JCC Warsaw BACKGROUND GUIDE
Warsaw vs. NATO Chairs: Darla Moise Harpreet Singh HillMUN 2018 November 17 Jamaica
HILLMUN 2018 HILLCREST HIGH SCHOOL NOVEMBER 17TH Latoya Reynolds Secretary-General Tamim Wadud Under Secretary-General Aisha Abid Conference Director Alicia Persaud JCC director Anthony Garcia Trevis Pilgrim Chiefs of external relations Matthew Jackson Faculty Adviser
INTRODUCTION In the year of 1990, the Cold War was created with a state of political hostility that existed between the Western Bloc (NATO) and the Eastern Bloc (WARSAW). The Cold War was not only a large scaled competition between United States and the Soviet Union, but also revolved around violence, in which both sides participated in the Proxy Wars. The Cold War sprang through the geopolitical tension after World War II, where it temporarily split the wartime alliances against Nazi Germany. This resulted in the Soviet Union and the United States being recognized as two of the top superpowers with heavy economic and political influence. TOPIC HISTORY History of WARSAW The 20th century was lacerated after surviving numerous callous wars, many of which not only took advantage of industrialization, but also gave birth of many new nations. One of the most lethal wars mankind has ever fought in is World War II. Similar to the first world war, World War II seemed to be inexcitable. The legacy of which includes the spread of communism from the Soviet Union into eastern Europe, as well as its eventual triumph in China. Throughout the second world war there had been mass genocide, multiple bombing attacks, espionage, and the usage and creation of new military technology. At the end of World War II, most of Europe and Asia was reduced to ruins. Efforts to rebuild had just begun, along with the creation of borders which lead to mass deportation,
expulsions, burials, and human rights violations. When World War II began in the late 1930s, the world's population was approximately 2 billion. In less than a decade, the war between the Axis and the Allied powers had resulted in 80 million deaths killing off about 4% of the world s population. The Allied forces now became occupiers of the world, taking control of war ravaged countries such as Germany, Italy, Japan, and much of the territory they had formerly ruled. Efforts were made to permanently dismantle the power of those nations as factories were destroyed, and former leadership were removed or arraigned. War crime litigations took place in Europe and Asia, leading to many executions and prison sentences; while millions of Germans and Japanese people were forcibly expelled from territories they called home. As these permutes took place, the United States and the Soviet Union were now the superpowers of the world, each with dramatic economical and political contradictions. During the war, many countries became baised, forming coalitions and intense rivalry based on former interactions. Out of those alliances WARSAW, also known as the Eastern Bloc, was created by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was a Marxist-Leninist state led by a Communist Party that controlled the press, the military, the economy, and the organizations within the region. It also controlled other states in the Eastern Bloc and funded multiple communist parties around the world. The WARSAW Bloc was composed of the Soviet Union, the Albanian Republic, the Commonwealth of Poland, Romania, the Republic of Hungary, East Germany, the Republic of Czechoslovakia, and the Republic of Bulgaria. The Bloc had funded all the Communist parties around the world, but sometimes competed with Communist China, particularly during the 1960s, when the Sino-Soviet split. The treaty called on the member states
to come to the defense of any member attacked by an outside force and it set up a unified military command under Marshal Ivan S. Konev of the Soviet Union. History of NATO The Western Bloc, also known as NATO, stood in opposition to the capitalist West and was led by the United States, a federal republic with a two-party presidential system; democratic and republican. T he NATO Bloc was composed of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Dominion of Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, Iceland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Portugal, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. In 1952, the Hellenic Republic Greece and Republic of Turkey became members of the Alliance. Later on, West Germany joined in 1955, and Spain in 1982. The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal-democratic, with a free press and independent organizations, but were economically and politically intertwined with the Third World countries, most of which were the Western Bloc former colonies. Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947. Proxy Wars: The Berlin Blockade As World War II was ending, the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union agreed that each should occupy part of the divided Germany. This occupation would be coordinated and administered from one location, Berlin. The Soviet Red Army was the first to
arrive in Berlin in April 1945. The first heightening of Cold War tensions occurred in 1948 when the Soviets imposed a partial blockade of Berlin in April, and then a full blockade in June. Russian generals refused to allow Allied troops into the capital for two months. In July, British and American military personnel were permitted to enter the German capital, weeks later they were joined by the French. The Soviets controlled almost all of Berlin s eastern half. The Allied-controlled sections of Berlin were enclaves, located in the heart of the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. The American, British, and French armies could not move men and supplies in or out of Berlin without crossing Soviet-occupied territory or airspace. In 1945, Red Army commander Gregory Zhukov granted the Allies permission to use one road, one rail and one aerial route across the Soviet zone. To force the Allies out of Berlin, Stalin ordered Soviets to stop Allied trains from passing and sent Soviet planes over Berlin to threaten planes flying across the airspace. Finally, they shut down services, roads, telephone lines, and water supplies in West Berlin, leaving the city crippled. By late June, the Allied sectors of Berlin had little to no connection with the Allies. The American government recognized the overwhelming Soviet power over Berlin since the United States only had 9,000 troops stationed in Berlin and 110,000 in Bizonia, compared to over a million Soviet forces. The situation worsened as Allied controlled Berlin areas only had enough rations and coal to last 5 to 8 more weeks. Since the USSR had signed an agreement to guarantee three flight paths into Berlin from Bizonia. An airlift, however, would be a difficult task as it would require the transport of 5,000 tons of cargo per day. At the time, the largest American plane barely carried four tons of cargo.
