195 People Snapshots Asia and the Pacific accounts for nearly 55% of the global population and six of the world s 10 most populous economies. The region s population is forecast to grow to 5.3 billion by 2050. Population growth and fertility rates have slowed in most economies. India s population is expected to surpass that of the People s Republic of China in the next 7 years. The region s population is aging, and this has major implications for economic growth. Many Pacific economies have a high dependency ratio because of a significant proportion of the population that is below the age of 15. The rate of urbanization is increasing in most of the region. Asia is home to 12 of the world s 23 biggest cities and eight of the 10 most densely populated cities. Based on the United Nations Development Programme s Human Development Index, about half of developing member economies are in the medium human development category and all but two have shown improvements in quality of life indicators since 2000. Key trends Over half the world s population lives in Asia and the Pacific. The population of the 48 regional members of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) was 3.99 billion in 2014 (Table 1.1), comprising 55% of the global total (Figure 1.1). Of the world s 10 most populous countries, six are in Asia the People s Republic of China (PRC), India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Japan. The populations of the PRC and India far surpass those of any other country in the world. With 1.37 billion and 1.27 billion people, respectively, they together account for 36% of the world population. Nine other economies in Asia have a population of more than 50 million, while more than half or 28 economies have fewer than 10 million people. Nine out of the 14 Pacific economies have a population of fewer than 200,000 (Table 1.1). Figure 1.1: Percentage Distribution of Population by Global Region, and by Economy in Asia and the Pacific, 2014 South America 5.7 North America 7.9 Europe 11.3 Africa 15.7 West Asia 3.2 Rest of the World 1.1 Asia and the Pacific 55.2 PRC 18.8 Others 5.4 India 17.4 Indonesia 3.5 Pakistan 2.6 Bangladesh 2.2 Japan 1.7 Philippines 1.4 Viet Nam 1.2 Thailand 0.9 PRC = People's Republic of China. Note: The aggregate for the West Asia region was adjusted to exclude for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, which are included in the total for Asia and the Pacific. Source: Table 1.1.
196 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 The United Nations forecasts that the population of the region will peak in the middle of the 21st century, reaching 5.3 billion in 2050 before declining to 4.9 billion in 2100. India is expected to become the most populous country in the world by 2022, surpassing the PRC at a time when both will have populations of about 1.4 billion. India s population is likely to continue to grow until it reaches about 1.7 billion in 2050, while the PRC s is expected to remain steady until the 2030s when it will begin to decline. 1 Population growth rates slowed in more than three-fourths of developing member economies between 1990 and 2014. The average annual population growth rate of developing members declined from 2.6% in 1990 to 1.0% in 2014 (Table 1.1). Among the most populous economies, the PRC s population growth rate fell from 1.4% in 1990 to 0.5% in 2014, and India s rate declined from 2.1% to 1.2%. The average annual population growth rate in 1990 2014 exceeded 2.0% in 11 economies: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao People s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore (due to immigration), Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu (Figure 1.2). Total fertility rates have declined significantly in most economies in recent decades. The region s total fertility rate fell from 3.9 children per woman in 1990, or the earliest year in which data are available, to 2.5 in 2013 (Table 1.12). Every economy in Asia and the Pacific experienced a declining fertility rate over this period except Australia (Figure 1.3). In 2013, the total fertility rate was 4.0 or higher in four of the 14 Pacific economies. The only other economy in the region with a fertility rate above 4.0 in 2013 was Afghanistan. The region s lowest fertility rates of less than 1.5 children per woman were in Hong Kong, China (1.1); Taipei,China (1.1); Japan (1.4); the Republic of Korea (1.2); and Singapore (1.2). The PRC s total fertility rate 1 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York. Figure 1.2: Average Annual Population Growth Rate, 1990 2014 (%) Pakistan Tajikistan Afghanistan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Kazakhstan Armenia Georgia Mongolia Hong Kong, China PRC Korea, Rep. of Taipei,China Maldives Nepal India Bangladesh Bhutan Sri Lanka Singapore Cambodia Malaysia Lao PDR Brunei Darussalam Philippines Myanmar Indonesia Viet Nam Thailand Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Solomon Islands Kiribati Timor-Leste Tuvalu Marshall Islands Palau Samoa Cook Islands Nauru Fiji Tonga FSM Australia New Zealand Japan 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 1.1. 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.8-1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
People 197 Figure 1.3: Total Fertility Rate, 1990 and 2013 Afghanistan Pakistan Tajikistan Kyrgyz Republic Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Armenia Georgia Mongolia PRC Korea, Rep. of Hong Kong, China Taipei,China Nepal India Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Philippines Lao PDR Malaysia Cambodia Indonesia Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Viet Nam Thailand Singapore Nauru Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Samoa Tonga FSM Tuvalu Kiribati Fiji Cook Islands Palau New Zealand Australia Japan 0 2 4 6 8 10 1990 2013 FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 1.12. of 1.7 was well below the rates of the other four most populous developing economies: Bangladesh (2.2), Indonesia (2.3), India (2.5), and Pakistan (3.2). Asia and the Pacific s population is aging, and this has major implications for economic growth. The share of older people in the population is rising, which reflects both a decline in fertility and rising life expectancy. Figure 1.4 shows the age profile and dependency ratio for all economies in Asia and the Pacific. The dependency ratio is an age population ratio of those age groups typically not in the labor force (14 years and below, and 65 years and above) to those typically in the labor force (15 64 years). Figure 1.5 presents the region s current (2014) and projected (2050) age profiles by gender. As can be seen, a significantly larger proportion of the region s population will comprise persons over the age of 65 in 2050. Prior to that, economies with a relatively young age structure, such as India and Pakistan, should benefit from a rising share of the working-age population in their total population, and therefore enjoy a declining dependency ratio. By contrast, aging will reduce economic growth in economies where it is most advanced, such as in Japan and the Republic of Korea. For the region as a whole, favorable demographic factors are expected to contribute less to growth than in past decades. 2 Developed member economies have a relatively high proportion of people aged 65 and above, and therefore high dependency ratios. Japan stands out in this regard with 25.7% of the population 65 years and older, while in Australia and New Zealand the proportions are 14.7% and 14.4%, respectively. Among developing member economies, those with proportions higher than 10.0% are Armenia; Georgia; Hong Kong, China; the Republic of Korea; Singapore; Taipei,China; and Thailand. Conversely, economies with the highest percentage of children under the age of 15 are Afghanistan (44.9%), Marshall Islands (40.1%), and Timor-Leste (42.3%). These economies also have high dependency ratios. 2 D. Park, S.-H. Lee, and A. Mason. 2012. Aging, Economic Growth, and Old-Age Security in Asia. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar.
