So easy a caveman can do it. Prepared by Professor Mark Grabowski

So easy a caveman can do it. Prepared by Professor Mark Grabowski

Think about it: At its heart, journalism is storytelling. So, when you think about it, journalism has been occurring as long as humans have been communicating and sharing stories. But, anyone who s ever played the telephone game or gossip game knows about the problems with oral story telling

it s not very accurate

Then: letters and ballads People realized it was a good idea to write down stories to ensure their legacy and accuracy.

Speaking of Ancient Rome The Acta Diurna ("Daily Events") was the first news type of publication. The daily gazette dated from 59 BC and was attributed in origin to Julius Caesar. Handwritten copies were posted in prominent places in Rome and in the provinces with the clear intention of feeding the populace official information. Additionally, the typical Acta Diurna contained news of gladiatorial contests, astrological omens, notable marriages, births and deaths, public appointments, and trials and executions. Such reading matter presaged the future popularity of such newspaper fillers as horoscopes, the obituary column and the sports pages.

1450-ish A.D.: Gutenberg Press

Mass media born The opportunity for wider dissemination of news came with the invention of printing by Gutenberg in the 1450s. Soon after the development of printing, sheets carrying news (broadsides and pamphlets) made their appearance, along with books, in particular the Bible

The Bible pamphlets, broadsides and books

But, the first newspapers (in the sense of a recurring publication) did not appear in Europe until almost the 17th century: Mercurius Gallobelgicus (Cologne, 1592) was the world's first periodical, issued (in Latin) semiannually and distributed at book fairs. The Oxford Gazette (1665) was the first regularly published newspaper, begun while the English court was at Oxford to avoid the plague in London. When the court returned to London, the Gazette came with it.

1690: America s first newspaper First American newspaper, Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick, is published in Boston. Reported on sex scandal involving King of France. Shut down after just one issue no license.

Before the printing press came to this continent Early settlers traveled far to come to the British colonies Mail was the only way that settlers heard about current events back home The town crier would tell people of local happenings Sailing ships sometimes brought letters from home, but a voyage might take 6 months to a year!

Characteristics of early papers Not timely: Making papers was slow and laborious process. By the time printers printed news, it was months old Short: Paper was costly -- newspapers had only 3 pages and a blank back page for the owner to write in fresh news or gossip Offered a mix: Papers contained business announcements, news from Europe, gossip, stories copied from other newspapers No distinction was made between facts, opinions, criticism, hearsay Censored: Printers were only allowed to publish newspapers if they were licensed by the British government

Speaking out was dangerous 16-year-old Ben Franklin worked for brother James at the New England Courant in Boston In 1722, James was jailed for mocking local officials in his paper, and young Ben had to take over James criticized religious leaders in later years and was banned from publishing

Press freedom was always under attack In 1735 the New York Weekly Journal called the governor of New York a monkey John Peter Zenger was charged with seditious libel and stood trial - he was found innocent This set the precedent that newspapers should be able to criticize the government without fear of punishment

Slowly, but surely colonial media grows 1704: Boston News-Letter, subsidized by British government and not very good or timely. First continuously published newspaper 1719: Papers appear outside of New England. 1721: New England Courant seen as first real newspaper because it s first independent American paper and has quality writing. Ben Franklin s brother is publisher, and partisan (antiroyalist). 1750: 14 weekly papers in 6 largest colonies.

Newspapers booming by eve of the American Revolution Most of the larger communities were served by at least one newspaper; a total of 89 papers in 35 different communities were published during the 1770s.

Hartford Courant Founded in 1764, thereby claiming the title "America's oldest continuously published newspaper" and adopting as its slogan, "Older than the nation. Today, it s the largest daily newspaper in Connecticut with a circulation of about 160,000 daily and 230,000 on Sundays.

Early newspapers helped to promote the Revolutionary War The leaders of the revolt used the press to drum up public support for their cause In 1776 Tom Paine wrote Common Sense to explain the idea of revolution in words that uneducated people could understand It sold 120,000 copies and was reprinted in newspapers

Why newspapers favored the Revolution Most papers at the time of the American Revolution were anti-royalist, chiefly because of opposition to the Stamp Act taxing newsprint. Although the act technically was on a commodity, it was widely (and correctly) seen as an indirect way of regulating the press, since newspapers were required to use only paper that had received a stamp indicating the tax had been paid; newspapers could be suppressed by denying the stamp or refusing to sell approved paper to the offending publisher.

