In part because of their service in WWI, Native Americans were granted their in 1924.

The Civil Rights Movement Spreads: American Indians & Chicanos Bellwork (REVIEW) During the late 19 th century, after the Indian Wars and the failure of the reservation system, the U.S. government decided to follow a policy of assimilation what does this mean & in what two ways did the government accomplish this? In part because of their service in WWI, Native Americans were granted their in 1924. In 1934, the Indian Reorganization Act, part of FDR s programs designed to combat the Depression, reversed the Dawes Act and granted native people more reservation land and the some degree of selfgovernment. 1

20th Century Native American Policy Early 1950s under President Eisenhower, the federal government began termination & relocation policy. This policy sought to end tribal governments and encouraged Native Americans to relocate to cities. Although some Indians found opportunity in the cities, many also struggled to make ends meet Termination & relocation destroyed tribal bonds and tribes grew weak politically they could not self govern as effectively. 2

Native American Activism As with the civil rights movement, the youth took the lead in demanding change for American Indians 1961 National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) founded. Under the slogan "For a Greater Indian America" the group promoted pan Indianism, or the idea that all Indian people were a single ethnic group. Indians on & off reservation also began demanding "self determination" (the right to govern themselves) and greater tribal independence. These demands were reflected in the militant groups Indians of All Tribes (IAT) and the American Indian Movement (AIM). Inspired by the civil rights movement, both groups called for "Red Power." 1969 members of the IAT took over the abandoned federal prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. They kept control until 1971. "We will purchase said Alcatraz Island for twenty four dollars in glass beads and red cloth, a precedent set by the white man's purchase of a similar island [Manhattan] about 300 years ago." 3

The American Indian Movement and Wounded Knee 1968: American Indian Movement founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Called for "Red Power" and adopted a distinctive style of dress. 1972: AIM joined a march on Washington, D.C. called the "Trail of Broken Treaties," and temporarily took control of the federal government's Bureau of Indian Affairs. February 1973: AIM drew nationwide attention by taking over the village of Wounded Knee, on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota (Sioux territory). Although AIM was actually invited to the reservation by the Sioux to help fight for better conditions on the reservation and end corruption in the tribal government, the federal government immediately saw the group as a threat and sent in hundreds of FBI agents and U.S. Marshals. In a series of gunfights, two AIM members were killed. Finally, in May the siege ended and the federal government pledged to reexamine native treaty rights. 1975 Indian Self Determination Act gave tribes greater control over resources and education on reservations 4

The Latino Population Grows During the 20th century, the number of Latin American immigrants to the U.S. increased dramatically: WWII The bracero program brought Mexican immigrants to work temporarily on American farms 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments led to a surge in immigration from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. Like other immigrants and African Americans, Latinos experienced discrimination and poverty, often living in the poorest areas of cities or working for low wages on farms. In the 1960s 70s, influenced by the civil rights movement, Latinos increasingly fought for equal rights, better working conditions, and better educational opportunities. However, Latinos also had (have) the own concerns immigration policy and the status of Spanish language in schools. 5

Chicano Activism Young Mexican Americans began to call themselves "Chicanos" (once a derogatory term) Some pushed for bilingual education and Mexican studies programs at high schools and universities. In Los Angeles, the Brown Berets, who modeled themselves after the Black Panthers, began to call for "Brown Power" In the 1970s, a political party, La Raza Unida, was founded to promote Chicano interests. The Young Lords Party Puerto Rican youth in New York and Chicago also founded a party modeled after the Black Panthers. The Young Lords adopted a 13 point platform that called for self determination for Puerto Ricans on island and on the U.S. mainland (right to choose independence from the U.S. if they wanted). They also focused on issues affecting their communities. For example, the Young Lords of New York launched a movement to improve city garbage collection in the East Harlem neighborhood. 6

Cesar Chavez: The Mexican Martin Luther King? Chavez and Dolores Huerta were active in the Mexican civil rights movement fought for better treatment, etc. 1962 Chavez founded the United Farm Workers, a union for migrant workers. Migrant workers = people who travel from farm to farm to pick fruits and vegetables. Migrant workers had tried to form unions before and failed, but Chavez would not give up, despite California grape growers refusing to recognize the UFW. 1965 Chavez helped transform a grape pickers' strike in California into a nation wide boycott of grapes. This brought him national attention and the support of the biggest union in the country, the AFL CIO. Chavez emphasized nonviolence and direct action inspired by Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi, Chavez went on a hunger strike in 1968, refusing to eat for 28 days. 1970 California grape growers signed contracts recognizing the UFW. 1975 California passed a law requiring collective bargaining between growers and union representatives. Migrant workers now had a legal basis to ask for better working conditions. 7