198 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Kyrgyz Republic Hong Kong, China Brunei Darussalam Solomon Islands Tonga Samoa Marshall Islands Vanuatu Nauru Papua New Guinea Figure 1.4: Population by Age Group and Age Dependency Ratio, 2014 Afghanistan Pakistan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Mongolia Korea, Rep. of PRC Taipei,China Nepal Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Bhutan Maldives Lao PDR Philippines Cambodia Myanmar Indonesia Malaysia Viet Nam Thailand Singapore Timor-Leste FSM Kiribati Tuvalu Cook Islands Fiji Palau 35.8 35.1 35.9 48.2 37.0 36.9 48.9 45.6 41.3 38.1 46.8 47.7 47.9 44.2 49.9 38.3 42.3 39.0 38.1 61.2 49.6 50.8 58.0 55.8 49.5 63.7 53.7 53.1 63.6 63.3 63.2 61.6 60.2 52.5 65.8 54.5 76.0 74.1 75.0 74.5 69.2 68.1 69.0 Japan 63.0 New Zealand 53.2 Australia 50.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.0 50.0 100.0 Dependency Ratio 0 14 15 64 65 and above FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Sources: Table 1.3 and 1.4. 89.8 91.5 Age group (2014) Age group (2050) Figure 1.5: Population Pyramids in Asia and the Pacific, 2014 and 2050 100+ 95 99 90 94 85 89 80 84 75 79 70 74 65 69 60 64 55 59 50 54 45 49 40 44 35 39 30 34 25 29 20 24 15 19 10 14 5 9 0 4 100+ 95 99 90 94 85 89 80 84 75 79 70 74 65 69 60 64 55 59 50 54 45 49 40 44 35 39 30 34 25 29 20 24 15 19 10 14 5 9 0 4 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 Population (million) 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 Population (million) Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York. The Asia and Pacific region has become more urbanized. Migration from rural to urban is driven largely by greater employment opportunities in cities, as well as improved access to services such as healthcare and education. 3 Today, the majority of the population lives in cities in half of the region s economies. Table 1a shows that Asia is home to 3 M. Amare, L. Hohfeld, S. Jitsuchon, and H. Waibe. 2012. Rural Urban Migration and Employment Quality: A Case Study from Thailand. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 209. Manila: Asian Development Bank. 0 14 15 64 65 and above 0 14 15 64 65 and above
People 199 Table 1a: Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population 2010, 2015, and 2030 2010 2015 2030 Population (millions) Population (millions) Population (millions) Economy City Rank Rank Rank Japan Tokyo 1 36.83 1 38.00 1 37.19 India Delhi 2 21.94 2 25.70 2 36.06 Mexico Ciudad de México (Mexico City) 3 20.13 6 21.00 10 23.86 China, People s Rep. of Shanghai 4 19.98 3 23.74 3 30.75 Brazil São Paulo 5 19.66 4 21.07 11 23.44 Japan Kinki M.M.A. (Osaka) 6 19.49 8 20.24 13 19.98 India Mumbai (Bombay) 7 19.42 5 21.04 4 27.80 United States New York-Newark 8 18.37 10 18.59 14 19.89 Egypt Al-Qahirah (Cairo) 9 16.90 9 18.77 8 24.50 China, People s Rep. of Beijing 10 16.19 7 20.38 5 27.71 Bangladesh Dhaka 11 14.73 11 17.60 6 27.37 India Kolkata (Calcutta) 12 14.28 14 14.86 15 19.09 Argentina Buenos Aires 13 14.25 13 15.18 18 16.96 Pakistan Karachi 14 14.08 12 16.62 7 24.84 Turkey Istanbul 15 12.70 15 14.16 20 16.69 Brazil Rio de Janeiro 16 12.37 19 12.90 23 14.17 United States Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana 17 12.16 21 12.31 26 13.26 Philippines Manila 18 11.89 18 12.95 19 16.76 Russian Federation Moskva (Moscow) 19 11.46 22 12.17.. China, People s Rep. of Chongqing 20 11.24 16 13.33 17 17.38 Nigeria Lagos 21 10.78 17 13.12 9 24.24 France Paris 22 10.46 25 10.84.. China, People s Rep. of Shenzhen 23 10.22 26 10.75 29 12.67 Republic of Korea Seoul 24 9.80.... United Kingdom London 25 9.70 28 10.31.. Indonesia Jakarta 26 9.63 27 10.32 25 13.81 China, People s Rep. of Guangzhou, Guangdong 27 9.62 20 12.46 16 17.57 China, People s Rep. of Tianjin 28 9.45 24 11.21 22 14.66 Congo, Dem. of Kinshasa 29 9.38 23 11.59 12 20.00 Japan Chukyo M.M.A. (Nagoya) 30 9.16.... India Bangalore. 29 10.09 21 14.76 Peru Lima. 30 9.90 30 12.22 India Chennai (Madras)... 24 13.92 Pakistan Lahore... 27 13.03 India Hyderabad... 28 12.77. = data not available at cutoff date. Note: Nine economies from Asia are represented, including 17 megacities in 2010, 18 in 2015, and 21 in 2030. Source: Table 1.2; and United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York. 12 of the world s 23 megacities urban areas with populations exceeding 10 million and has eight of the world s 10 most densely populated cities as measured by people per square kilometer. 4 The percentage of the population living in cities is projected to increase in every economy in the region by 2050, with the exception of the three economies that are already fully urbanized: Hong Kong, China; Nauru; and Singapore (Figure 1.6). In the PRC, the urbanization rate is expected to rise by 21 percentage points to 76% by 2050, and in India by 4 Asian Development Bank. 2013. Asian Development Outlook. Manila. 18 percentage points to 50%. On the other hand, some economies are expected to remain predominantly rural in 2050, with at least 60% of the population residing in rural areas, including Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and a number of Pacific economies (Federated States of Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu). Rising rates of urbanization have been accompanied by rising levels of inequality in about half of the region s economies. Figure 1.7 shows Gini coefficients in 1995 and the most recent year for which data are available. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of
200 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Figure 1.6: Urbanization Rate, 2014 and 2050 Figure 1.7: Gini Coefficient, 1995 and Latest Year Available Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Turkmenistan Kazakhstan Pakistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Republic Afghanistan Tajikistan Taipei,China Hong Kong, China Mongolia Korea, Rep. of PRC Maldives Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Sri Lanka Singapore Malaysia Brunei Darussalam Thailand Indonesia Lao PDR Philippines Myanmar Viet Nam Cambodia Nauru Palau Cook Islands Marshall Islands Tuvalu Fiji Kiribati Timor-Leste Vanuatu Solomon Islands Tonga FSM Samoa Papua New Guinea Japan Australia New Zealand 0 20 40 60 80 100 Georgia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Tajikistan Pakistan Kazakhstan Afghanistan PRC Mongolia Korea, Rep. of Taipei,China Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka India Nepal Bangladesh Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Indonesia Lao PDR Cambodia Viet Nam FSM Papua New Guinea Nauru Vanuatu Solomon Islands Samoa Fiji Palau Kiribati Tuvalu Tonga Timor-Leste Japan Australia New Zealand 2014 2050 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People's Republic of China. Sources: Table 1.2; and United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York. 1995 Latest Year Available FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People's Republic of China. Source: Table 1.9.
People 201 income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality in which wealth is shared equally among all members of an economy, while 1.0 implies perfect inequality in which a single member controls the entire wealth of an economy. Between 1995 and the most recent year for which data are available, notable increases in the Gini coefficient, which reflect widening inequality, occurred in Indonesia (from 0.31 to 0.38), Turkmenistan (from 0.35 to 0.41), and Georgia (from 0.37 to 0.41) (Table 1.9). The largest declines in Gini coefficients, which reflect narrowing inequality, were observed in Armenia (from 0.44 to 0.30), the Maldives (from 0.63 to 0.37), and Uzbekistan (from 0.45 to 0.35). The quality of life in the region s economies, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), continues to improve. The HDI is calculated by the United Nations Development Programme for 187 economies worldwide. It covers three important aspects of welfare: life expectancy at birth, the average of mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling, and per capita gross national income. Table 1.b shows the HDI values and global rankings for 43 economies in the region in 2000 and 2013. In 2013, seven of the region s economies were in the top category of very high human development, while 11 were classified as having high human development. Fiji, PRC, Thailand, and Tonga were new additions to the latter group. About half the regional economies were in the category of medium human development, including India and Indonesia. Bangladesh, the region s fifth most populous economy, was a new addition to the medium group, while the fourth most populous economy, Pakistan, remained in the low human development group, along with Table 1b: Human Development Index in 2013 HDI Global Rank Average annual HDI growth (%) HDI Global Rank Average annual HDI growth (%) 2000 2013 Economy HDI 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 Economy HDI 2013 2000 2013 VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (5) 2 Australia 0.933 0.29 (101) 106 Samoa 0.694 0.45 (19) 7 New Zealand 0.910 0.32 (110) 108 Indonesia 0.684 0.90 (25) 9 Singapore 0.901 0.92 (95) 116 Uzbekistan 0.661 0.73 (27) 15 Korea, Rep. of 0.891 0.65 (77) 117 Philippines 0.660 0.49 (23) 15 Hong Kong, China 0.891 0.74 (109) 121 Viet Nam 0.638 0.96 (9) 17 Japan 0.890 0.28 124 Micronesia, Fed. States of 0.630. (32) 30 Brunei Darussalam 0.852 0.27 (102) 125 Kyrgyz Republic 0.628 0.52 HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 128 Timor-Leste 0.620 2.25 60 Palau 0.775 0.34 (131) 131 Vanuatu 0.616 0.99 (59) 62 Malaysia 0.773 0.58 133 Kiribati 0.607. (79) 70 Kazakhstan 0.757 0.84 (112) 133 Tajikistan 0.607 1.07 (89) 73 Sri Lanka 0.750 0.77 (124) 135 India 0.586 1.49 (88) 76 Azerbaijan 0.747 1.21 (130) 136 Cambodia 0.584 1.75 (81) 79 Georgia 0.744 0.02 (140) 136 Bhutan 0.584 1.30 (76) 87 Armenia 0.730 0.92 (143) 139 Lao PDR 0.569 1.44 (72) 88 Fiji 0.724 0.55 (145) 142 Bangladesh 0.558 1.62 (70) 89 Thailand 0.722 0.83 LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (96) 91 China, People's Rep. of 0.719 1.52 (142) 145 Nepal 0.540 1.42 100 Tonga 0.705 0.37 (138) 146 Pakistan 0.537 1.30 MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (127) 150 Myanmar 0.524 1.69 (87) 103 Turkmenistan 0.698 0.46 (121) 157 Solomon Islands 0.491 0.25 (84) 103 Maldives 0.698 1.19 (133) 157 Papua New Guinea 0.491 1.17 (113) 103 Mongolia 0.698 1.43 169 Afghanistan 0.468 2.46. = data not available at cutoff date, HDI = human development index, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Note: 2000 HDI ranking in parenthesis for those countries with available data. Source: Derived from Table 1.10.
