DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE... ix SUBJECT MATTER INDEX... 253 CHAPTER 1: THE ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMIGRATION LAW AND IMMIGRANTS RIGHTS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION... 1 The Study of Immigration Law... 1 Agencies Involved in the Administration of the Immigration Laws... 2 A Brief History of Immigration... 4 From the Revolution to the Civil War... 4 Post Civil War... 5 Restrictionism Turn of the Century... 6 The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 and Its Aftermath... 9 1960s Reform Immigration Act of 1965... 10 Worldwide Quota, the Refugee Act, and the Select Commission (Late 1970s Early 1980s)... 11 Enforcement: IRCA and IMFA (Late 1980s)... 13 Liberal Reform (Early 1990s)... 14 Restriction AEDPA and IIRAIRA (End of the 20th Century)... 15 Human Rights and Business Efficiency (2000)... 17 Security (Post-9/11)... 18 Immigrants and the U.S. Constitution... 21 Conflicts Between Federal and State Laws: Preemption... 24 CHAPTER 2: INADMISSIBILITY, DEPORTABILITY, WAIVERS, AND RELIEF FROM REMOVAL... 29 Overview... 29 Application of the Inadmissibility and Deportability Provisions... 30 Returning Lawful Permanent Residents... 34 Parole... 35 Prehearing Detention... 36 Detention of Persons in Removal Proceedings... 38 xi
xii ESSENTIALS OF IMMIGRATION LAW,4TH ED. Post Removal Order Detention... 39 Alternatives to Detention... 39 Burdens of Proof... 40 Expedited Removal... 42 Regular Removal Hearing... 44 Prosecutorial Discretion... 47 Summary Removal for Non LPR Aggravated Felons... 49 Terrorist Removal Hearing... 50 Grounds of Inadmissibility/Deportability and Waivers... 51 Waiver Procedure... 53 Health-Related Grounds... 54 Criminal Grounds... 56 What Is a Conviction for Purposes of Inadmissibility and Deportability?... 56 Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude... 58 Controlled Substances... 59 Other Criminal-Related Provisions... 60 Aggravated Felony... 60 Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude... 62 Firearms Offenses... 63 Controlled Substances... 64 Other Deportable Offenses... 64 Security and Foreign-Policy Grounds... 67 Economic Grounds... 70 Immigration Law Violations... 72 Quasi-Criminal and Moral Grounds... 77 Miscellaneous Grounds... 78 Additional Relief from Removal... 81 Temporary Relief... 81 Permanent Relief... 83 CHAPTER 3: PROTECTION FROM HARM... 91 Overview... 91 The Standards of the Refugee Definition and Bars from Meeting It... 92 Refugee Procedures... 101
TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii Asylum Procedures... 102 Other Legislation Affecting Asylum... 103 Withholding of Removal... 103 Convention Against Torture... 105 Temporary Protected Status (TPS)... 106 CHAPTER 4: NONIMMIGRANT VISAS: TEMPORARY ADMISSION TO THE UNITED STATES... 109 Overview... 109 Doctrine of Dual Intent... 111 Visa Application and Admission Procedure... 112 Advisory Opinions... 114 Extension and Change of Status... 115 Extension and Reinstatement of Status... 115 Change of Status... 116 Transition to Permanent Residence: Adjustment of Status... 117 Visa Waiver Program... 117 Categories of Nonimmigrant Visas... 119 Tourism... 119 B-1... 119 B-2... 119 Educational... 120 F-1... 120 J-1... 121 M-1... 122 Special and Family-Related Visas... 122 K Visas... 122 V Visas... 123 Work or Business... 123 B-1... 123 E Visas... 124 H Visas... 125 H-1B... 125 H-1C... 127 H-2A and H-2B... 127
xiv ESSENTIALS OF IMMIGRATION LAW,4TH ED. H-3... 128 I Visas... 128 L Visas... 130 O Visas... 131 P Visas... 132 Q Visas... 132 R Visas... 133 TN Visas... 134 Law-Enforcement Related Visas... 135 S Visas... 135 T Visas... 136 U Visas... 136 Governmental or Quasi-Governmental... 137 A Visas... 137 G Visas... 137 Miscellaneous... 138 CHAPTER 5: IMMIGRANT VISAS: LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENCE... 141 Overview... 141 The Petition Requirement... 143 Routes to Permanent Residency... 144 Immigrant Visa Process... 144 Adjustment of Status... 145 Quotas... 147 Family-Based Immigrants... 147 Recognized Family Relationships... 150 Spouse... 151 Child... 153 Parent... 154 Sibling... 155 Preservation of Benefits for Children of Immigrants... 155 Employment-Based Immigrants... 156 Employment Preferences... 156 First Preference (EB-1).... 156 Second Preference (EB-2).... 158
TABLE OF CONTENTS xv Third Preference (EB-3).... 159 Fourth Preference (EB-4)... 159 Fifth Preference (EB-5)... 160 Labor Certification Procedures... 162 Diversity Immigrants... 166 Special Relief Programs Granting Permanent Residency... 166 Visa Processing Procedures... 167 Immigrant Visa Processing.... 168 Adjustment of Status.... 168 Revocation of Petitions... 169 Loss of Permanent Residency... 169 CHAPTER 6: ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REVIEW... 171 Overview... 171 Administrative Review... 172 Admissions Process.... 173 Asylum.... 173 Claims to U.S. Citizenship.... 174 Discretionary Relief from Removal.... 175 Employment-Based Preference Petitions and Employment-Related Nonimmigrant Visa Classifications.... 175 Employer Sanctions.... 176 Extension of Status.... 176 Family-Based Preference Petitions.... 176 Labor Certification.... 176 Naturalization and Revocation.... 176 Nonimmigrant Change of Status.... 177 Nonimmigrant Visa Petitions.... 177 Overseas Visa Petitions.... 177 Temporary Protected Status (TPS).... 177 Waivers.... 177 Administrative Appeals Office.... 178 Motions to Reopen or Reconsider... 178 Appeals to the BIA... 182 Review by the Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security.. 182
xvi ESSENTIALS OF IMMIGRATION LAW,4TH ED. Judicial Review... 183 Petitions for Review of Final Orders of Removal... 186 Review in Matters Other than Removal... 188 Matters Not Reviewable... 189 Review in Nonreviewable Matters... 191 Deference and Judicial Review... 192 CHAPTER 7: U.S. CITIZENSHIP... 195 Overview... 195 Citizenship vs. Permanent Residency... 195 Acquiring Citizenship... 196 Citizenship at Birth... 197 Citizenship through Naturalization... 199 Other Naturalization Programs... 201 Naturalization Decisions and Oath Administration... 202 Derivative Citizenship... 202 Loss of Citizenship... 203 Voluntary Relinquishment... 203 Denaturalization... 205 Citizenship Procedure... 206 Appendices Key Definitions and Concepts... 209 Abbreviations and Acronyms... 221 Immigrant Classifications and Visas... 229 Nonimmigrant Visa Classifications... 235 Conversion Table: 8 USC to INA... 239 Selected Bibliography and Electronic Resources... 241