After independence, the mercantile newspaper emerged Business owners needed news about ships sailing to and from Europe Printers hired little boats to sail out into the harbor to meet the big ships coming in This way, they learned the news of cargoes and prices first, and beat the competition

So did the partisan newspaper Early U.S. leaders fought bitterly over how the new government should be run Partisan newspapers backed different opposing views and attacked each other fiercely They mixed news and opinions indiscriminately

And then came the steam engine The new technology of the steam-powered cylinder press made it possible to print 4,000 copies of a newspaper in an hour It reduced the price of a newspaper to 1 cent The Penny Press was born - the first truly mass media

1835: The birth of the modern newspaper Free of government or party control. Simple wording First organized in a modern pattern, with city staff covering regular beats and spot news. First D.C. and foreign correspondents. Penny paper but profitable. Topped 40,000 circulation within 15 months. Spin-off: International Herald Tribune still published now.

James Gordon Bennett s New York Herald in 1835 used news enterprise. He sent reporters by pony express, boat or train to go out and find news and scoop the competition

New York Tribune (1841) Edited by Horace Greeley, it was the first paper with a national influence; by the eve of the Civil War, the Tribune was shipping thousands of copies daily to other large cities - 6,000 to Chicago alone. Other Eastern newspapers published weekly editions for shipment to other cities, thereby developing an editorial influence beyond the local market. Greeley was a liberal reformer who organized a top news staff (Karl Marx was briefly his London correspondent) and mounted frequent crusades for his pet ideas (unionism, abstinence, abolition of capital punishment and polygamy, westward expansion). To wit, Greeley created the first editorial page to interpret events of the day and influence public opinion. In 1886, the Tribune took the lead in technology development by becoming the first newspaper to use Ottmar Mergenthaler's linotype machine, rapidly increasing the speed and accuracy with which type could be set.

Other voices wanted to be heard In the early U.S., many groups did not have full citizens rights Native Americans were driven out African Americans were enslaved and forbidden to read or write Women of all races were not educated and could not vote Frederick Douglass s North Star informed readers of the horrors of slavery in 1847 Asian Americans were exploited and abused

The dissident press reported on these communities Freedom s Journal, 1827, was first to focus on African Americans (John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish) The Revolution, 1868, promoted women s right to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony) Ethnic newspapers were written in immigrants native languages

1848: The Associated Press created modern news style Wire services were born out of the ruthless competition of Penny Press newspapers in New York City Horace Greeley Instead of competing, six newspapers began to cooperate with each other and formed a news syndicate to cover Europe James Gordon Bennett

Change was sweeping the U.S. By the mid-19th century (1800s), advances in technology led to intense national growth These forces also led to the expansion of the modern news industry

The steam engine brought speed This led to the development of fast steamships and the birth of the railroads Allowed information and goods to be carried faster and cheaper across long distances

Mass production created markets Factories were built and mass production of consumer items began Industrialization also created huge audiences for news and advertising

Daily newspapers are not just a big city thing By late in the 1800s, even relatively small cities like Aberdeen, Texas, had a daily newspaper (the Aberdeen Daily News, forerunner to today's American News) and several weeklies, including the Saturday Pioneer, remembered today because of its publisher, L. Frank Baum, who was later to write The Wizard of Oz.

Urban growth meant social change Waves of immigrants came from Europe and Asia They wanted to learn English to improve their earning power Newspapers enabled people to learn to read and informed them about their new surroundings

Telegraph increased communication Invented around 1844 Newspapers used it to send news long distances Users had to pay by the word, so they wrote very briefly No government regulation Shady telegraph operators would take news gathered by one newspaper and sell it to others on the sly

As the 19th century progressed the Civil War influenced the ways news was gathered and disseminated

The Civil War influenced newspapers more than any other event of the century. Wally Hastings, journalism historian Journalistic changes brought by the Civil War: Inverted pyramid Objectivity Photojournalism Press credentials

War correspondents For the first time, journalists actually went onto battlefields to write at-the-scene reports

Inverted Pyramid writing style Civil War journalists sent reports by telegraph, so the news was lost when wires broke or were cut They began sending the most important information first, followed by lesser details Writers wrote concisely, with very short sentences and paragraphs

Objectivity News syndicates sold information about the war to newspapers in both the North and the South Their reporters just collected facts - who, what, where, when, why and how - and presented them without taking a position

Photojournalism Photographer Mathew Brady convinced President Lincoln to let him document the Civil War in photographs These photos ran in popular magazines because photos couldn t be reproduced in newspapers yet Brady was one of the first to capture the Civil War on film

Press credentials Then as now, sometimes spies posed as reporters Members of the press had to be certified by the government and had to have a press pass to be on the scene

Post-War: The Making of the News WHERE IN THE WORLD IS Dr. David Livingstone, medical missionary and explorer.