202 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 five other smaller economies. Between 2000 and 2013, every economy in Asia and the Pacific except Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan showed improvement in its HDI. Timor-Leste, PRC, Afghanistan, and Cambodia had the largest increases in their indexes over this period. Data Issues and Comparability Demographic data are either based on vital registration records or on censuses and surveys. In many developing member economies, vital registration records are incomplete and, therefore, cannot be used for statistical purposes. In most economies, population censuses are conducted every 10 years. For this reason, the growth rates are probably more reliable than the levels. The United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs Population Division used future trends on fertility, mortality, and international migration to project population numbers until 2100. The mediumfertility variant used assumes fertility rates above 2.1 children per woman in 2005 2010. Statistics on urban population are compiled according to each economy s national definition, as there is no agreed international standard for defining an urban area. National estimates are used for urban ratios. If national estimates are not available, data from World Urbanization Prospects are used. Data on numbers of physicians and health resources are compiled by the World Health Organization, while data on pupils, teachers, and education resources are compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute of Statistics from country sources. Household surveys are the best source for labor force data, but these surveys are not carried out in all economies. Some rely on census data supplemented by enterprise surveys and unemployment registration records. Unemployment registration records are often incomplete and may refer only to formal employment, while a breakdown by economic activities also may not be available. The statistics on the number of people living with HIV are estimates based on methods and on parameters developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group Estimates, Modelling and Projections. The estimates are presented together with ranges, called plausibility bounds, where the wider the bound, the greater the uncertainty surrounding an estimate.
People Population 203 Table 1.1: Midyear Population Population (million) Population Growth Rates (%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 190.0 212.3 231.8 251.7 279.2 300.6 4.8 3.1 1.8 1.0 2.0 1.9 Afghanistan 17.6 19.2 21.0 23.6 26.0 28.1 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.2 Armenia. 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.0.. 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 Azerbaijan 7.2 7.7 8.1 8.5 9.1 9.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 Georgia a 5.4 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 0.4 2.8 0.8 0.1 1.2 0.1 Kazakhstan 16.4 15.8 14.9 15.1 16.3 17.3 1.6 2.0 0.3 0.9 1.4 1.5 Kyrgyz Republic 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.8 2.0 0.6 1.4 1.2 0.3 2.0 Pakistan 109.7 124.5 140.0 154.0 173.5 188.0 2.7 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.1 2.0 Tajikistan 5.3 5.7 6.2 6.9 7.6 8.4 3.9 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 Turkmenistan 3.7 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.3 1.7 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 Uzbekistan 20.4 22.7 24.7 26.2 28.6 30.7. 1.8 1.4 1.2 2.9 1.5 1,214.5 1,286.0 1,345.7 1,387.8 1,423.2 1,451.9 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 China, People's Rep. of a 1,143.3 1,211.2 1,267.4 1,307.6 1,340.9 1,367.8 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 Hong Kong, China 5.7 6.2 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.2 0.3 2.0 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.7 Korea, Rep. of 42.9 45.1 47.0 48.1 49.4 50.4 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.4 Mongolia 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.4 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.8 2.2 Taipei,China 20.4 21.3 22.2 22.7 23.1 23.4 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 980.7 1,082.1 1,191.1 1,289.7 1,382.6 1,472.5 4.1 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 Bangladesh 109.8 120.2 129.3 138.6 148.6 155.8 2.2 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 Bhutan 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.7 India 835.0 923.0 1,019.0 1,106.0 1,186.0 1,267.0 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 Maldives 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 2.5 2.0 1.5 3.3 2.3 3.6 Nepal 18.1 20.0 22.6 24.5 26.3 27.8 2.1 2.5 2.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 Sri Lanka 17.0 18.1 19.4 19.6 20.7 20.8 1.5 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.9 396.3 433.5 467.8 500.1 588.0 618.6 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.2 Brunei Darussalam 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.9 4.0 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.4 Cambodia 8.6 10.5 12.5 13.3 14.3 15.2 3.6 5.2 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 Indonesia 179.4 194.8 206.3 219.9 238.5 252.2 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.3 2.7 1.3 Lao PDR 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.3 6.8 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 Malaysia 18.1 20.7 23.5 26.0 28.6 30.3 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.2 Myanmar.... 49.6 51.5..... 0.9 Philippines 60.9 68.4 76.8 84.7 92.3 99.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.7 Singapore 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 5.1 5.5 2.9 3.1 1.7 2.4 1.8 1.3 Thailand 55.8 59.4 62.2 64.1 65.9 67.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 Viet Nam 66.0 71.4 77.1 81.9 86.9 90.7 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 b 6.2 7.1 8.0 9.0 10.1 11.1 5.3 2.6 3.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 Cook Islands 17.0 19.4 18.0 21.5 23.7 18.6 3.0 0.5 9.1 5.9 4.9 0.0 Fiji 737.0 775.0 802.0 827.0 850.7 866.0. 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 Kiribati 72.3 77.7 84.5 92.5 103.1 112.3 3.5 1.5 1.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 Marshall Islands 44.6 48.0 51.2 51.2 52.9 53.8 1.5 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.4 Micronesia, Fed. States of 97.6 105.8 107.0 105.6 102.8 103.6 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 Nauru 9.4 10.0 10.1 9.5 9.7 10.7 2.2 0.1 1.0 2.2 1.9 1.8 Palau 15.1 17.2 18.9 19.8 18.3 17.7 2.2 2.6. 0.8 1.9 1.0 Papua New Guinea 3,690.0 4,426.7 5,190.0 5,920.2 6,796.8 7,590.6 2.2 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 Samoa 160.3 167.3 175.1 178.7 186.4 192.1 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.8 Solomon Islands 318.7 366.1 418.6 470.1 528.0 579.3 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Timor-Leste 747.0 832.0 779.0 945.4 1,066.6 1,212.0 6.7 1.7 1.2 1.8 2.7 2.7 Tonga 96.0 97.4 99.1 101.2 102.8 103.8. 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 Tuvalu 9.0 9.2 9.5 10.3 11.1 11.1 2.1 0.5 1.3 3.1 0.5 1.6 Vanuatu 147.3 168.4 191.7 217.8 245.4 271.1 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.4 143.9 147.2 149.7 152.1 154.5 155.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 Australia 17.1 18.0 19.0 20.2 22.0 23.5 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.6 Japan 123.5 125.5 126.8 127.8 128.1 127.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 New Zealand 3.3 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.5 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES c 2,787.6 3,021.1 3,244.3 3,438.3 3,683.1 3,854.7 2.6 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.0 REGIONAL MEMBERS c 2,931.5 3,168.2 3,394.1 3,590.3 3,837.5 4,009.9 2.5 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.0 WORLD 5,309.7 5,735.1 6,126.6 6,519.6 6,929.7 7,265.8 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2. = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Population figures for Georgia refers to 1 January, and for the People s Republic of China to 31 December. b Population figures for the Pacific developing member economies are in thousands while the regional total for the Pacific are in millions. c For reporting economies only. Sources: Economy sources; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/dvd/ (accessed August 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=2 (accessed July 2015).