Women's Rights Movement 1960s 1970s Today we will: Discuss what life was like for women post WWII Analyze the influence of the African American civil rights movement on women's struggle for greater equality Compare and contrast different strategies women used to gain more rights during this period by looking at the National Organization for Women and the Women's Liberation Movement Discuss important legislation, like Roe v. Wade and the attempts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment 8

Women's Rights Movement Despite the housewife stereotype, growing numbers of women began to work in the 1950s 60s. But working women faced discrimination they were overlooked for promotions, fired, etc. Many companies didn t want to hire women, thinking they would leave to start a family. Workplace discrimination, frustration with stereotypes, and the civil rights struggle inspired many women to once again fight for equality! Feminism = Theory of political, social, and economic equality of men and women. Women should be entitled to the same treatment and opportunities as men! The Feminine Mystique (1963) Betty Friedan Said women were unhappy being housewives. Women should be allowed to work because they would do the same job as a man! Friedan helped found the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 dedicated to winning "true equality for all women." NOW focused on political issues like equal pay for equal work! 9

1) Who made more money men or women? 2) By 1975, how much more money did men make than women? 10

Radical Feminism Young women also became active in the fight for gender equality, but they adopted different strategies & goals, influenced by the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement shaped the women's rights movement in two ways: (1) It taught women a model for fighting social injustice (nonviolent resistance & civil disobedience through sit ins, protests, and marches) (2) It exposed them to how much sexism still existed (women in civil rights movement were given less respect and traditionally 'female' jobs Radical feminists wanted HUGE CHANGES IN society. They criticized not only gender roles but the whole concept of gender they questioned the use of makeup and other beauty norms, etc Radical feminists founded organizations like WITCH (Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell) and used dramatic tactics to gain attention 1968 Miss America Pageant demonstrators crowned a sheep "Miss America" and threw "symbols of women's oppression" like bras, girdles, and dishcloths into trash cans. 11

Equal Rights Amendment Women's Rights Movement Women pushed for a new amendment to the Constitution. It would guarantee gender equality under the law. It was approved by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification. Some Americans both men and women openly challenged the women's movement and the amendment. It fell three states short of becoming a constitutional amendment. There is still no ERA today so there is not gender equality under the law, exactly. 12

Phyllis Schlafly is a lawyer, mother, and opponent of feminism: "Feminism is doomed... because it attempts to repeal and restructure human nature." "Women have babies and men provide support. If you don't like the way we're made you've got to take it up with God." Gloria Steinem is a journalist who founded several feminist organizations. "Sex and race, because they are easily visible differences, have been the primary ways of organizing human beings into superior and inferior groups, and into the cheap labor on which this system still depends." 13

Abortion & Roe v. Wade In the 1970s, it was illegal for a woman to get an abortion in most states. Illegal, back alley abortion centers were dangerous, & women sometimes died! JANE, a group of radical feminists in Chicago, provided an underground network of doctors willing to provide abortions to women. Legal Action Just as African Americans used the legal system to end segregation, women tried to use the legal system to gain access to abortions. At first, women used state courts and legislatures to press for access (like the gay marriage movement today) 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in a landmark decision, Roe v. Wade. The Supreme Court ruled that a woman's right to privacy & personal liberty, as granted in the 14th Amendment, extended to her reproductive system. Women could therefore have abortions before the fetus was considered "viable" (in the 1st & 2nd trimester). This issue remains controversial today! 14

Kennedy's and Johnson's domestic policies. President Kennedy's domestic policy was called the New Frontier and focused on the following; 1. Economy Kennedy was a Keynesian which is to say that he believed in deficit spending to stimulate the economy. He lowered taxes on the middle class and passed the Equal Pay Act. 2. Education Provided funding for education in the areas of math and science. 3. Civil Rights Kennedy took a cautious approach until the violence reach a level that demanded action, he will propose what will become the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 4. The Space Race will play a major role in Kennedy's competition with the U.S.S.R. He will not live long enough to see America win the race when Neil Armstrong steps on the moon in July, 1969 15

