Realizing the rights of indigenous children in MICs Experiences from Peru
As Peru s economy grows, inequalities persist Almost 30 million people $5,880 GNI per capita 6.4% average GDP growth between 2002 and 2012 0.45 GINI
As Peru s economy grows, inequalities persist 80 % of poverty by residence 70 60 50 40 30 Total Urban Rural Rural Amazon 20 10 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indigenous children are Peru s poorest and most excluded Over 1 million indigenous children Approximately 12% of Peru s child population 56.3% live in rural areas Particularly excluded in the Amazon region
Indigenous children are Peru s poorest and most excluded 70 % of poverty by mother tongue 60 50 40 30 Spanish Indigenous 20 10 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Indigenous children are Peru s poorest and most excluded % of child poverty by mother tongue Poverty 40 78 Spanish Indigenous Extreme poverty 12 45 0 20 40 60 80 100
IMPROVING EDUCATION FOR INDIGENOUS CHILDREN
Indigenous children are falling behind at school % of primary school children who repeat Urban 9.2 Rural 33.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Indigenous children are dropping out % of children who leave school early Urban 10.5 Rural 20.3 0 5 10 15 20 25
What s holding indigenous children back? 46% don t receive education in their mother tongue 15% of IBE teachers are trained No appetite for reform at the national level (2006-2011)
UNICEF s intercultural bilingual education strategies Generating knowledge: qualitative studies and data disaggregated by mother tongue Advocacy: modeling and linking experiences in the field with upstream advocacy Capacity development: teachers and managers Monitoring
Results 70 60 50 40 30 National intercultural bilingual education budget (millions of nuevos soles) 47.7 63.4 20 10 0 5.2 2011 2012 2013
Results IBE is a national priority Scale-up at national level of text books in indigenous languages produced by UNICEF Intercultural bilingual education database Strengthened capacity at the national and regional levels
IMPROVING REGISTRATION OF INDIGENOUS CHILDREN
Indigenous children are more likely to be undocumented % of undocumented children 3 to 5 years by mother tongue Spanish Indigenous Asháninka 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Why are indigenous children undocumented? Registry offices geographically inaccessible Indigenous families often couldn t meet registration requirements Racial discrimination Lack of recognition of indigenous cultural identity
UNICEF s birth registration strategies Capacity development and social mobilization: indigenous registrars Advocacy: national registry office, municipalities Partnerships: government, indigenous organizations
Results 25 % of indocumentation in children 0-5 years 23 20 15 10 9.2 10.2 Total Amazon 5.8 5 0 2010 2013
Results Increased registration coverage of indigenous children Integration of traditional indigenous systems in the national registration processes Recognition of indigenous names and cultural identities
IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIGENOUS CHILDREN
A 77% reduction in child mortality, but gaps remain Neonatal, infant, and child mortality by residence, 2012 Neonatal Infant Urban Rural Child 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Indigenous women less likely to access skilled attendants 100 % of births in health institutions by residence 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Urban Rural Total 20 10 0 1992 1996 2000 2004 2009 2010 2012
UNICEF s health strategies for indigenous children Generating knowledge: making geographic, economic and cultural disparities visible Intercultural focus: studies on indigenous birth delivery and child-rearing practices Capacity development: culturally relevant health service delivery and management Community mobilization: surveillance of pregnant women and newborns
Results Inclusion of ethnicity in Ministry of Health administrative data systems Increased demand for and coverage of institutional deliveries that resulted in reduced neonatal and maternal mortality National strategies to remove geographic and cultural barriers to health services by indigenous groups
REDUCING CHRONIC MALNUTRITION IN INDIGENOUS CHILDREN
A 19% decline in chronic malnutrition, but gaps remain Chronic malnutrition in children under 5 by residence, 2012 Urban 10.5 Rural 31.9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Why are indigenous children disadvantaged? Early childhood not a priority for families and public health systems Limited access to animal protein Limited access and poor quality health services where they live
UNICEF s nutrition strategies Municipalities invest in generation of information Advocacy: results-based budgets and improved quality of spending Modeling effective strategies: use of MNP, zinc Community social surveillance: of children and counseling of families Convener: of local governments and health service providers
Results Inclusion of excluded populations in government policies and programmes Inclusion of MNP and zinc in MoH prevention and treatment protocols and budgets Strengthening and expansion of community surveillance system Holistic approach: education and protection introduced in national ECD strategies