Europe and North America Section 3 Main Idea Changing Societies The Cold War brought tremendous economic and social change to North America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Content Statement: Analyze how the U.S. and U.S.S.R. became superpowers and competed for global influence.
Europe and North America Europe Post WWII Section 3
Europe and North NATO America VS WARSAW PACTSection 3
Europe and North America Section 3
Europe and North America Ch 15-3 vocabulary Section 3 Solidarity: an independent labor union founded in Soviet-controlled Poland in 1980. Glasnost: openness refers to a new era of media freedom in Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980 s Perestroika: restructuring ; restructuring of the corrupt government bureaucracy in the U.S.S.R. begun by Gorbachev. Reform economic system as well. Velvet Revolution: (1989) a quick, peaceful revolution that swept Communists from power in Czechoslovakia
1) Postwar Recovery/Western Europe Europe and North America Section 3 Western Europe faced challenging future after World War II At end of war, much of Western Europe lay in ruins Property, farmland destroyed; national economies collapsed; millions displaced from homes; seemed on brink of chaos Chaos did not come, thanks in large part to Marshall Plan Economic Growth Influx of Immigrants With American aid, Western Europe s factories produced more in 1950s than before war West Germany became major economic power Growth strong in other countries Availability of jobs attracted immigrants from former colonies Created strain as Europeans struggled to adapt to newcomers, their cultures
Europe and North America Section 3 World War II had changed Europe s place in the world. The continent was no longer the center of world power; instead, the United States and the Soviet Union were centers of power. Alliances 2)Alliances and Economic Unity Economic Unity Markets European nations began to end longstanding rivalries, work for common good NATO unified many nations in strong military alliance with U.S., Canada Many Western European nations moved toward economic unity Cooperation begun in coal, steel industries, and development of atomic energy Broader efforts to develop single regional market, free of trade barriers Goal to create single market to rival United States
2) Europe Alliance and and North Economic America Unity/The Common Section Market 3 European Economic Community 1957, six European nations founded European Economic Community; also known as Common Market 1960, seven other European countries formed rival European Free Trade Association True economic unity in Europe still years in future
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4) Post War Soviet Union /Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union Europe and North America Section 3 The challenges facing the Soviet Union and the Eastern European nations under its control were even more overwhelming than those facing Western Europe. Like Western Europe, however, the region soon began to recover. The Postwar Soviet Union Tens of millions killed in war Heavy damage to cities and farms Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin determined to rebuild quickly Soviet Union had command economy Stalin wanted to prove superiority of communism to capitalism. Command Economy Government controls all economic decisions Goods at prewar levels by 1953 under strict government control. Stalin dies in 1953. Nikita Krushchev became leader of Soviet Union, undertook effort to de- Stalinize Soviet Union Tore down statues of Stalin and renames streets and towns named after Stalin. Stalin-era economic and political restrictions loosened, but country remained Communist. Individual freedoms limited, still hostile stance against the West.
5) Revolts in Eastern Europe Europe and North America Section 3 Many Changes Solidarity Changes after Stalin s death led Eastern Europeans to hope for end of Soviet domination Soviet leaders made it clear reforms were limited Used or threatened force to crush public protests in many countries, assert control Troops put down revolts in East Germany (1953), Poland (1956), Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968) Soviet crackdowns did not end protests in Eastern Europe 1980, Polish electrician Lech Walesa led hundreds of thousands of workers in anti-government protest movement, called Solidarity Poland s Communist government used martial law to suppress movement, could not destroy it
Europe and North America Europe Post WWII Section 3
Europe and North America Section 3 Soviet Economy Faltered 6)Glasnost and Perestroika Soviet economy performed well after war, began to falter in 1960s By 1980s, Soviet Union faced crisis; command economy system inefficient Production goals made with little regard for wants, needs of marketplace. Why bad? Gorbachev Goals stressed heavy industry, neglecting needed consumer goods As result most sectors of Soviet economy ceased to grow 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, saw need for change New Concepts Proposed two radical concepts glasnost, perestroika Glasnost, openness, willingness to discuss Soviet problems openly. New era of media freedom. Perestroika, restructuring, reform of Soviet economic, political system
Europe and North America Section 3
Europe and North America Section 3
Europe and North America Section 3
Europe and North America Section 3
6)Reforms Europe and North America Section 3 Gorbachev pushed through number of major reforms Aggressively pursued arms control agreements with U.S. Also reduced central planning of Soviet economy, introduced some free market mechanisms. Moving from command to market economy 6)Policy Reversal Gorbachev knew Soviet Union could not afford to prop up Communist governments of Eastern Europe Began to pull Soviet troops out of region, urged local leaders to adopt reforms Reversed decades of Soviet policy in Eastern Europe
Europe and North America Section 3
Europe and North America Section 3
7)Revolutions in Eastern Europe Europe and North America Section 3 Eastern Europeans longed for freedom, did not wait for reform 1989, revolution spread; citizens overthrew Soviet-backed leaders Gorbachev, no longer wanting to control Eastern Europe, did not interfere Most revolutions were peaceful Solidarity forced elections in Poland; Lech Walesa elected president Czechoslovakia, Romania East Germany Czechoslovakia had Velvet Revolution so called because it was peaceful Pushed communists out of power Only bloodshed in Romania, where some military forces remained loyal to Communist dictator Most dramatic changes took place in East Germany Berlin Wall opened November 1989 Strongest symbol of Soviet repression, Cold War, finally fell Less than year later, East, West Germany reunified as single nation
Europe and North America USSR Section 3
Europe and North America Section 3