Johnson's Great Society: As he campaigned in 1964, Johnson declared a "war on poverty." He challenged Americans to build a "Great Society" that eliminated the troubles of the poor. Johnson won a decisive victory over his arch conservative Republican opponent Barry Goldwater of Arizona. American liberalism was at high tide under President Johnson. The Wilderness Protection Act saved 9.1 million acres of forest land from industrial development. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided major funding for American public schools. The Voting Rights Act banned literacy tests and other discriminatory methods of denying suffrage to African Americans. Medicare was created to offset the costs of health care for the nation's elderly. The National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities used public money to fund artists and galleries. The Immigration Act ended discriminatory quotas based on ethnic origin. An Omnibus Housing Act provided funds to construct low income housing. Congress tightened pollution controls with stronger Air and Water Quality Acts. Standards were raised for safety in consumer products. Johnson was an accomplished legislator and used his connections in Congress and forceful personality to pass his agenda. Crucifix in Urine "Piss Christ" Defaced American flag "Dissent" Johnson's programs made a huge impact on America becoming a welfare state. Unfortunately for Johnson the cost of the Vietnam War prevented him from funding and expanding the projects to the degree he had planned. Today many projects need restructured to meet increasing demand and cost. Some people feel that tax money should not be spent on "art" like that to the left, while other programs face budget shortages and cuts. 16

President Johnson's domestic policy is known as the Great Society. He will see that the Civil Rights bill that Kennedy wanted will be passed. He will declare war on poverty and get the Economic Opportunity Act passed which will form the Job Corps and VISTA, a domestic version of the Peace Corps. Johnson will get Medicare and Medicaid added to the Social Security Act. Johnson will also increase spending in education for those schools in poorer areas. He will also make reforms in immigration and environmental protection. With the number of people living below the poverty line going from 22% to 12%, Johnson will do more than FDR to create a welfare state in America. 17

The Warren Court will make some landmark rulings and have been said to have legislated from the bench. The most well known are; Miranda v Arizona which mandates that people must be informed of their rights when arrested. Engel v Vitale which defines separation of church and state and is said to have taken prayer out of public schools. 18

The Supreme Court requires that states guarantee Civil Liberties During the 1960s the Supreme Court under Justice Warren made decisions protecting civil liberties of the accused that reinforced states abide by the 5th and 6th Amendment THE WARREN COURT Mapp v Ohio 1961 Evidence seized illegally cannot be used in trial. Gideon v Wainwright 1963 Suspects who cannot afford a lawyer will have one provided. Escobedo v Illinois 1964 A suspect has the right to an attorney while being questioned. Miranda v Arizona 1966 Police must inform an accused person of their rights before arresting them. The seven rights listed in the 6th Amendment include: 1.The right to a speedy trial 2.The right to a public trial 3.The right to be judged by an impartial jury 4.The right to be notified of the nature and circumstances of the alleged crime 5.The right to confront witnesses who will testify against the accused 6.The right to find witnesses who will speak in favor of the accused 7.The right to have a lawyer 19

Middle America Term used to describe mainstream America, also referred to as the "silent majority". 1968 election Nixon won the presidency but the democrats controlled both houses of Congress. Nixon's Staff Haldeman, chief of staff, Ehrlichman, personal lawyer and chief domestic advisors. John Mitchell Attorney General. Henry Kissinger Head of National Security Council and later Sec. of State. Nixon Foreign Achievements: Opened relations with China. Met with Brezhnev and signed SALT I. Detente Policy that aimed at easing Cold War tensions. Which will lead to... SALT I Put a 5 year pause on proliferation of nuclear arms and proved that nuclear arms limitation was possible. While maintaining policy of massive retaliation. Domestic Policy Run away inflation which lead to deficit spending. Nixon becomes a Keynesian and puts a 90 day freeze on wages and prices. 1973 Oil Embargo When America supported Israel in war against Syria and Egypt, OPEC stopped shipping oil the U.S. This will cause long gas line and shortages. Nixon on Civil Rights Forced bussing, he was against it and reinstated federal funding to segregated schools. "Southern Strategy", imposed a freeze on bussing. Affirmative Action Set a quota system to help blacks in jobs and education. Regents of University of Ca v. Bakke a case of reverse discrimination. 20

A Crisis in Confidence: Watergate Nixon orders illegal wiretaps after information was leaked to the press and the Pentagon Papers were published. When he discovered that information was leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, a former Defense Dept. official, Ehrlichman sent Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy (the plumbers) to get dirt on Ellsberg which was leaked to the press, ruining his career. The 1972 election polls had Nixon way ahead. The Committee to Reelect, headed by John Mitchell sent the plumbers to hire people to break into the National Democratic Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel and plant bugs and steal their strategies. The men were caught and paid hush money to keep Nixon out of it. (Deep Throat turned out to be a FBI official, Mark Felt) Two Washington Post reporters were given information by a man known as "Deep Throat" giving details of the break-in and hush money. When the story broke Nixon was informed of the activities and he tried to protect those that protected him. 21