204 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Population Table 1.2: Migration and Urbanization Net International Migration Rate a (per 1,000 population) Urban Population (as % of total population) 1990 1995 1995 2000 2000 2005 2005 2010 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2014 Afghanistan 30.9 4.2 7.3 5.2 3.1 16.7 18.2 20.0 20.3 24.4 Armenia 29.3 14.2 9.5 9.1 0.7. 66.3 64.8 64.1 63.5 Azerbaijan 2.8 3.0 0.3 2.2 0.3 53.7 52.3 51.1 52.5 53.2 Georgia a 20.7 15.9 13.4 13.3 14.4.. 52.0 52.2 53.7 Kazakhstan 18.6 17.2 0.6 0.4 1.9. 55.7 56.5 57.1 56.9 Kyrgyz Republic 12.1 1.4 6.9 2.9 4.0 37.6 35.6 34.7 34.8 33.6 Pakistan 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.2 30.8(1991) 31.8 33.0 34.0 38.6 Tajikistan 10.4 10.9 3.0 1.8 2.9 31.3 27.4 26.6 26.4 26.5 Turkmenistan 2.2 2.8 5.0 2.3 1.0 45.1 44.8 45.9 47.0 48.7 Uzbekistan 3.7 2.5 3.6 2.2 1.4 40.3 38.3 37.2 36.1 50.9 China, People's Rep. of 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 26.4 29.0 36.2 43.0 54.8 Hong Kong, China 5.2 17.0 1.2 1.3 4.2 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Korea, Rep. of 2.9 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.2 73.8 78.2 79.6 81.3 82.4 Mongolia 7.9 4.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 54.6 51.6 57.2 60.2 66.4 Taipei,China b..... 50.6 53.1 55.8 57.7 60.2(2013) Bangladesh 1.5 1.2 2.5 4.8 2.8. 21.4 23.1 24.2 32.0 Bhutan 32.9 0.1 11.5 4.9 2.7.. 21.0 30.9 38.1 India 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 25.6 26.6 27.7 28.8 30.8 Maldives 2.6 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 26.0 25.6 27.0 35.0 40.5(2010) Nepal 0.8 4.1 7.5 7.8 2.7 8.3. 14.2(2001) 16.7(2006) 17.0(2011) Sri Lanka 2.9 5.0 4.7 5.2 4.7 17.2 16.6 14.6(2001) 15.1 18.2(2012) Brunei Darussalam 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 65.8 68.6 71.2 73.5 76.9 Cambodia 8.3 6.1 0.6 4.3 2.0. 14.8(1998) 16.0 17.7 22.5 Indonesia 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.6 30.9 35.9 42.0 45.9 53.0 Lao PDR 2.0 5.1 6.3 3.9 3.6 15.4 17.4 22.0 27.4 37.6 Malaysia 3.1 3.6 4.0 4.8 3.1 51.1(1991) 56.0 62.0 66.5 73.0(2013) Myanmar 3.2 2.3 5.6 5.8 1.8 24.8 26.1 29.1 30.4 30.0 Philippines 1.5 2.1 2.7 4.1 1.4 51.9(1993) 48.3 48.0 48.0 49.1(2012) Singapore 15.3 13.8 20.7 18.8 14.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Thailand 2.8 2.3 3.4 2.6 0.3 18.0 18.0 31.1 32.5 44.5(2013) Viet Nam 1.1 0.6 1.9 2.0 0.4 19.5 20.7 24.2 27.1 33.1 Cook Islands..... 58.5(1991) 58.8(1996) 67.6(2001) 70.2(2003). Fiji 9.5 10.7 15.1 6.8 6.6 41.6 46.0 47.9 49.9 53.4 Kiribati 12.3 7.3 4.6 1.2. 35.1 36.5 43.0 43.6 44.2 Marshall Islands..... 65.1 66.7 68.4 69.9 72.4 Micronesia, Fed. States of 4.4 25.3 24.1 23.1 15.7 25.8 25.6 22.3 22.3 22.4 Nauru..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Palau..... 69.4 71.4 69.5 77.4 77.0(2010) Papua New Guinea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0. 15.0 14.1 13.2 13.1 13.0 Samoa 16.5 20.1 17.7 16.8 13.4 21.2 21.5 22.0 21.2 19.3 Solomon Islands 0.6 0.4 2.2 4.8. 13.7 14.7 15.8 17.8 21.9 Timor-Leste 1.0 36.6 0.0 20.5 8.9. 22.5 24.3 26.1. Tonga 23.2 18.0 16.4 16.0 15.4 22.7 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.6 Tuvalu..... 40.7 44.0 46.0 49.7 58.8 Vanuatu 0.4 8.0 0.5 1.0. 18.7 20.2 21.7 23.5 24.7(2013) Australia 4.0 4.1 5.8 10.7 8.9 85.4 86.1 87.2 88.0 89.2(2013) Japan 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 77.3 78.0 78.6 86.0 92.5(2013) New Zealand 6.7 2.3 6.7 2.9 0.3 84.7 85.3 85.7 86.1 85.9. = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Refers to annual average. b For urban population, refers to localities of 100,000 or more inhabitants. Sources: Economy sources; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. http:// esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/dvd/ (accessed August 2015); United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/cd-rom/ (accessed August 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=2 (accessed July 2015).
