Garden City High School Global History & Geography II FINAL EXAM Part I Multiple Choice Questions (1 pt. each) Name: 1. Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment? (1) The king is sacred and answers only to God. (2) History is a continuous struggle between social classes. (3) Those who are the most fit will survive and succeed. (4) All individuals have natural rights.... Finally, gather together all that we have said, so great and so august [important], about royal authority. You have seen a great nation united under one man: you have seen his sacred power, paternal and absolute: you have seen that secret reason which directs the body politic, enclosed in one head: you have seen the image of God in kings, and you will have the idea of majesty of kingship. God is holiness itself, goodness itself, power itself, reason itself. In these things consists the divine majesty. In their reflection consists the majesty of the prince.... Jacques-Benigne Bossuet 2. Which concept is associated with this quotation? (1) direct democracy (2) imperialism (3) socialism (4) divine right 3. Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by (1) relying on faith and divine right (2) borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome (3) applying reason and the laws of nature (4) studying the practices of successful leaders 4. The writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke were similar in that each supported the principles of (1) a military dictatorship (2) an autocracy (3) a theocratic society (4) a democratic republic 1
Speaker A: Good government stresses the importance of the nation and accepts the rights of the individual only if the interests of the individual are the same as those of the nation. Speaker B: The person of the king is sacred and to attack him in any way is to attack religion itself. The respect given to a king is religious in nature. Speaker C: All human beings are born free and equal with a right to life and liberty. It is the duty of government to protect these natural rights of its citizens. Speaker D: Our goal will not be achieved by democracy or liberal reforms, but by blood and iron. Only then will we be successful. No nation achieves greatness or unity without the traumatic experiences of war. 5. Which speaker s statement best reflects the ideas of the Enlightenment? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 6. The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right and the Bill of Rights were created to (1) limit the power of English monarchs. (2) establish laws protecting the rights of Protestants. (3) organize England s colonial empire. (4) abolish the role of Parliament. 7. Which of the following statements best describes a result of the Glorious Revolution in England (1688)? (1) Principles of limited government were strengthened. (2) England formed an alliance with France. (3) The power of the monarchy was increased. (4) England lost its colonial possessions. 2
8. Which statement describes the French Revolution? (1) The leader in power before the revolutions favored changing the political system in France. (2) It was the result of government denial of basic human rights and stressful economic conditions. (3) The revolutionary support was provided by radicals from other countries. (4) The new democracy created by the revolution gave people greater representation in their governments. 9. The American and French Revolutions were turning points in global history because the results of these revolutions (1) Inspired other people seeking democracy and independence. (2) led to the abolition of slavery. (3) marked the end of European influence in the Western hemisphere. (4) demonstrated the need for strong international peacekeeping organizations. 10. Under the Old Regime in France, the burden of taxation fell mostly on the (1) commoners. (2) monarchy. (3) clergy. (4) nobles. 11. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon by attempting to (1) restore old regimes to power. (2) spread the idea of democracy. (3) encourage nationalist movements. (4) promote the European free trade zone. 12. One of the main purposes of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) was to (1) promote the unification of Italy. (2) preserve the German territories gained by Otto von Bismarck. (3) restore the power of the Holy Roman Empire. (4) establish a balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. 13. The dominant personality at the Congress of Vienna was (1) King Frederick IV of Prussia (2) King George I of England (3) Prince Metternich of Austria (4) Ferdinand VII of Spain 3
14. A study of the revolutions in Latin America in the 19th century would show that (1) religion was a major cause of the conflicts. (2) Spanish-born peninsulares led most of the Latin American uprisings. (3) nationalism had little influence on the outcome. (4) events in North America and Europe influenced Latin Americans. 15. One similarity in the actions of Simón Bolívar and Napoleon Bonaparte is that both leaders (1) encouraged nationalism. (2) relied on diplomatic negotiations. (3) established a representative form of government. (4) rebelled against imperialism. To him who wishes to follow me, I offer hardships, hunger, thirst and all the perils of war. Garibaldiʼs Memoirs 16. This quotation from Garibaldi is most closely associated with Italian (1) exploration (2) nationalism (3) imperialism (4) neutrality 17. The slogan Blood and Iron and a united Germany are most closely associated with (1) Prince Metternich (2) Simón Bolívar (3) Camillo Cavour (4) Otto von Bismarck 18. What was a result of the Industrial Revolution in Europe? (1) the growth of the middle class (2) an increase in nomadic herding (3) a decline in urban population (4) a decrease in international trade 4
Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the speakers statements below and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: If the rate of population growth continues to exceed the growth in the food supply, there will not be enough food for all of the people. Speaker B: There are people who are wealthy and people who are poor. This is just how things are. Speaker C: History is the story of class struggle. Eventually, the working class will rise up and revolt against the wealthy. Speaker D: The government should do what is best for most of its people. 19. Which speaker best represents the views of Karl Marx? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 20. To which situation are these speakers most likely reacting? (1) growth of Zionism (2) rise of industrialization (3) division of Africa (4) formation of military alliances 21. The 19th-century ideas of Social Darwinism and the White Man s Burden were often used to justify (1) isolationism. (2) appeasement. (3) imperialism. (4) disarmament. 22. A major goal of both the Sepoy Mutiny in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China was to (1) rid their countries of foreigners (2) expand their respective territories (3) receive international military support (4) restore an absolute monarch to the throne 5
23. The Opium Wars of the mid-19th century marked the beginning of the (1) rivalry between China and Taiwan. (2) domination of China by foreign powers. (3) decline of European influence in East Asia. (4) global effort to combat drug use. 24. Which action in Japanese history occurred during the Meiji Restoration? (1) Japan modernized its economy. (2) Mongols invaded the islands of Japan. (3) The Japanese government adopted an isolationist policy. (4) Buddhism became the official religion of Japan. 25. Which region was most affected by decisions made at the Berlin Conference of 1884? (1) Latin America (2) South Asia (3) East Asia (4) Africa 26. Which situation resulted from the Russo-Japanese War of 1905? (1) Japan lost its status as a world power. (2) The Japanese Emperor encouraged reforms in Russia. (3) Dissident groups challenged the power of the Russian tsar. (4) Russia gained control of China and Japan. 27. One motive for Japanese expansion between 1905 and 1941 was to (1) end reparation payments. (2) create a buffer zone. (3) spread Buddhism. (4) obtain natural resources. 28. The South African government s policy of racial separation between 1948 and 1994 was called (1) Pan-Africanism (2) democratization (3) apartheid (4) suffrage 6
29. Which statement best reflects an effect of imperialism in Africa? (1) Land was distributed equally between social classes. (2) Territorial divisions were primarily established using tribal boundaries. (3) Natural resources were exploited for the benefit of European powers. (4) Timbuktu became the center of great learning. 30. Which condition is most closely associated with Mexico between 1910 and 1930? (1) revolutions and political instability (2) establishment of a state religion (3) rapid industrialization by locally owned corporations (4) widespread support for foreign intervention 31. Which event is considered the immediate cause of World War I? (1) signing of the Treaty of Versailles (2) invasion of Poland by Germany (3) assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (4) use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany 32. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente contributed to the start of World War I by (1) failing to include Germany and France as members (2) threatening countries in the Western Hemisphere (3) allowing Japanese aggression in Korea (4) increasing tensions between European countries 33. Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points influenced many colonial peoples in Asia and Africa to (1) create military alliances. (2) seek self-determination. (3) reject terrorism. (4) extend extraterritoriality. 34. One way in which the Treaty of Nanking and the Treaty of Versailles are similar is that in both treaties the provisions called for (1) monarchs to be returned to their rightful places (2) reparations to be paid by defeated countries (3) existing borders to be maintained (4) peacekeeping organizations to be established 7
35. Tsar Abdicates! Provisional Government Formed Peasants Promised Peace, Land, and Bread Reds and Whites Fight Bloody Civil War Which revolution is the focus of these headlines? (1) Mexican (2) Russian (3) Chinese (4) Cuban 36. One reason the Bolsheviks gained peasant support during the Russian Revolution was because the Bolsheviks promised to (1) redistribute land (2) abolish communes (3) bring modern technology to Russian farms (4) maintain an agricultural price-support program 37. Five-year plans and collectivization are most closely associated with (1) Joseph Stalin (2) Mikhail Gorbachev (3) Adolf Hitler (4) Deng Xiaoping 38. Forced famine in Ukraine (1932 1933) was a direct result of (1) Tsar Nicholas s involvement in World War I (2) Vladimir Lenin s New Economic Policy (3) Joseph Stalin s collectivization (4) Nikita Khrushchev s removal from power 39. One way in which Kemal Atatürk of Turkey and Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran are similar is that both leaders (1) implemented programs to modernize their nations (2) supported increased rights for ethnic minorities (3) adopted policies of nonalignment (4) established theocracies based on Islam 8
40. The Amritsar Massacre and the Salt March are both associated with the independence movement in (1) Iraq (2) India (3) China (4) Kenya 41. Mohandas Gandhi s protests during India s independence movement were often successful because of his application of (1) an appeasement policy (2) civil disobedience (3) traditional caste beliefs (4) divide-and-conquer principles 42. One similarity between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini is that both (1) led fascist states (2) supported communism (3) rejected militarism (4) remained in power after World War II. 43. Japan s invasion of China in 1937 and Germany s attack on Poland in 1939 led directly to (1) the beginning of World War II in Asia and Europe (2) a meeting at Yalta between the United States and the Soviet Union (3) a conference at Munich for European leaders (4) the withdrawal of Britain and France from European affairs 44. The purpose of the Marshall Plan after World War II was to (1) promote the spread of militarism (2) force the losing nations to help areas destroyed in the war (3) rebuild national economies to stabilize governments (4) strengthen the alliances that had won the war 45. One way in which the Korean War and the Vietnam War are similar is that both (1) resulted in unification of two formerly independent nations (2) reflected the success of the Western policy of containment (3) attempted to remove French imperialists from power (4) developed from Cold War tensions 9