Nixon will appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the incident. Former White House counsel John Dean will testify that Nixon knew of the break in and called for the cover up. Cox ask for the tapes from the oval office but Nixon will claim "executive privilege" and refuse to turn over the tapes. Nixon's Vice President, Spiro Agnew will resign due to a scandal unrelated to Watergate. Nixon will appoint Gerald Ford as his new VP in accordance with the 25th. Amendment which sets presidential succession. Agnew < Ford > John Dean 22

Nixon will fire Cox for not accepting a transcript of the tapes. Many of Nixon's cabinet and inner circle will either resign or be fired. The Supreme Court will rule that executive privilege does not apply, and orders Nixon to turn over the tapes. Many of Nixon's officials are indicted for conspiracy. The tapes have places that were "accidently" erased by a secretary. Nixon will address the nation on TV and announce that he will resign. On August 9, 1974, ( my 12th birthday) Nixon leaves office and Ford becomes the first man to be Vice President and President without being elected to either position. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zeogjj7ukfm President Ford will grant Nixon a full pardon to put the Watergate scandal to rest. This action will be political suicide for one of Washington's most trusted men. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ml0j_cn7dpw 23

President Ford's term in office will be plagued with Stagflation, inflation during a period of economic stagnation. His WIN campaign will fail and coupled with an energy (gas) crisis, his administration is doomed. Carter win the election of 1976 but his lack of international experience will lead America to one of its lowest points since the Great Depression. Due to the gas crisis, the price will jump from 40 cents in 73 to $1.20 in 76. Carter will grant amnesty to the draft dodgers who left for Canada rather than serve in Vietnam. This will divide our nation once more. Carter will also give the Panama Canal back to Panama and see America's embassy in Iran taken over by radical students and held hostage for over a year. A rescue mission will fail miserably discrediting Carter as Commander in Chief of the military. 24

The Foreign Policies of Richard Nixon Containment: A policy of stopping the expansion or influence of a hostile power or ideology, by creating alliances or supporting of states in areas of conflict or unrest. What conflicts came up during the early years of the Cold War as a result of America's policy of containment? Berlin Airlift Korean War Nuclear Arms Race The Bay of Pigs The Cuban Missile Crisis The Vietnam War Review of Containment: In 1953 US officials stated that if the US or any country was threatened by the expansion of Communism that the US would retaliate instantly to stop the spread of communism. The willingness to go to the edge of war was called Brinkmanship. This policy was followed by the following Presidents: > Harry Truman > Dwight Eisenhower > John F. Kennedy > Lyndon Johnson During this time America followed the Truman Doctrine. During this time America and the Soviet Union began stockpiling nuclear weapons. Mutually Assured Destruction The following conflicts tested the limits of containment: > The Berlin Airlift > The Korean War > The Bay of Pigs > The Cuban Missile Crisis (Brinkmanship) > The Vietnam War. 25

Detente replaces Containment Due to increased tension Nixon pursued a foreign policy that would relax tensions between America and Communist countries In 1969 Nixon replaced Containment policy with a policy of Detente. Detente is a French Word meaning 'loosening'. The policy of Detente was meant to ease the tension between China/USSR and America. In 1972 Nixon became the first President to visit Communist China. Three months later he became the first President to visit the USSR. Nixon and the USSR/China 26

SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks During the Detente period both the America and the Soviet Union looked for ways to limit their amount of nuclear arms. Nixon Opens China In 1971 China allowed members of the American Ping Pong team to be the first Americans to visit China since it became Communist. Nixon visited China in 1972 and ended a trade embargo with China Both China and the US agreed to work on increasing trade and their political relationship. Though both China and America had personal reasons too. 27

OPEC Oil Embargo 1973 During the late 60's the government was spending a lot of money in two areas: > The Great Society policies of Lyndon Johnson. > The Vietnam War. Taxes were going up and inflation was increasing as America went into a recession. Nixon got rid of a lot of the Great Society policies, but oil prices went up. In 1973 the Organization of Petroleum Oil Exporting (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil to America because America supported Israel after WWII. The speed limit was lowered to 55mph because cars get better mileage at this speed. This caused the price of oil to double and America went into its worst recession since WWII. 28