ASIA TODAY Before 1820, Asia generated more than half of the world s gross domestic product. Since then, the region underwent a period of decay and decline. Today, Asia is in the midst of a great transformation, and it is estimated that by 2035, it will be responsible for more than one-half of the world s gross domestic product. Propelled by three decades of rapid economic growth, momentous political transitions, and intensified regional integration, Asia is no longer simply a fast-expanding and evolving region; it is increasingly the geopolitical epicenter for the global system itself. The goal of this series is to offer readers a front-row seat to view and better understand this kaleidoscope of regional change in all its dazzling dynamism and diversity. Who would have thought in 1978, when Deng Xiaoping came to power in Beijing, that China would soon begin a generation of double-digit economic growth? Who could have foreseen that Asia would become the region where the world s richest countries, Singapore and Brunei, would live shoulder-to-shoulder with the world s poorest, Afghanistan and Laos? The Asia Today series is designed to respond to the growing demand for sustained research and deep knowledge of contemporary Asia. It covers the full expanse of this vast region from China to India, Japan to Pakistan, Kazakhstan to Turkey, Mongolia to Israel, Iraq to Indonesia. The series editors, Takashi Inoguchi and G. John Ikenberry, aided by a 44-member advisory board, are dedicated to identifying fresh and penetrating studies of Asia by the region s foremost experts. Series Editors Takashi Inoguchi, Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo and President, University of Niigata Prefecture, Japan G. John Ikenberry, the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University, Department of Politics, and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Political Parties and Democracy: Contemporary Western Europe and Asia Edited by Takashi Inoguchi and Jean Blondel The Troubled Triangle: Economic and Security Concerns for the United States, Japan, and China Edited by Takashi Inoguchi and G. John Ikenberry Japan, the US, and Regional Institution-Building in the New Asia: When Identity Matters By Kuniko Ashizawa The Rise of Korean Leadership: Emerging Powers and Liberal International Order By G. John Ikenberry and Jongryn Mo Asia-Pacific Nations in International Peace Support and Stability Operations Edited by Chiyuki Aoi and Yee-Kuang Heng
The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda: International Power and Domestic Political Cohesion By Kingsley Edney The Australia-ASEAN Dialogue: Tracing 40 Years of Partnership Edited by Sally Percival Wood and Baogang He Japanese and Korean Politics: Alone and Apart from Each Other Edited By Takashi Inoguchi Japanese and Russian Politics: Polar Opposites or Something in Common? Edited By Takashi Inoguchi
Japanese and Korean Politics Alone and Apart from Each Other Edited by Takashi Inoguchi
JAPANESE AND KOREAN POLITICS Copyright Takashi Inoguchi, 2015. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978 1 137 48830 5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Japanese and Korean politics : alone and apart from each other / edited by Takashi Inoguchi. pages cm. (Asia today) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Japan Politics and government 21st century. 2. Korea (South) Politics and government 2002 3. Japan Foreign relations 21st century. 4. Korea (South) Foreign relations 2002 5. Japan Foreign relations Korea (South) 6. Korea (South) Foreign relations Japan. 7. Abe, Shinzo, 1954 8. Pak, Kun-hye. I. Inoguchi, Takashi. JQ1631.J3628 2015 320.95195 dc23 2014028626 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: January 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-1-349-50402-2 ISBN 978-1-137-48831-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137488312
Contents List of Figure and Tables Preface and Acknowledgments vii ix Introduction: Are Japan and Korea Alone and Apart from Each Other? 1 Takashi Inoguchi Japanese Politics 1 Abenomics and Abegeopolitics 9 Takashi Inoguchi 2 Expansionary Monetary Policy Revised 21 Yutaka Harada 3 Return to the Liberal Democratic Party Dominance? 49 Cheol Hee Park 4 Japanese Realignments and Impacting Korean-Japanese Relations 73 Seung-won Suh Korean Politics 5 South Korea s 2012 Presidential Election 99 Won-Taek Kang 6 Transformation of Korean Developmental Capitalism 121 Jongryn Mo 7 Park Geun-hye Administration s Policies toward North Korea and Beyond 147 Satoru Miyamoto