People Population 205 Table 1.3: Population Aged 0 14 Years and Aged 15 64 Years (% of total population) Aged 0 14 Years Aged 15 64 Years 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 a 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 a Afghanistan 48.1 47.8 48.6 47.6 47.6 44.9 49.7 49.9 49.2 50.2 50.1 52.7 Armenia 30.4 29.5 25.9 21.9 20.5 18.7 64.0 62.1 64.1 66.5 68.9 70.8 Azerbaijan 34.2 33.9 31.1 26.0 22.7 22.0 61.6 61.4 63.3 67.6 71.3 72.4 Georgia 24.6 24.1 21.9 18.3 16.9 17.2 66.0 64.6 65.6 67.0 68.8 68.7 Kazakhstan 31.5 29.7 27.6 24.6 24.2 26.1 62.7 63.1 65.5 67.7 69.0 67.1 Kyrgyz Republic 37.6 37.6 35.0 31.1 30.0 31.0 57.4 57.0 59.6 63.3 65.5 64.7 Pakistan 43.0 42.7 41.1 38.2 36.2 35.2 53.1 53.3 54.8 57.6 59.4 60.3 Tajikistan 43.6 44.3 42.9 38.4 35.5 34.9 52.5 51.8 53.6 57.9 61.1 62.0 Turkmenistan 40.5 39.6 36.3 32.7 29.2 28.4 55.7 56.3 59.4 62.7 66.6 67.5 Uzbekistan 40.9 40.2 36.8 32.1 29.1 28.5 55.1 55.4 58.5 62.8 66.2 66.8 China, People s Rep. of 28.8 27.8 25.1 20.1 17.4 17.2 65.8 66.3 68.3 72.4 74.3 73.6 Hong Kong, China 21.5 19.4 17.2 14.1 12.1 11.9 69.8 70.9 71.8 73.7 75.0 73.6 Korea, Rep. of 25.6 23.0 21.0 18.5 16.2 14.3 69.4 71.1 71.7 72.3 72.7 73.0 Mongolia 40.5 38.6 34.8 28.9 27.0 27.9 55.4 57.6 61.5 67.3 69.2 68.1 Taipei,China 27.1 23.8 21.1 18.7 15.6 14.0 66.7 68.6 70.3 71.6 73.6 74.0 Bangladesh 42.3 39.9 37.1 34.5 32.1 30.0 54.5 56.7 59.1 61.3 63.2 65.1 Bhutan 43.6 43.9 40.6 34.1 30.1 27.4 53.5 52.7 55.6 61.8 65.4 67.6 India 37.9 36.6 34.7 32.8 30.9 29.2 58.2 59.3 60.9 62.4 64.0 65.3 Maldives 47.5 46.5 40.7 33.5 28.7 27.6 49.7 50.5 55.6 62.0 66.4 67.7 Nepal 42.5 41.6 41.0 39.8 37.2 33.5 54.0 54.8 55.2 55.8 57.9 61.1 Sri Lanka 32.1 29.5 26.8 25.6 25.4 24.8 62.4 64.4 67.0 67.6 67.2 66.3 Brunei Darussalam 34.5 33.0 30.5 27.7 25.3 23.5 62.8 64.4 67.1 69.3 71.2 72.3 Cambodia 44.3 46.5 41.6 37.1 33.3 31.8 52.8 50.5 55.3 59.5 62.9 64.2 Indonesia 36.4 33.7 30.7 29.9 28.9 28.0 59.8 62.2 64.6 65.3 66.2 66.9 Lao PDR 44.2 44.3 43.3 40.5 37.0 35.1 52.3 52.1 53.1 55.8 59.3 61.1 Malaysia 37.1 35.7 33.3 30.1 27.3 25.0 59.3 60.6 62.8 65.5 67.8 69.4 Myanmar 37.6 34.8 31.9 30.7 29.8 28.1 58.2 60.6 63.3 64.4 65.2 66.7 Philippines 40.9 39.8 38.5 37.1 33.6 32.2 55.9 57.2 58.3 59.5 62.2 63.3 Singapore 21.5 22.3 21.5 19.1 17.3 15.9 72.9 71.4 71.2 72.6 73.6 73.1 Thailand 30.2 27.1 24.0 22.2 19.2 18.0 65.3 67.4 69.5 70.1 71.9 71.9 Viet Nam 37.4 35.6 31.7 27.2 23.7 23.1 56.9 58.5 61.9 66.3 69.8 70.3 Cook Islands.. 34.7 31.4 28.0 28.2.. 59.1 61.3 64.0 62.4 Fiji 38.4 36.6 35.0 30.5 29.0 28.8 58.6 60.4 61.5 65.4 66.2 65.6 Kiribati.. 40.6 37.0 35.2 35.2.. 55.9 59.5 61.3 61.3 Marshall Islands.. 42.3 41.3 41.8 40.1.. 55.5 56.5 55.9 57.4 Micronesia, Fed. States of 44.1 43.5 40.3 38.8 36.9 34.6 52.3 52.9 56.0 57.2 59.3 61.2 Nauru.. 40.1 37.1 35.6 39.2.. 58.6 61.2 63.1 59.2 Palau.. 23.9 24.1 20.5 19.8.. 70.7 70.2 73.7 72.4 Papua New Guinea 42.2 40.8 40.2 39.9 39.0 37.5 55.4 56.8 57.3 57.5 58.3 59.5 Samoa 40.4 40.7 40.7 39.6 38.3 37.5 55.8 55.1 54.8 55.6 56.7 57.3 Solomon Islands 45.5 43.3 41.9 41.3 40.7 39.8 51.8 54.0 55.3 55.7 56.0 56.8 Timor-Leste 39.4 42.6 50.0 48.2 41.3 42.3 58.8 55.4 47.7 49.2 54.5 52.2 Tonga 39.4 39.5 38.3 38.0 37.4 37.0 56.1 55.1 56.0 55.9 56.7 57.1 Tuvalu.. 37.1 34.3 32.0 32.7.. 57.0 60.1 62.7 61.9 Vanuatu 43.8 42.7 41.5 39.7 38.2 36.8 52.6 53.8 55.2 57.0 57.9 59.1 Australia 22.0 21.5 20.8 19.8 19.0 18.7 66.9 66.6 66.8 67.3 67.5 66.6 Japan 18.3 16.0 14.6 13.8 13.3 12.9 69.7 69.6 68.2 66.3 63.8 61.4 New Zealand 23.2 23.0 22.7 21.6 20.5 20.3 65.7 65.4 65.5 66.4 66.5 65.3 DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b 34.2 32.9 30.7 27.7 25.6 24.7 61.3 62.2 63.9 66.4 68.0 68.4 REGIONAL MEMBERS b 33.4 32.2 30.0 27.2 25.2 24.3 61.7 62.5 64.1 66.4 67.9 68.1 WORLD 32.9 31.9 30.2 28.0 26.7 26.2 61.0 61.7 63.0 64.7 65.7 65.7. = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a The United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in 2005 2010 censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/ wpp/dvd/ (accessed August 2015); Statistics for Development Division. www.spc.int/sdp/index.php (accessed July 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate- General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=2 (accessed July 2015).
206 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Population Table 1.4: Population Aged 65 Years and Over and Age Dependency Ratio Aged 65 Years and Over (% of total population) Age Dependency Ratio 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 a 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 a Afghanistan 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 101.1 100.5 103.3 99.1 99.5 89.8 Armenia 5.6 8.4 10.0 11.6 10.5 10.6 56.2 60.9 55.9 50.4 45.1 41.3 Azerbaijan 4.2 4.7 5.6 6.4 5.9 5.6 62.2 62.9 57.9 48.0 40.2 38.1 Georgia 9.3 11.3 12.5 14.6 14.3 14.1 51.4 54.8 52.5 49.1 45.4 45.6 Kazakhstan 5.9 7.2 6.8 7.7 6.8 6.7 59.5 58.5 52.6 47.7 44.9 48.9 Kyrgyz Republic 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.6 4.5 4.2 74.1 75.5 67.9 57.9 52.6 54.5 Pakistan 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 88.4 87.6 82.5 73.7 68.4 65.8 Tajikistan 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.1 90.4 92.9 86.7 72.7 63.5 61.2 Turkmenistan 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.1 4.1 79.4 77.5 68.4 59.4 50.0 48.2 Uzbekistan 4.0 4.4 4.7 5.1 4.7 4.6 81.5 80.4 70.9 59.2 51.0 49.6 China, People s Rep. of 5.3 5.9 6.7 7.5 8.2 9.2 51.9 50.7 46.4 38.1 34.5 35.8 Hong Kong, China 8.7 9.6 11.0 12.2 12.9 14.5 43.2 40.9 39.3 35.7 33.3 35.9 Korea, Rep. of 5.0 5.9 7.3 9.2 11.1 12.7 44.1 40.6 39.5 38.4 37.6 37.0 Mongolia 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.0 80.5 73.7 62.5 48.5 44.4 46.8 Taipei,China 6.2 7.6 8.6 9.7 10.7 12.0 49.9 45.8 42.3 39.7 35.8 35.1 Bangladesh 3.1 3.4 3.8 4.3 4.7 5.0 83.3 76.4 69.2 63.2 58.3 53.7 Bhutan 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.0 87.1 89.7 79.9 61.7 52.9 47.9 India 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.5 71.7 68.6 64.3 60.2 56.3 53.1 Maldives 2.8 3.0 3.7 4.5 4.9 4.7 101.2 98.1 79.9 61.3 50.6 47.7 Nepal 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.4 85.2 82.6 81.1 79.2 72.8 63.7 Sri Lanka 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.9 7.3 8.9 60.2 55.2 49.2 48.0 48.7 50.8 Brunei Darussalam 2.7 2.7 2.4 3.0 3.5 4.2 59.1 55.4 49.1 44.3 40.4 38.3 Cambodia 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.0 89.3 98.0 80.8 67.9 58.9 55.8 Indonesia 3.8 4.2 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 67.3 60.8 54.8 53.2 51.1 49.5 Lao PDR 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 91.4 91.8 88.3 79.1 68.5 63.6 Malaysia 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.6 68.7 65.1 59.1 52.7 47.4 44.2 Myanmar 4.2 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.2 72.0 65.0 57.9 55.3 53.4 49.9 Philippines 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 4.2 4.5 78.8 75.0 71.6 68.1 60.7 58.0 Singapore 5.6 6.3 7.3 8.2 9.0 11.1 37.1 40.0 40.4 37.7 35.8 36.9 Thailand 4.5 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.9 10.1 53.2 48.4 44.0 42.6 39.1 39.0 Viet Nam 5.7 5.9 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.6 75.8 70.9 61.5 50.9 43.3 42.3 Cook Islands.. 