46. A Jewish State Is Created Six-Day War Results in Major Arab Losses Withdrawal Begins from West Bank Which situation is referred to in these headlines? (1) Persian Gulf War (2) Scramble for Africa (3) conflict between Israelis and Palestinians (4) collapse of the Ottoman Empire 47. One similarity in the results of the revolutions led by Fidel Castro in Cuba and by the Sandinistas in Nicaragua is that both (1) restored a monarchy (2) destroyed a theocracy (3) followed Marxist principles (4) protected freedom of the press 48. The government of Ayatollah Khomeini attempted to change Iranian society by (1) implementing Islamic fundamentalist principles (2) extending political equality to women (3) allying with communist bloc countries (4) adopting a western economic system 49. What was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s? (1) ethnic conflict (2) expansion of the Sahel (3) devastation from an earthquake (4) Cold War tensions 50. What was a direct result of the Four Modernizations introduced in China by Deng Xiaoping? (1) Freedom of speech was guaranteed. (2) Goods and services were evenly distributed. (3) Economic opportunities were expanded. (4) Fewer consumer goods were produced. 10
Answers to the essay questions are to be written in the separate essay booklet. In developing your answer to Part II, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind: (a) explain means to make plain or understandable; to give reasons for or causes of; to show the logical development or relationships of (b) discuss means to make observations about something using facts, reasoning, and argument; to present in some detail Part II - THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs addressing the task below, and a conclusion. Theme: Change Challenges to Tradition or Authority Throughout history, individuals have challenged established traditions and authorities. Their efforts have inspired or influenced change and have met with varying degrees of success. Task: Select two individuals who have challenged tradition or authority and for each Describe the established tradition or authority as it existed before it was challenged by the individual Discuss how the individual challenged established tradition or authority Discuss the extent to which change was achieved as a result of this challenge You may use any individual from your study of global history and geography. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include Martin Luther, Galileo Galilei, Mary Wollstonecraft, Toussaint L Ouverture, Charles Darwin, Vladimir Lenin, Emiliano Zapata, Mohandas Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh, Nelson Mandela, Mikhail Gorbachev, Aung San Suu Kyi and Wangari Mathaai. You are not limited to these suggestions. Do not choose an individual from the United States for your answer. Guidelines: In your essay, be sure to Develop all aspects of the task Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion that are beyond a restatement of the theme 11
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Part III Document Based Question This question is based on the accompanying documents. The question is designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. Some of these documents have been edited for the purposes of this question. As you analyze the documents, take into account the source of each document and any point of view that may be presented in the document. Keep in mind that the language used in a document may reflect the historical context of the time in which it was written. Historical Context: After World War II, Germany, Palestine and British India were divided for various reasons. Each division has affected the people of this region, the region, and other countries. Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history, answer the questions that follow each document in Part A. Your answers to the questions will help you write the Part B essay in which you will be asked to Choose two regions mentioned in the historical context and for each Describe the historical circumstances that led to the division Discuss how the division of this region has affected people of this region, the region, and/or other countries In developing your answers to Part III, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind: (a) Describe the historical circumstances that led to the division (b) Discuss how the division of this region has affected people of this region, the region, and/or other countries 13
Part A: Short Answer Questions Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short answer questions that follow each document in the space provided. 1. Based on this map, identify one territory annexed by Germany between 1938 and 1939. [1] 14
2. Based on these maps, identify two impacts World War II had on Germany. [2] (1) (2) 15
Document 3a After World War II, West Berlin was an island behind the Iron Curtain, a besieged outpost of western powers. East Berliners began to move to West Berlin in their droves. In fact before the construction of the Wall, an estimated 2,000 people a week were moving from East to West. The building of a barrier between East and West happened in the dead of night and was shrouded in total secrecy. In the early hours of 13th August 1961 a barrier was put in place, essentially imprisoning a community of 17 million people [in East Germany]. Source: Building the Berlin Wall, BBC World Service 3. Based on these documents, state one result the construction of the Berlin Wall had on the people of Berlin. [1] 16