After 11 months, the Soviet Union finally lifts the blockade against West Berlin. British and American armies drove though 110 miles to reach West Berlin. On May 23, the Federal Republic of Germany was established. On October 7, the German Democratic Republic, a Communist state, was proclaimed in East Germany. The Berlin airlift continued until September 30th, as an effort to build up a year s supply of essential goods for West Berlin in the event of another Soviet blockade, which did not happen. However, Cold War tensions continued to rise leading to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. Proxy Wars: The Korean War In June of 1950, the first proxy war began to spew. Communist troops from North Korea crossed the 38th parallel, which since 1945 had been the military aid between the North, sided with the Soviet Union and Communist China, and the South, sided with the United States. The confrontations along the border and the invasion of the South marked the beginning of the Korean War, and the first military action in the Cold War. Within the same month, the US naval and air forces landed at the Korean Peninsula. North Korea was able to receive military support from China and the diplomatic support from the Soviet Union. As far as American officials were concerned, this was not simply a border dispute between two states. Instead, many feared it was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world. Before the war had even started, nearly 10,000 North and South Korean soldiers were killed in battle. Despite the short period of time it took place, The Korean War is known to be one of the most bloodiest wars of its time. More than half of these deaths were civilians,
which took up as much as the Korean population before the war. The rate of civilian casualties were higher than World War II and the Vietnam War. At first the war started in the name of defence, where the objective was to push the communists out of South Korea. However, the North Korean army was trained, well-disciplined, and equipped. In comparison to the South, where the armies were frightened, confused, and seemed to flee from the battlefield at any given moment. President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur had changed the goals for the war. Now, the Korean War had turned to an offensive one. After repeatedly going back and forth across the 38th parallel, the number of casualties kept increasing, causing the fighting to be stalled. As this occured, American officials were focusing their efforts to form a truce with the North Koreans. Even though US General Douglas MacArthur was able to push the North Korean troops back to the Chinese border, he had encountered a massive counter attack by Chinese reinforcements at the beginning of 1951. The Chinese leader, Mao Zedong, sent troops to North Korea and warned the United States to stay aloft from the Yalu boundary. Many feared that the war would lead to World War III. On March 5th 1953, Joseph Stalin died at the age of 74. He was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev. An armistice was finally signed in July 1953 in the climate of international détente brought about, marking the end of the Korean War. However, as the United States continued to offer South Korea with economical aid and the Soviet Union supported North Korea, the reunification of the country would clearly be impossible. Proxy Wars: The Vietnam War
During the World War II, Japanese forces had invaded Vietnam. To fight off the Japanese occupiers and their colonizer the French, Ho Chi Minh formed the Viet Minh. After World War II, Japan had withdrawn from Vietnam, leaving the Emperor Bao Dai in control. Seeing the Chinese and the Soviet economy inspired Ho Chi Minh, and with the opportunity to seize control, Ho and his forces immediately jumped at it. Both sides wanted the same thing: a unified Vietnam. Ho, however, wanted to model the nation as other communist countries. Whereas Bao and his supporters wanted a Vietnam that had close ties with the West. The Vietnam War and the active involvement of the United States in the war began in 1954. Ongoing conflict in the region had stretched back several decades. After Ho s communist forces took power in the north, armed conflict between northern and southern armies continued until, May 1954, a decisive battle at Dien Bien Phu ended in a victory for the Northern Viet Minh forces. The French loss at the battle ended almost a century of French colonial rule in Indochina. A treaty signed in July later on in the year at a Geneva conference split Vietnam along the 17th Parallel, with Ho in control in the North and Bao in the South. The treaty also called for nationwide elections in order to be reunified were being held in 1956. In 1955, the strongly anti-communist politician Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Emperor Bao aside to become president of the Government of the Republic of Vietnam. With the Cold War intensifying worldwide, the United States hardened its policies against any allies of the Soviet Union, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower had pledged his firm support to Diem and South Vietnam. Gaining military equipment and training from American forces, Diem s security forces hunted down on any Viet