Yellow Journalism By the end of 19th century, newspapers were the nation s main source of information As huge newspaper empires grew, so did competition and circulation wars Yellow journalism used sensationalism as a way to increase readership: loud headlines on sin, sex, rumors, even fake stories.

It began when one publisher... Joseph Pulitzer owned the St. Louis Post Dispatch, and took over the New York World in 1883 He was a crusader for hard news, but liked to present it with sensationalism At first, he demanded accuracy from his reporters Joseph Pulitzer Founder of Pulitzer Prizes and Columbia University School of Journalism

... challenged another... William Randolph Hearst, owner of the San Francisco Examiner, bought New York Journal in 1895 He loved politics and hoped to run for president William Randolph Hearst Taking on Pulitzer as a rival, his paper emphasized crime, sex, scandals, and violence

The battle raged over comic strips Pulitzer was the first publisher to run comic strips in his paper He and Hearst fought over the Hogan s Alley comic strip, printed in yellow ink, by James Outcalt The term yellow journalism came to mean any sensational, inaccurate reporting

It continued over stunt journalism Both publishers used publicity stunts to build readership: Pulitzer sent Nellie Bly up in a hot-air balloon She also pretended to be out of her mind in order to investigate conditions in insane asylums Elizabeth Jane Cochrane, a k a Nellie Bly

... And may have even caused a war Hearst offered the public rewards for news tips He waged campaigns to solve crimes the police couldn t By exaggerating news about events in Cuba, Hearst and Pulitzer may have caused the Spanish-American War in 1898

Hearst, a.k.a. Citizen Kane http://youtube.com/watch?v=tzhb3u2cons

20 th Century: Newspaper empires prospered through advertising Urban department stores and the auto industry began to spend millions of dollars on advertising Newspaper publishing made owners wealthy New papers sprang up around the country

The golden age of journalism Muckraking: Investigative, socially conscious reporting takes off Upton Sinclair s The Jungle leads to new, much more stringent food and drug laws

The muckrakers Industrialization led to slums and terrible conditions for the poor Photojournalist Jacob Riis captured slum life in his photographs Journalists exposed these problems and helped start sweeping reforms: better working conditions sanitation laws to protect people honest government regulation of big business

shadow or alternative press

Journalists had impact Chicago Defender was the first black newspaper to have a circulation over 100,000 Robert Sengstacke Abbott supported the rights of African Americans in the South and urged them to move to Chicago His paper caused the Great Migration northward R.S. Abbott, publisher of the Chicago Defender

The public wanted professionalism Newspapers remained the dominant medium for information Outcry against yellow journalism led to demand for greater truthfulness and accountability Some journalists saw their work as a profession with a responsibility to the public Some newspapers adopted codes of ethics and standards of fairness and accuracy

The face of professionalism Adolph Ochs bought the New York Times in 1896 He turned it from a small bankrupt newspaper into a national giant and established the principle of balanced reportage with high-level writing He printed full texts of important speeches and called the Times the paper of record He adopted the motto: All the news that s fit to print

The journalist as expert Walter Lippman became the best-known columnist of the century and a model of the professional, welleducated, expert journalist He advised presidents and was a very influential figure of his time

On the other hand In the 1920s, women got the vote, cut their hair, and took off their corsets Prohibition was under way The Jazz Age began, a time of social upheaval, with speak-easys, bathtub gin, flappers, bootleggers

Jazz journalism captured the mood The jazz journalism of the 1920s sought to reach the lowest classes of citizens It featured news of gangsters, bootleggers, grisly murders and other crimes, sex, and celebrity scandals

Tabloids began to proliferate The New York Daily News was an early tabloid with short, sensational stories and huge photos Just like in the tabloids of today, many so-called news stories were fake or grossly exaggerated