6.2 7.3 8.0 9.4.. 69.3 63.1 56.2 60.2 Fiji 2.9 3.0 3.4 4.1 4.8 5.6 70.6 65.5 62.5 53.0 51.1 52.5 Kiribati.. 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5.. 79.0 68.0 63.1 63.2 Marshall Islands.. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5.. 80.0 76.9 78.8 74.1 Micronesia, Fed. States of 3.6 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.8 4.2 91.2 88.9 78.7 74.8 68.8 63.3 Nauru.. 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.6.. 70.7 63.4 58.5 69.0 Palau.. 5.4 5.7 5.8 7.8.. 41.4 42.5 35.7 38.1 Papua New Guinea 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 80.4 76.0 74.5 73.9 71.6 68.1 Samoa 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.2 79.3 81.4 82.5 79.9 76.4 74.5 Solomon Islands 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.4 93.2 85.1 81.0 79.5 78.6 76.0 Timor-Leste 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 4.3 5.5 70.0 80.4 109.6 103.4 83.6 91.5 Tonga 4.5 5.4 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.9 78.2 81.4 78.7 78.8 76.3 75.0 Tuvalu.. 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.4.. 75.4 66.5 59.5 61.6 Vanuatu 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.9 4.1 90.2 85.9 81.2 75.4 72.9 69.2 Australia 11.1 11.9 12.4 12.9 13.5 14.7 49.5 50.2 49.7 48.6 48.2 50.2 Japan 11.9 14.4 17.2 19.8 22.9 25.7 43.4 43.8 46.6 50.7 56.8 63.0 New Zealand 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.0 13.0 14.4 52.3 52.8 52.7 50.6 50.4 53.2 DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.9 63.1 60.8 56.5 50.6 47.0 46.2 REGIONAL MEMBERS b 4.9 5.3 5.9 6.4 7.0 7.6 62.1 60.0 56.1 50.6 47.4 46.7 WORLD 6.1 6.5 6.8 7.3 7.6 8.1 63.9 62.1 58.7 54.6 52.3 52.2. = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a The United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in 2005 2010 censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/ wpp/dvd/ (accessed August 2015); Statistics for Development Division. www.spc.int/sdp/index.php (accessed July 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate- General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=2 (accessed July 2015).
People Labor Force and Employment 207 Table 1.5: Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Afghanistan 49.2 48.5 47.6 47.8 47.9 47.9 48.0 48.0 48.1 48.0 47.9 47.9 Armenia 68.1 66.1 64.6 60.4 59.6 59.0 58.5 59.2 61.6 63.1 63.0 63.4 Azerbaijan 62.0 63.7 64.1 64.2 64.2 64.1 64.2 64.8 64.5 65.0 65.6 66.1 Georgia 64.1 66.4 63.6 63.6 63.5 63.4 63.5 63.8 64.0 64.3 64.7 65.0 Kazakhstan 69.8 69.4 70.1 69.6 69.9 70.4 70.8 71.2 71.5 71.9 72.2 72.5 Kyrgyz Republic 66.0 65.7 64.9 64.7 65.6 65.8 65.9 66.1 66.4 66.7 67.1 67.5 Pakistan 50.6 49.2 51.0 52.6 53.6 53.2 53.1 53.6 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.4 Tajikistan 66.7 66.9 66.5 66.2 66.3 66.6 66.8 67.0 67.3 67.5 67.7 67.9 Turkmenistan 60.2 60.1 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.6 60.9 61.2 61.5 Uzbekistan 59.4 58.9 59.6 59.8 60.0 60.2 60.4 60.6 60.8 61.1 61.4 61.6 China, People's Rep. of 78.9 78.6 77.1 73.2 72.6 72.1 71.6 71.2 70.7 71.0 71.1 71.3 Hong Kong, China 63.6 62.0 60.7 60.9 60.9 60.9 60.6 60.5 59.5 59.3 59.1 58.9 Korea, Rep. of 60.1 61.7 61.0 61.5 61.4 61.4 60.9 60.2 60.3 60.5 60.8 61.0 Mongolia 57.4 60.0 60.7 60.3 60.4 60.6 59.0 61.4 61.3 61.8 62.3 62.9 Taipei,China 59.2 58.7 57.7 57.8 57.9 58.3 58.3 57.9 58.1 58.2 58.4 58.4 Bangladesh 75.8 73.5 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.8 70.8 70.8 Bhutan 64.5 63.7 66.7 71.2 71.4 71.4 71.3 71.1 71.5 71.8 72.2 72.5 India a 60.9 60.5 59.1 60.8 59.7 58.6 57.5 56.5 55.4 54.8 54.1 54.2 Maldives 49.9 51.4 54.7 62.4 64.2 64.5 64.9 65.3 65.7 66.1 66.5 66.8 Nepal 85.1 85.5 85.9 84.6 84.3 84.0 83.7 83.6 83.5 83.4 83.4 83.3 Sri Lanka 57.4 55.6 56.9 55.0 58.0 56.4 56.2 55.9 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 Brunei Darussalam 65.2 66.3 67.7 66.5 66.2 65.9 65.5 65.2 64.9 64.6 64.3 64.0 Cambodia 80.1 80.3 78.5 80.7 81.3 81.9 82.4 82.4 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 Indonesia 65.5 67.0 67.4 67.7 67.7 67.7 67.7 67.9 67.8 67.8 67.8 67.7 Lao PDR 81.4 81.0 79.9 78.5 78.3 78.0 77.8 77.7 77.5 77.6 77.6 77.7 Malaysia 61.6 61.7 62.8 60.8 60.4 60.0 59.6 59.3 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 Myanmar 75.6 76.1 76.7 77.7 77.9 78.1 78.2 78.4 78.5 78.5 78.6 78.6 Philippines 65.4 66.6 65.2 64.8 63.9 63.3 63.8 64.1 64.7 65.2 65.2 65.2 Singapore b 63.2 61.9 63.2 63.0 65.0 65.0 65.6 65.4 66.2 66.1 66.6 66.7 Thailand 81.5 74.0 72.8 73.4 72.7 73.5 73.4 72.8 72.4 72.4 72.4 72.3 Viet Nam 79.2 78.5 77.8 77.1 76.9 76.7 76.6 76.6 76.7 76.9 77.2 77.5 Cook Islands......... 71.0.. Fiji 56.5 58.9 57.4 56.2 55.7 55.2 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 Kiribati... 63.6.... 59.3... Marshall Islands......... 30.9.. Micronesia, Fed. States of........ 59.2... Nauru.... 75.8.... 63.0.. Palau... 69.1........ Papua New Guinea 72.4 70.7 72.2 72.9 72.9 72.8 72.6 72.6 72.4 72.3 72.3 72.3 Samoa 58.9 57.2 65.2 49.4 48.2 46.9 45.6 44.2 42.8 41.3 41.4 41.5 Solomon Islands 65.2 65.3 66.1 66.5 66.5 66.5 66.5 66.4 66.4 66.4 66.3 66.3 Timor-Leste 61.2 60.1 56.3 49.3 47.1 44.9 42.7 40.6 38.6 38.3 38.1 37.9 Tonga 55.7 60.5 61.3 64.0 64.2 64.3 64.3 64.2 64.2 64.1 64.0 63.9 Tuvalu.......... 59.4. Vanuatu 83.5 80.5 77.0 73.6 72.9 72.3 71.6 71.0 71.0 70.9 70.9 70.8 Australia 63.9 63.8 63.4 64.5 64.9 65.4 65.7 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.3 65.2 Japan 63.2 63.5 62.4 60.5 60.4 60.5 60.3 60.0 60.1 59.1 58.9 59.2 New Zealand 63.7 64.3 64.8 67.3 67.9 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.7 68.0 67.8 67.8. = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Figures are computed using data on total labor force and total population. b Refers to Singapore residents only. Sources: Economy sources; International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market Online. 8th Edition. http://www.ilo.org/kilm (accessed July 2015); and for Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu: The Secretariat of the Pacific Community. National Minimum Development Indicator Database. http://www.spc.int/nmdi/ (accessed July 2015).
