DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE... ix SUBJECT MATTER INDEX... 253 CHAPTER 1: THE ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMIGRATION LAW AND IMMIGRANTS RIGHTS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION...1 The Study of Immigration Law...1 Agencies Involved in the Administration of the Immigration Laws...2 A Brief History of Immigration...4 From the Revolution to the Civil War...4 Post Civil War...5 Restrictionism Turn of the Century...6 The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 and Its Aftermath...8 1960s Reform Immigration Act of 1965... 10 Worldwide Quota, the Refugee Act, and the Select Commission (Late 1970s Early 1980s)... 11 Enforcement: IRCA and IMFA (Late 1980s)... 13 Liberal Reform (Early 1990s)... 14 Restriction AEDPA and IIRAIRA (End of the 20th Century)... 15 Human Rights and Business Efficiency (2000)... 17 Security (Post-9/11)... 18 Immigrants and the U.S. Constitution... 20 Conflicts Between Federal and State Laws: Preemption... 23 CHAPTER 2: INADMISSIBILITY, DEPORTABILITY, WAIVERS, AND RELIEF FROM REMOVAL... 27 Overview... 27 Application of the Inadmissibility and Deportability Provisions... 28 Returning Lawful Permanent Residents... 32 Parole... 33 Prehearing Detention... 34 Detention of Persons in Removal Proceedings... 36 xi
xii ESSENTIALS OF IMMIGRATION LAW,3D ED. Post Removal Order Detention... 37 Alternatives to Detention... 37 Burdens of Proof... 39 Expedited Removal... 40 Regular Removal Hearing... 42 Prosecutorial Discretion... 44 Summary Removal for Non LPR Aggravated Felons... 45 Terrorist Removal Hearing... 46 Grounds of Inadmissibility/Deportability and Waivers... 48 Waiver Procedure... 49 Health-Related Grounds... 50 Criminal Grounds... 52 What Is a Conviction for Purposes of Inadmissibility and Deportability?... 53 Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude... 55 Controlled Substances... 55 Other Criminal-Related Provisions... 56 Aggravated Felony... 56 Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude... 59 Firearms Offenses... 59 Controlled Substances... 60 Other Deportable Offenses... 60 Security and Foreign-Policy Grounds... 63 Economic Grounds... 67 Immigration Law Violations... 69 Quasi-Criminal and Moral Grounds... 73 Miscellaneous Grounds... 75 Additional Relief from Removal... 77 Temporary Relief... 78 Permanent Relief... 80 CHAPTER 3: PROTECTION FROM HARM...87 Overview... 87 The Standards of the Refugee Definition and Bars from Meeting It... 88 Refugee Procedures... 96
TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii Asylum Procedures... 97 Recent Enactments Affecting Asylum... 98 Withholding of Removal... 98 Convention Against Torture... 99 Temporary Protected Status (TPS)... 101 CHAPTER 4: NONIMMIGRANT VISAS: TEMPORARY ADMISSION TO THE UNITED STATES... 105 Overview... 105 Doctrine of Dual Intent... 107 Visa Application and Admission Procedure... 108 Advisory Opinions... 110 Extension and Change of Status... 111 Extension and Reinstatement of Status... 111 Change of Status... 112 Transition to Permanent Residence: Adjustment of Status... 113 Visa Waiver Program... 113 Categories of Nonimmigrant Visas... 114 Tourism... 115 B-1... 115 B-2... 115 Educational... 115 F-1... 116 J-1... 117 M-1... 117 Special and Family-Related Visas... 118 K Visas... 118 V Visas... 118 Work or Business... 119 B-1... 119 E Visas... 120 H Visas... 121 H-1B... 121 H-1C... 123 H-2A and H-2B... 123
xiv ESSENTIALS OF IMMIGRATION LAW,3D ED. H-3... 124 I Visas... 125 L Visas... 125 O Visas... 127 P Visas... 128 Q Visas... 128 R Visas... 129 TN Visas... 130 Law-Enforcement Related Visas... 131 S Visas... 131 T Visas... 132 U Visas... 133 Governmental or Quasi-Governmental... 133 A Visas... 133 G Visas... 133 Miscellaneous... 134 CHAPTER 5: IMMIGRANT VISAS: LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENCE... 137 Overview... 137 The Petition Requirement... 139 Routes to Permanent Residency... 140 Immigrant Visa Process... 140 Adjustment of Status... 140 Quotas... 142 Family-Based Immigrants... 143 Recognized Family Relationships... 146 Spouse... 147 Child... 149 Parent... 150 Sibling... 151 Preservation of Benefits for Children of Immigrants... 151 Employment-Based Immigrants... 152 Employment Preferences... 152 First Preference (EB-1).... 152 Second Preference (EB-2).... 154
TABLE OF CONTENTS xv Third Preference (EB-3).... 155 Fourth Preference (EB-4)... 155 Fifth Preference (EB-5)... 156 Labor Certification Procedures... 158 Diversity Immigrants... 162 Special Relief Programs Granting Permanent Residency... 162 Visa Processing Procedures... 163 Immigrant Visa Processing... 164 Adjustment of Status... 164 Revocation of Petitions... 165 Loss of Permanent Residency... 165 CHAPTER 6: ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REVIEW... 169 Overview... 169 Administrative Review... 170 Admissions Process... 171 Asylum... 171 Claims to U.S. Citizenship... 172 Discretionary Relief from Removal.... 173 Employment-Based Preference Petitions and Employment-Related Nonimmigrant Visa Classifications.... 173 Employer Sanctions... 173 Extension of Status... 174 Family-Based Preference Petitions... 174 Labor Certification... 174 Naturalization and Revocation.... 174 Nonimmigrant Change of Status... 175 Nonimmigrant Visa Petitions... 175 Overseas Visa Petitions... 175 Temporary Protected Status... 175 Waivers.... 175 Motions to Reopen or Reconsider... 176 Appeals to the BIA... 179 Review by the Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security.. 180 Judicial Review... 181
xvi ESSENTIALS OF IMMIGRATION LAW,3D ED. Petitions for Review of Final Orders of Removal... 184 Review in Matters Other than Removal... 185 Matters Not Reviewable... 187 Review in Nonreviewable Matters... 188 Deference and Judicial Review... 190 CHAPTER 7: U.S. CITIZENSHIP... 193 Overview... 193 Citizenship vs. Permanent Residency... 193 Acquiring Citizenship... 194 Citizenship at Birth... 195 Citizenship through Naturalization... 197 Other Naturalization Programs... 199 Naturalization Decisions and Oath Administration... 199 Derivative Citizenship... 200 Loss of Citizenship... 201 Voluntary Relinquishment... 201 Denaturalization... 202 Citizenship Procedure... 204 Appendices Key Definitions and Concepts... 207 Abbreviations and Acronyms... 221 Immigrant Classifications and Visas... 229 Nonimmigrant Visa Classifications... 235 Conversion Table: 8 USC to INA... 239 Selected Bibliography and Electronic Resources... 241