Minh supporters in the South, whom he derisively called the Viet Cong, arresting some 100,000 people, many of which were brutally tortured and executed. Proxy Wars: The Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the deadliest events to occur throughout the Cold War, for it nearly lead to a full blown nuclear war. The Crisis was a dangerous confrontation that only involved the United States and the Soviet Union, and was the closest for the both to go to war with one another directly. The crisis wasn t like any other that was experienced throughout the war in numerous aspects, where many secret conversations among the two took place. It had initially started with a failed attempt to overthrow the Castro regime with the two-day Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. In July 1962 Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, and the premier of Cuba, Fidel Castro, reached an agreement to place nuclear missiles in Cuba in case of a future invasion. Soon, through US intelligence, it was revealed that Cuba was building general Soviet weaponry, including Soviet IL-28 bombers, during routine surveillance flights. With this, President John F. Kennedy warned the public about the introduction of offensive weapons in Cuba. Kennedy summoned his closest advisers to consider options and to decide what the US s reaction is to the crisis. Some argued that they should air strike the missiles, while others rather wished to warn the USSR and Cuba. On October 22nd, he ordered for a naval quarantine. The United States was able to receive support from the Organization of American States. Just as the Soviet Union, the United States was able to form an agreement with Turkey to also take hold of their missiles. With both sides on the brink of nuclear war, they were able to settle the matter
among themselves. In the agreement, the United States would remove any missiles in Turkey, while the Soviet Union did the same with Cuba. Espionage Throughout the Cold War, many spies from NATO and WARSAW were used to infiltrate opposing governments or other agencies. While the extent of the Cold War espionage is often exaggerated, the United States and the Soviet Union certainly spent large amounts of money recruiting and training spies and agents. The purpose of espionage is to gather information about the enemy, their military tactics, technical capabilities, and their intentions. This information was gathered in multiple ways, such as paying informers, using double-agents, stealing documents, intercepting communications, setting up bugs or other means of surveillance. Agents also carried out disruptive missions, such as kidnapping or assassinating enemy agents or politicians, or going on sabotage operations. The success of these missions often hinged on them looking and behaving like ordinary people. All major Cold War powers had at least one government agency specifically for intelligence-gathering and espionage. In the United States, this was the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA began as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), where it was the section of military that conducted espionage and also held undercover operations during World War II. The CIA s structure, missions, and methods were shaped by the Cold War. The CIA s Cold War activities ranged from surveillance of foreign agents to sending agents abroad, to illegal operations like assassinations and human experimentation.
Soviet Russia, on the other hand, had a much longer history of espionage than the United States. Soviet secret police organisations date back to the late 1800s. Decades of experience, gave the Soviet Union a distinct head start when it came to espionage. The Soviets began using agents and recruiting informers in Western countries during the 1930s. During World War II, Moscow had infiltration of the Manhattan Project, America s nuclear weapons research program. Soviet agents were able to obtain and pass on technical information about this program, including blueprints. By the time the United States dropped its first atomic bomb on Japan, Stalin knew more about this new weapon than many American politicians. CURRENT STATUS The world observes as they see tension between both sides decline; whispers indicating a future victory for the NATO side. Numerous rumors of WARSAW members leaving the pact swirl. In addition, to the rumors there has been an increase of protest and resistance towards the Berlin Wall on both the Western and Eastern sides. The Soviet Union calls for a meeting with all of the WARSAW members to discuss additional actions. Post conference East germans witnessed the increase of security and restriction. The Warsaw pact also plans to discuss how to gain greater power and political stability, especially after witnessing an increase of objection and the numerous victories from NATO. However, as things cool down another war in brazil begins to stir. The countries past leader left the country in high debt, high inflation, and a lowering economy due to dependence on foreign aid. In 1990 a new leader thats office president collor and his ideas are leaning towards the capitalistic aspects that the united states and the rest of nato
follows. Suspicions have come out that the president of the united states and brazil were planning a meeting in order to discuss the future of brazil. The Brazilian government issued a statement stating that there is a meeting planned between the president of Brazil and a United states ambassador, to discuss future US investments in Brazil. Due to these talks protesters have become very vocal on their opposing views of the United States help. Threats have been made by radical groups of potentially assainanting the US ambassador once he arrives. Peaceful rallies are held daily and last for weeks and recently the president has sent the police force to the favelas,where mosts of the protests have been, in order to control the outcries. This resulted in78 deaths, as the state police officers have started using tear gas and rubber bullets. The united states have yet to comment on these events