New media forms begin to emerge The first commercial movies began in 1895 and became popular in early 1900s

Also: Birth of broadcast news 1901: first wireless signal sent across ocean by Gugliemo Marconi 1912: first radio broadcast 1920: first radio station KDKA in Pittsburgh 1926-27: national radio networks NBC and CBS 1930: FDR s fireside chats

Meanwhile, in Newspaperland The Great Depression Newspapers go out of business Consolidation Rise of Newspaper Chains Emergence of one-newspaper towns

Decline of newspapers Chicago had 8 papers in 1904, two today Cleveland had 3 papers in 1950s, one today Philadelphia had 13 dailies in 1895, 8 in 1913, 2 now (and both recently filed for bankruptcy)

1939: first TV broadcasts made But WW II delays progress. Powerful networks don t emerge until 1950s.

the first network news star Edward R. Murrow started out as a radio journalist On TV, he challenged Senator Joe McCarthy s red-baiting witch hunts Murrow reported the Battle of Britain live from the scene He set the standard for later news anchors like Walter Cronkite

Hard to compete with TV s speed, visual appeal

Newspapers continue declining RESPONSE: Tighter writing Better formatting Improved design In-depth reporting

Investigative journalism The Pentagon Papers proved that the U.S. government had lied to the public about the Vietnam War Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward In 1972, two young Washington Post reporters broke the Watergate story that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon

Print news in the broadcast age To attract a generation that grew up with TV: In 1983 USA Today began publication, using very short news stories and lots of color Soon, daily newspapers were all using color, photos, and graphics to grab the audience

The birth of the 24-hour news cycle In the first Gulf War, CNN realized that audiences would be eager to watch certain kinds of news reports any time, day or night The O.J. Simpson trial created a market for news 24 hours a day Paper newspapers couldn t compete (though online newspapers did later)

Coverage of the first Gulf War and other crises of the early 1990s led officials at the Pentagon to coin the term "the CNN effect" to describe the perceived impact of real time, 24-hour news coverage on the decision-making processes of the American government.

1995: Craigslist, a website for online advertisements, is founded. 1996: Birth of nytimes.com. 1997: Dallas Morning News breaks story on its Web site that suspect Timothy McVeigh had confessed to the Oklahoma City bombing. The Internet was opened to commercial users in 1988, but remained a novelty for the 90s 1998: Drudge Report is first news source to break the Monica Lewinsky scandal to the public.

2000: Google introduces AdWords. By 2008, revenues top $21 billion. 2001: Birth of Wikipedia and citizen journalism. Nowadays, bloggers sometimes break news before mainstream media. And Twitter is used to spread news. 2004: Popular social media websites, including Digg and Facebook, born. 2008: Presidential election reported interactively in real time. Poll finds that most people get news from Internet. 2009: Christian Science Monitor becomes first national publication to cease paper edition (after 100 years) and publish only online.

In 2008 for the first time ever the Internet became the primary source of Americans. 48 percent said they got their news from the Internet more than the traditional media (newspapers, TV and radio), according to a poll by Zogby. By 2009, 56 percent were getting news online.

Meanwhile, in the old media circulation down by more than 15 percent since 2001. 140,000 or 33 percent less newspaper jobs today than 10 years ago. 100+ less newspapers, including 2 big city dailies. Over past 25 years, network news has lost more than 50 percent of its viewers, despite growing population. news also declining. Same number of listeners as in past, but people spend much less time listening.

2011 was especially unkind to newspapers Newsroom staffing now is at the lowest level since the ASNE inaugurated its newsroom census in 1978. Alan Mutter, UC-Berkeley journalism professor Some notable staff cuts in 2011: June: 700 laid off from Gannett s newspaper division September: Report: Dallas Morning News laid off 38 employees on Tuesday October: New York Times offers buyouts for third time in four years November: 543 to be laid off in Michigan as Booth Newspapers shifts to digital; Bay Area News Group cuts 34 newsroom positions December: Media General lays off 16 percent at Tampa Tribune and community newspapers

Less money, more problems Nearly 70 percent of Americans believe traditional journalism is out of touch and are dissatisfied with the quality of coverage in their communities, a 2008 poll found.

the survey also found: While most Americans (70 percent) think journalism is important to the quality of life in their communities, two thirds (64 percent) are dissatisfied with the quality of journalism in their communities.