208 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Labor Force and Employment Table 1.6: Unemployment Rate (%) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Afghanistan 3.4............ Armenia a. 6.7 11.7 8.2 7.5 7.0 16.4 18.7 19.0 18.4 17.3 16.2 10.8 Azerbaijan b 0.8 11.8 7.3 6.6 6.3 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0. Georgia.. 10.3 13.8 13.6 13.3 16.5 16.9 16.3 15.1 15.0 14.6 12.4 Kazakhstan. 11.0 12.8 8.1 7.8 7.3 6.6 6.6 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 Kyrgyz Republic. 5.7 7.5 8.1 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.0 Pakistan 3.1 5.3 7.8 7.7 6.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.2 6.0 Tajikistan c 2.0 2.7 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 Turkmenistan 2.4. 2.4.......... Uzbekistan c. 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1.. China, People's Rep. of d 2.5 2.9 3.1 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 Hong Kong, China 1.3 3.2 4.9 5.6 4.8 4.0 3.5 5.3 4.3 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 Korea, Rep. of 2.4 2.1 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.5 Mongolia e 5.5 5.5 4.6 3.3 3.2 2.8 2.8 11.6 9.9 7.7 8.2 7.9 7.9 Taipei,China 1.7 1.8 3.0 4.1 3.9 3.9 4.1 5.9 5.2 4.4 4.2 4.2. Bangladesh.. 4.3. 4.2... 4.5.. 4.3. Bhutan... 3.1 3.1 3.7. 4.0 3.3 3.1 2.1 2.9. India.. 2.7 3.1... 2.5. 2.8... Maldives 0.9 0.8 2.0. 14.4... 11.7.... Nepal f. 4.5 1.8... 2.7...... Sri Lanka 15.9 12.3 7.6 7.4 6.5 6.0 5.2 5.7 4.9 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.3 Brunei Darussalam. 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.5 2.9 1.9 1.1.. Cambodia. 2.5 2.5... 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 Indonesia 2.5 7.2 6.1 11.2 10.3 9.1 8.4 7.9 7.1 6.6 6.1 5.9. Lao PDR. 3.6. 1.4.... 1.9.... Malaysia 5.1 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1. Myanmar 4.2 4.2. 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0.. Philippines 8.4 9.5 11.2 7.9 8.0 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.1. Singapore 1.7 2.7 4.4 4.2 3.4 2.9 2.8 4.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 Thailand 2.2 1.7 3.6 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7. Viet Nam.. 2.3 2.5 4.9 4.1 3.6 2.8 2.7 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.9 Cook Islands.... 8.9.... 8.2.. 8.9 Fiji 6.4 5.4 8.4 7.7 8.3 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.1. Kiribati 2.8 0.2 1.6 6.1.... 30.6.... Marshall Islands.. 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9.. 3.2... Micronesia, Fed. States of 13.5. 22.0..... 16.2.... Nauru.... 36.3........ Palau 7.8 7.0 2.3 4.2...... 4.1.. Papua New Guinea 7.7............ Samoa.... 1.3.... 5.7 8.7.. Solomon Islands g.. 12.0.... 2.0..... Timor-Leste........ 3.6.... Tonga 4.1... 1.1.... 1.1... Tuvalu... 6.5...... 39.6.. Vanuatu....... 4.6..... Australia 6.9 8.5 6.3 5.0 4.8 4.4 4.2 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.7 6.1 Japan 2.1 3.2 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 5.1 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.6 New Zealand 8.0 6.5 6.1 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.2 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.9 6.2 5.8. = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Before 2009, data were based on administrative sources. From 2009, estimates were derived from Annual Household Labour Force Survey within the framework of the Households Integrated Living Condition Survey. b Based on the International Labour Organization s methodology starting 2000. c Based on officially registered unemployed only. d Refers to urban areas only. e From 2008, data were based on results of the Labour Force Survey. Unemployment data prior to 2008 were taken from administrative data on the number of registered unemployed people. f Data for 1995 and 2000 refer to 1996 and 1999 figures, respectively. g Data for 2000 refers to 1999 figures. Sources: Economy sources; International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market Online. 8th Edition. http://www.ilo.org/kilm (accessed July 2015); and for Nauru, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands: The Secretariat of the Pacific Community. National Minimum Development Indicator Database. http://www. spc.int/nmdi/ (accessed July 2015).
People Labor Force and Employment 209 Table 1.7: Unemployment Rate Among 15 24-Year-Olds (%) Total Female Male 1995 2013 1995 2013 1995 2013 Afghanistan 7.9 17.5 12.8 22.8 7.0 16.4 Armenia 47.8 33.1 59.0 39.1 39.2 29.6 Azerbaijan 14.9 14.8 14.2 15.8 15.6 13.3 Georgia 29.1 31.0 31.3 34.8 27.5 28.8 Kazakhstan 12.6 4.5 15.3 5.1 10.3 3.9 Kyrgyz Republic 15.5 15.6 17.2 18.2 14.1 13.9 Pakistan 8.9 8.5 18.0 11.9 7.6 7.5 Tajikistan 16.9 15.6 13.0 12.4 19.7 17.7 Turkmenistan 19.9 20.2 21.3 21.6 19.1 19.3 Uzbekistan 20.0 20.3 21.4 22.0 19.1 19.3 China, People's Rep. of 8.9 10.1 7.3 8.1 10.4 11.7 Hong Kong, China 6.8 9.1 5.9 7.6 7.7 10.6 Korea, Rep. of 6.2 9.2 5.1 8.9 7.5 9.5 Mongolia 14.2 9.2 13.7 9.7 14.7 8.8 Taipei,China 4.1 12.8 4.0 12.5 4.1 13.1 Bangladesh 7.4 9.2 6.4 9.5 8.1 9.0 Bhutan 7.3 6.7 8.5 6.8 6.5 6.5 India 8.9 10.5 8.9 11.3 9.0 10.3 Maldives 22.9 26.5 35.1 36.4 17.7 18.7 Nepal 4.0 4.6 2.8 3.3 5.1 5.9 Sri Lanka 34.6 17.6 45.2 24.0 27.8 14.1 Brunei Darussalam 10.9 11.7 11.9 12.8 10.3 10.8 Cambodia 3.9 0.7 4.1 0.8 3.5 0.7 Indonesia 12.7 21.6 13.8 22.1 11.9 21.2 Lao PDR 5.8 3.4 4.5 2.6 7.4 4.3 Malaysia 8.9 11.1 9.6 11.8 8.5 10.5 Myanmar 9.6 9.9 10.5 10.9 8.6 8.9 Philippines 15.9 16.7 18.8 18.6 14.1 15.4 Singapore 6.9 10.3 7.3 11.3 6.5 9.4 Thailand 2.5 3.1 2.5 3.3 2.5 2.9 Viet Nam 3.8 5.4 3.7 6.2 3.9 4.8 Cook Islands 19.9 (2006) 18.3 (2011) 19.4 (2006) 15.6 (2011) 20.1 (2006) 15.3 (2011) Fiji 11.8 19.2 15.7 25.1 9.9 15.6 Kiribati 3.6 (1990) 54.0 (2011) 2.5 (1990) 61.8 (2011) 4.7 (1990) 47.6 (2011) Marshall Islands 62.6 (1999) 50.0 (2011) 67.0 (1999) 50.0 (2011) 59.8 (1999) 50.0 (2011) Micronesia, Fed. States of 32.7 (1994) 11.3 (2010). 