Document 4 November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty s Government [British], the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. His Majesty s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice [harm] the civil and religious rights of existing non-jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour Source: Balfour Declaration, 1917 4a. According to the Balfour Declaration, what support does the British government offer to the Jewish people in 1917? [1] b. According to the Balfour Declaration, what assurance does the British government make to the non-jewish communities in Palestine? [1] 17
Document 5a. The territory was plagued with chronic unrest pitting native Arabs against Jewish immigrants (who now made up about a third [of] the population, owning about 6% of the land). The situation had become more critical with the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution in Europe. Some six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust during World War II. The UN set up a special committee which recommended splitting the territory into separate Jewish and Palestinian states. Palestinian representatives, known as the Arab Higher Committee, rejected the proposal; their counterparts in the Jewish Agency accepted it. The partition plan gave 56.47% of [the British Mandate of] Palestine to the Jewish state and 43.53% to the Arab state, with an international enclave around Jerusalem. On 29 November 1947, 33 countries of the UN General Assembly voted for partition, 13 voted against and 10 abstained. The plan, which was rejected by the Palestinians, was never implemented. Source: BBC News 5a. According to the BBC News, what is one reason for the recommended division of Palestine? [1] b. Based on the borders shown on this map, what is one problem that could result from the United Nations plan to partition Palestine? [1] 18
6. Based on this chart, state one result of the failure of the 1947 United Nations plan for partition in the Israeli-Palestinian region. [1] 19
Document 7 The Muslim League Not all Indians agreed with the approach or the goals of the Congress Party. Many Muslims were uneasy with what they felt was the religious element of the Congress Party. Gandhi s strategies were seen by many Muslims to be Hindu-based for example, his use of fasting and non-violent protest. More than merely pro-hindu, the Congress Party was seen as anti-muslim. Increasing sectarianism led even moderate Muslim leaders to grow wary of working with Congress. Some feared that a representative democracy, like Great Britain s, would not work in India. They believed the Hindu majority would overwhelm the Muslim minority. Some also felt that Muslims had fallen behind Hindus in formal education, which was now based upon English instead of Persian. Muslims also participated far less in commerce, industry, and local government. Source: Indian Independence and the Question of Pakistan, Choices Program, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University 7. According to this excerpt, what is one reason some Muslims were distrustful of the Congress Party? [1] 20
8. Based on this map, state one impact of the partition of India. [1] 21
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9b This is an excerpt from an interview with Mohammad Sadiq, a Kashmiri hotel manager. The hotel is located in Kargil in the Indian-administered area of Kashmir. I have been running the Siachen Hotel in the town of Kargil for the past 17 years. It was inaugurated [opened] in 1986. Business this year [2002] has been the worst ever because of the border tension between India and Pakistan. There have hardly been any foreign tourists and we had many people calling us from overseas to cancel their bookings. This is a major transit point for mountaineers who enjoy trekking in the Himalayas. But this year the tourists have kept away and we have been wiped out. Since the Kargil conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999 things improved a bit. Last year tourist traffic picked up. But not this year. We desperately need India and Pakistan to sort things out once and for all. There has been too much violence and we need to put an end to it quickly. Things are particularly bad for us because we are right on the frontline. We are at the receiving end of Pakistan s heavy shelling and it has destroyed our lives. Every time there is an increase in tension between the two countries, we come under heavy bombing. We have to leave our homes, our belongings, our lives. It disrupts us and we have suffered as a result. Source: Voices from Kashmir, 2003 BBC News 9 Based on these documents, what are two results of the border tensions between India and Pakistan? [2] (1) (2) 23
Part B Essay Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs, and a conclusion. Use evidence from at least four documents to support your response. Support your response with relevant facts, examples, and details. Include additional outside information. Historical Context: After World War II, Germany, Palestine, and British India were divided for various reasons. Each division has affected the people of this region, the region, and other countries. Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history, write an essay in which you Choose two regions mentioned in the historical context and for each Describe the historical circumstances that led to the division Discuss how the division of this region has affected people of this region, the region, and/or other countries Guidelines: In your essay, be sure to: Develop all aspects of the task Incorporate information from at least four documents Incorporate relevant outside information Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion that are beyond a restatement of the theme. 24