Kong Taiping Rebellion Self Strengthening Movement Boxer Rebellion Winners and Losers?