10.4 (2010) 24.7 (1994) 12.2 (2010) Nauru 58.2 (2006) 45.5 (2011) 65.9 (2006) 54.4 (2011) 51.7 (2006) 54.4 (2011) Palau 17.4 (1990). 6.0 (2000) 10.5 (2006) 5.0 (2000) 12.8 (2006) Papua New Guinea 6.0 4.7 6.8 5.4 5.3 3.9 Samoa 4.0 (2006) 16.0 (2011) 6.1 (2006) 22.0 (2011) 3.0 (2006) 22.0 (2011) Solomon Islands 9.2 9.7 10.4 10.9 8.4 8.9 Timor-Leste 15.4 13.3 19.9 18.7 12.7 10.1 Tonga 2.3 3.2 (2011) 2.6 (2006) 4.1 (2011) 2.2 (2006) 2.7 (2011) Tuvalu 31.2 (2002) 63.7 (2012) 43.3 (2002). 22.5 (2002). Vanuatu 3.1 (2000) 8.9 (2009) 2.1 (2000) 9.2 (2009) 4.0 (2000) 8.6 (2009) Australia a 15.4 12.2 14.8 11.3 15.9 13.0 Japan b 6.2 6.8 6.2 5.9 6.2 7.6 New Zealand c 12.3 15.8 12.3 16.3 12.4 15.4. = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Excludes Jervis Bay Territory beginning 1993. b Data are averages of monthly estimates. c Excludes Chathams, Antarctic Territory, and other minor offshore islands. Data are averages of quarterly estimates. Sources: International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market. 8th Edition. http://www.ilo.org/kilm (accessed July 2015); The Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2004. Islands Regional Millenium Development Goals Report (accessed July 2015); and the National Minimum Development Indicator Database. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. http://www.spc.int/nmdi/ (accessed July 2015).
210 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Labor Force and Employment Table 1.8: Employment in Agriculture, Industry, and Services (% of total employment) Agriculture Industry Services 1990 2000 2010 2013 1990 2000 2010 2013 1990 2000 2010 2013 Afghanistan 69.6... 15.3... 15.1... Armenia. 44.4 38.6 36.3. 14.1 17.4 17.0. 41.6 44.0 46.7 Azerbaijan 30.9 39.1 38.2 37.1 12.7 5.9 5.8 5.9 56.4 54.9 56.0 57.0 Georgia. 52.1 52.2 51.7. 9.8 6.5 6.7. 38.0 41.3 41.5 Kazakhstan 18.8 31.5 28.3 24.2 21.0 13.9 18.7 19.8 60.2 54.7 53.0 56.0 Kyrgyz Republic a 32.7 53.1 31.2 31.7 27.9 10.5 21.1 20.2 39.4 36.5 47.7 48.1 Pakistan 51.1 48.4 45.1 43.7 13.0 11.6 13.4 14.1 36.0 40.0 41.5 42.2 Tajikistan b 43.0 64.9 65.9 66.3 20.1 6.9 4.2 4.1 37.0 28.1 29.9 29.5 Turkmenistan 41.8 47.6.. 10.8 13.0.. 47.4 39.4.. Uzbekistan c 39.3 34.4 26.8 27.2 15.1 12.7 13.2 13.0 45.6 52.8 59.9 59.8 China, People's Rep. of 60.1 50.0 36.7 29.5 13.3 22.5 28.7 29.9 26.6 27.5 34.6 40.6 Hong Kong, China 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 27.7 27.7 3.7 3.5 71.5 71.6 96.1 96.5 Korea, Rep. of 17.9 10.6 6.6 6.1 27.6 20.4 17.0 16.8 54.5 69.0 76.4 77.2 Mongolia 33.0 48.6 33.5 29.8 16.8 11.2 16.2 20.4 50.2 40.1 50.2 49.8 Taipei,China 12.8 7.8 5.2 5.0 32.3 28.1 27.3 27.3 54.9 64.1 67.5 67.8 Bangladesh d. 50.8. 77.6. 10.0... 39.2.. Bhutan.. 59.4 56.3.. 6.6 11.0.. 34.0 32.7 India e. 59.9 51.1 47.2. 16.3 22.4 24.7. 23.7 26.6 28.1 Maldives 25.2 13.7 4.3. 16.0 13.4 9.4. 58.8 72.9 86.3. Nepal f g 81.2 76.1.. 2.7 9.8.. 14.7 14.1.. Sri Lanka 46.8 36.0 32.5 29.7 19.4 23.6 24.6 26.2 33.8 40.3 42.9 44.1 Brunei Darussalam h. 1.4... 11.2... 87.4.. Cambodia. 73.7 72.3 64.3. 7.0 9.2 8.1. 19.3 18.6 27.6 Indonesia 55.9 45.3 38.3 35.0 10.8 13.5 13.9 14.3 33.3 41.2 47.7 50.6 Lao PDR.. 72.2... 8.1... 19.7. Malaysia 26.0 16.7 13.6 13.0 20.5 23.8 18.2 17.6 53.5 59.5 68.2 69.4 Myanmar 65.6... 7.7... 26.7... Philippines 44.9 37.1 33.2 31.0 10.6 10.4 9.0 8.9 44.4 52.5 57.8 60.0 Singapore i 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 25.9 19.5 15.3 13.9 73.8 80.3 84.5 86.0 Thailand 63.3 44.2 38.2 41.7 9.9 15.0 14.2 15.0 26.7 40.8 47.6 43.2 Viet Nam 72.1 64.4 49.5 46.8 8.8 10.1 21.0 14.5 19.0 25.5 29.5 38.7 Cook Islands 6.0... 8.0... 86.0... Fiji 2.5 1.6.. 33.1 30.7.. 64.4 67.7.. Kiribati. 2.8... 7.4... 89.8.. Marshall Islands. 20.5 11.0.. 7.9 0.7.. 71.6 88.2. Micronesia, Fed. States of j 48.0 52.2.. 6.0... 46.0... Nauru............ Palau 8.0 7.1.. 1.7 0.7.. 90.4 92.2.. Papua New Guinea g. 72.3... 3.6... 22.7.. Samoa............ Solomon Islands 28.7... 8.8... 62.5... Timor-Leste.. 51.2... 8.8... 40.0. Tonga 38.1... 15.3... 46.6... Tuvalu............ Vanuatu............ Australia 5.6 4.8 3.2 2.6 15.7 12.8 10.6 10.4 78.8 82.4 86.2 86.9 Japan 7.2 5.1 4.0 3.7 24.2 20.6 16.9 16.5 68.6 74.4 79.1 79.8 New Zealand g 10.6 8.7 6.8 6.4 24.6 23.2 11.4 10.9 64.5 67.7 81.8 82.6. = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Data for 2013 refers to 2011. b Data for 2013 refers to 2012. c Data for 2013 refers to 2012. d Data for 2013 only includes agriculture since there is no breakdown for industry and services. e Data for 2013 refers to 2012. f Data for 1990 refers to 1991 figure and for 2000 to 1999. g Does not include those that are not adequately defined. h Data for 2000 refers to 2001. i Based on total employed residents only. j Data for 2000 includes only agriculture since there is no available data for industry and services. Sources: International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market. 8th Edition. Http://www.ilo.org/kilm (accessed July 2015); and economy sources.