and neither has the Brazilian government. As of now the meeting is still in motion. Committee mission The goal for the committee is for delegates to embrace their roles as a east European committee and create a platform for diplomatic conversation to occur. The chairs want delegates to recognize the new fact that the WARSAW pact never broke up; and work on battling crises all the world while collaborating as a region to first increase political ties with the various countries originally affiliated with the WARSAW pact. Chairs are expecting delegates to find solutions to several political problems and create either international peace by putting a disadvantage to one s country and in turn the entire WARSAW pact, or to create international tension by using politics, or force to achieve the goals set by delegates part of the WARSAW pact. In all your discussions,
we as chairs would like the ultimate goal of combining the WARSAW pact and NATO committees. The goal is for the WARSAW pact to modify or strengthen communism. BLOC POSITION During the cold war, the world was split into three. The democratic/capitalistic (NATO), the communist (WARSAW), and the rest of the world who remained neutral. The conflict between NATO and WARSAW caused tension throughout the world as both sides believed no one should stay neutral and had to pick between the two opposing sides. The WARSAW pact contained countries that were located in Eastern Europe and recruited other third world countries. SOVIET UNION Post formation of the WARSAW pact, the members appointed the Soviet Union as the main face for the pact; they also gave the Soviet Union the authority to suppress any retaliation towards any communist ideology. In many instances such as in Hungary and Bulgaria, the Soviet Union ordered for troops to invade cities that expressed objection towards communist ideas fittingly to suppress the disturbances. WEST GERMANY West Germany was part of NATO and lived a more prosperous and free life compared to the those who lived in East Germany. It represented the capitalistic side of Germany, and with
that form of economy, the people of West Germany were able to work and had a greater middle class. EAST GERMANY East Germany was claimed by the WARSAW pact as its government was communist. The people who lived there faced great restrictions and compared to West Germans were poorer. The communist government of the German Democratic Republic of East Germany built the Berlin Wall in order to prevent Western ideas from West Germany from invading into East Germany. Anyone who tried to escape were to be shot on sight and those who lived near the Berlin Wall had their windows barded or had their buildings destroyed. HUNGARY Prior to being retaken over by Soviet powers, Hungary had a pro-communist leader who was then forced to resign after criticizing Stalin's beliefs. For some time, Hungary became very much democratic besides the point that the Soviet Union considered them neutral. Hungary left the WARSAW pact which eventually angered the leader of the Soviet Union and caused Soviet troops to invade Budapest. The leader of Hungary asked upon the United Nations for assistance but was declined and ignored by Western members. After two weeks of street conflict, a new communist leader was put in power and the former leader of Hungary was executed. CHILE
Chile was a former communist country but with the help of the CIA, there was a power shift from Chiles previous president Salvador Allende to a military junta lead by General Augusto Pinochet. The military junta wasn t appealed by the ideas of communism and therefore soon severed diplomatic ties with communist countries such as, Cuba, North Korea, the Soviet Union, North Vietnam, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia. United States The United States was a main leader in NATO and one of the most influential nation in the Cold War. Having intense rivalry with the Soviet Union and was a world superpower at that time. The United States deployed troops all around the world, mainly Asia, in order to combat communism. U.S generals never hesitated in dropping bombs on their enemies and dropping resources for their allies. The United States was determined to win the war. Guiding Questions: 1) What should be WARSAW s next move? 2) Should WARSAW change their ways of thinking in order to gain more supporters or potentially west germany? 3) What is NATO trying to do in Brazil? 4) How should WARSAW deal with this issue?
5) Is there a way to beat NATO yet take it s supporters? WORK CITED 1. The Warsaw Pact. History Learning Site, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-cold-war/the-warsaw-pa ct/. 2. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Cold War. Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Apr. 2018, www.britannica.com/event/cold-war. 3. The Cold War Timeline. History, 31 May 2017, 4. Andrews, Evan. 5 Cold War Close Calls. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 16 Oct. 2013, www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls. 5. History.com Staff. Cold War History. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history 6. History.com Staff. Berlin Wall. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall. 7. The Berlin Blockade. Weimar Republic, 8 Apr. 2018, alphahistory.com/coldwar/berlin-blockade/. 8. Taylor, Alan. World War II: After the War. The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 30 Oct. 2011, www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/10/world-war-ii-after-the-war/100180/. 9. Brief History of WWII: Aftermath. D-Day, www.worldwar2history.info/wwii/aftermath.html.
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