vi Contents 8 Korean Parliamentary Politics 173 Yuki Asaba Foreign Policy: Japan and Korea 9 Japanese Foreign Policy: Abe II and Beyond: With a Future Perspective of Japan-Korea Relations 195 Kazuhiko Togo 10 Korean Foreign Policy: Park Geun-hye Looks at China and North Korea 221 Chung-In Moon and Seung-Chan Boo 11 The Korean Peninsula and Japan: Global Money Flows as Framing International Relations 249 Takashi Inoguchi Bibliography 263 List of Contributors 289 Index 293
Figure and Tables Figure 2.1 Production and Bank Loans 31 Tables 3.1 Electoral Fortunes of Japanese Political Parties 50 3.2 Major Parties PR Vote Mobilization in the 2009 and 2012 Elections 53 5.1 Binomial Logistic Regression: Who Supported Ahn Cheol-soo? 114 5.2 Multinomial Logistic Regression: Who prefers Ahn Cheol-soo to Moon Jae-in? 115 6.1 Voters Won by Main Conservative Candidate 138 7.1 Types of East Asian countries relations toward the United States and China 150 9.1 Countries Visited by Abe and Key Cabinet Members, excluding Washington DC 210 10.1 Three Major Policy Tasks and Strategies: A Summary 224 10.2 Crisis Escalation after Park s Inauguration: Sequence of Major Events 232
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Preface and Acknowledgments Take any one pair of neighboring countries in the world. You find that some pairs are vehemently unfriendly to each other. Japan and South Korea are one of such pairs. The latest joint survey of the Yomiuri Shinbun and the Hanguk Ilbo reports that in 2014 both Japanese and Korean respondents have registered the worst scores toward each other about the bilateral relations: 87 percent in Japan and 86 percent in South Korea regard the bilateral relations as bad. For the question, Can You Trust Korea (or Japan)?: 73 percent in Japan cannot trust Korea, and 83 percent in Korea cannot trust Japan (Yomiuri, 2014). It is not that there is no interactions among both peoples and no transactions of goods and services take place. As a matter of fact, considering interdependence between two countries, and further among Japan, South Korea and China rank very high in economic, financial, and technological terms. East Asia comprising these countries has been one of the most highly interconnected economic zones for the last two decades. Also it is not that a war may start at any time triggered by some unfortunate correlation of forces evolving in both countries and their environments. Of late, the East and South China Sea have been sources of violent disputes among China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Japan, and the United States for instance. Also, the Korean Peninsula has registered North Korea s nuclear weapons development and skirmishes between North and South. Japan and South Korea have so much in common in terms of basic tenets of rule of law, freedom of expression, human rights, democracy, and market economy. Yet they are not enough to keep friendship among nations. This volume with Japanese and South Korean academics working together examines their domestic politics and foreign policy closely to help understand how this unfriendly relationship has come about. I am grateful to the Japan-Korea Cultural Foundation and the University of Niigata Prefecture for their grants to enable us to carry
x Preface and Acknowledgments out this academic endeavor. At a time when things are not going well at the governmental level, it is our hope that academic and cultural interactions among academics often will go a long way in terms of improving the level of mutual understanding. Both the Japanese team and the Korean team distinguish themselves in one respect. Both teams as a team are capable of analyzing and discussing domestic politics and foreign policy of the two countries! In fact, the Japanese team has Korean-speaking members larger than Japanese-only members in number, whereas the Korean team has Japanese-speaking members larger than Korean-only members in number. I express my utmost gratitude to them and to those Japanese and Korean participants. Also I am grateful to the staffs of the University of Niigata Prefecture for their meticulous work of holding the conference, getting draft papers revised, and helping me to finish the editor s work: Chizuru Morita, Eri Kimura, Tomomi Okano, Fumie Shiraishi. I cannot fail to register my sincere gratitude to Dr. Farideh Koohi Kamali, former General Academic Editor (now Global Ourtreach Editor) at Palgrave Macmillan (New York), who established its Asia Today series with coeditors G. John Ikenberry of Princeton University and myself. In this book Japanese and Korean names follow the order of their practice of putting a family name first followed by a given name throughout, but not including the editor s and contributors names. Takashi Inoguchi in Tokyo