On a related note

Current problems in accuracy Journalists have been shown to be untruthful There are many examples of reporters making up quotes and stretching the truth: Jayson Blair of the New York Times (top); TV anchor Dan Rather (middle); magazine journalist Stephen Glass, (bottom)

More credibility problems Today s technology lets audiences see things that didn t really happen Were Korans really flushed down toilets? Reports are inconclusive Impressive view of the tsunami, but it s fake

More recently. Various major daily newspapers last year published a photograph of four Iranian missiles streaking heavenward; then Little Green Footballs (significantly, a blog and not a daily newspaper) provided evidence that the photograph had been faked.

And an L.A. Times photojournalist manipulated this photo then got fired.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0kkzafbdow&feature=fvw On July 19, 2010, Shirley Sherrod was forced to resign from her U.S. Dept. of Agriculture job after blogger Andrew Breitbart posted deceptively edited video excerpts of Sherrod's address at an event to his website -- which was amplified by Fox News and other right-wing media. However, upon review of the full unedited video in context, White House officials and others realized the comments were taken out of context and apologized. Sherrod was also offered a new position.

Current problems in objectivity Like the old partisan newspapers of colonial days, some journalists are known for taking hard-line positions on issues Fox News, a cable news network, gets almost as many viewers as major network newscasts and thrice as many as CNN Many audiences can t tell the difference between fact and opinion

Current problems in relevance Celebrity news crowds out coverage of important issues With 24-hour coverage of unimportant trivia (who is hooking up on Jersey Shore?)... total consumption of serious news is down (print, broadcast, and online)

Young audiences are elusive 18- to 34-year-olds are not reading newspapers as often older generations did They are also not watching TV news as often Is America s most trusted journalist even a journalist? Some say they get their news from non-news TV shows They will read news online, but don t want to pay for it

Revenues are way down for all media Newspapers, including online, saw ad revenue fall 26% during 2009, which brings the total loss over the last three years to 41%. Local television ad revenue fell 24% in 2009, triple the decline the year before. Radio was off 18%. Magazine ad pages dropped 19%, network TV 7% (and news alone probably more). Online ad revenue over all fell about 5%, and revenue to news sites most likely also fared much worse. Only cable news among the commercial news sectors did not suffer declining revenue last year.

Is this sustainable? Consider that newspapers, for example, get 90 percent of their revenues from advertising. Declining revenues means more staff cuts, eliminating costly coverage, less pages in the paper, less editions, etc.

No luck with online ads There s growing evidence that conventional advertising online will never sustain the news industry. A 2009 survey on online economics finds that 79% of online news consumers say they rarely if ever have clicked on an online ad.

New York Times publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr. admitted that "we will stop printing the New York Times sometime in the future," but, he said, that date is "TBD."

Uncertain economy. As Wall Street goes, so goes ad revenues for media. Have we hit rock bottom yet? Paywalls : Rupert Murdoch, NY Times and others will charge to view online content. War between news sites and aggregators heats up. Shift from business to non-profit model? More convergence Some predict newspapers will cease to exist at least in their print form.

Old media becomes new media The news cycle is now 24 hours for all media Most daily newspapers and TV networks now have online sites that combine text, graphics, video and audio, user interactivity Online information is posted and updated continuously Journalists write stories, shoot video, blog and tweet

Some success The majority of network news website visitors are under the age of 50, according to Quantcast, an online audience measurement service. In December 2008, 72% of visitors to CBSNews.com and 61% at MSNBC.com were under age 50. And more than a quarter of the audience is under age 34 (28%) for MSNBC.com and 36% at CBSNews.com

More $uccess Business analysts speculate the NYT may soon make enough online to support its news operation

Business Insider on the NYT We estimate that the NYT currently spends about $200 million a year on its newsroom and generates about $150 million of online revenue. If the paywall is highly successful attracting, say, 1 million subscribers who pay $100 a year this will add another $100 million of online subscription revenue So the New York Times isn't going anywhere. (Sept. 8, 2010)

Citizen journalism The concept of members of the public "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information.

Citizen journalism Example: Wikipedia Benefits: Anyone can do it, it s free, more voices heard press is no longer a device of the elite and wealthy Criticisms: Because the journalists are untrained amateurs, they often make mistakes, aren t objective and may overlook important info

Citizen journalism teams with traditional journalism In summer 2006, at The News-Press in Fort Myers, Florida, readers from the nearby community of Cape Coral began calling the paper, complaining about the high prices -- as much as $28,000 in some cases -- being charged to connect newly constructed homes to water and sewer lines. So, the newspaper asked public to look into it, rather than assign investigative reporters to look into it

Citizen journalism teams with traditional journalism The result was that readers spontaneously organized their own investigations: Retired engineers analyzed blueprints, accountants pored over balance sheets, and an inside whistleblower leaked documents showing evidence of bid-rigging. In the end, the city cut the utility fees by more than 30 percent, one official resigned, and the fees became the driving issue in the upcoming city council election. It was a win-win for citizen and traditional journalists.

Setting the news agenda No longer is the media world one of a publishers-top editor-section editorsubeditor-journalist hierarchy. Today, audiences are in charge and they want direct access to, and interaction with, journalists. -- Dave Morgan, founder and chairman of SimulMedia

Also of note: local news Media outlets that focus on hyperlocal news seem to be fairing well. Many community publications (i.e. small, weekly newspapers) are growing, in fact. A recent National Newspaper Association poll shows that in 2008, 86 percent of adults read a local community newspaper each week, compared with 83 percent in 2007 and 81 percent in 2005.

Hyperlocal news Consider, for example, that Garden City, N.Y., a town of only about 22,000 people, has three of its own media outlets: Garden City News, Garden City Life and Garden City Patch. AOL believes local news has so much potential growth that it is investing $50 million in 2010 to develop 500 local news websites. Visit patch.com.

The fact about old media remains 100 million Americans still read a newspaper on an average weekday, and 150 million do on Sundays. Although print distribution has dropped, online readership is way up, so many newspapers are reaching larger audiences than ever before. With 41,500 journalists still on the job, newspapers remain the single largest source of news reporting in the country. Most news and original reporting originates from traditional media: newspapers (61%), TV and radio, according to a 2010 study from Pew Research Center.

Problem is Online sources steal news from traditional media and audiences don t want to pay for it. Only about a third of Americans (35%) have a news destination online they would call a favorite, and even among these users only 19% said they would continue to visit if that site put up a pay wall.

An April 2009 poll asked members of the national news media about the effect the Internet has had on journalism. Nearly two-thirds say the Internet is hurting journalism more than it is helping.

One journalist surveyed said: "The Internet has some plusses: It has widened the circle of those participating in the national debate. But it has mortally wounded the financial structure of the news business so that the cost of doing challenging, independent reporting has become all but prohibitive all over the world. It has blurred the line between opinion and fact and created a dynamic in which extreme thought flourishes while balanced judgment is imperiled."

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4901034n

What changes to journalism will this decade bring?

Is the worst over? Clay Shirky of New York University has suggested that the loss of news people is a predictable and perhaps temporary gap in the process of creative destruction. The old stuff gets broken faster than the new stuff is put in its place, he has written.

Is this the start of a new era? Michael Schudson, the sociologist of journalism at Columbia University, sees the promise of a better array of public informational resources emerging. This new ecosystem will include different styles of journalism, a mix of professional and amateur approaches and different economic models commercial, nonprofit, public and university-fueled.

Change for the better? As Schudson notes, the news industry became more professional, skeptical and ethical beginning in the 1960s. Many journalists think that sense of public good has been overtaken by a focus on efficiency and profit since the 1990s. In the collapse of those ownership structures, there is some rebirth of community connection and public motive in news.

it s anyone s guess.

Journalism history shows us that some things change: the way we deliver news. But some things never change: gossip is news, press questions authority, battle between press and government. And, most importantly, journalism is alive and well. Newspapers may die, but journalism will survive in other forms.

Attitude is everything. Get experience now. Learn multimedia skills. Weight costs of J-school. Be flexible. Don t fear the future. Visit CubReporters.org

Sources History of Journalism lecture notes by Dr. Wally Hastings, Northern State University, South Dakota Several powerpoint slides from Dr. Eleanor Novek, Monmouth University, New Jersey State of the Media 2009 and 2010, Pew Center Inside Reporting, Tim Harrower (McGraw-Hill, 2007) Stopping the Presses for Good video from CBS, April 2, 2009 Shirley Sherrod news video from CBS Citizen Kane movie clip Newspapers, Encyclopedia Britannica Scripps Howard News Service s Future of News project