Between Europe and the Mediterranean

Between Europe and the Mediterranean

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Between Europe and the Mediterranean The Challenges and the Fears Edited by Thierry Fabre University of Provence, Aix-Marseille 1, France and Paul Sant-Cassia Reader in the Department of Anthropology University of Durham, UK

Editorial matter, selection and introduction Thierry Fabre and Paul Sant-Cassia 2007 All remaining chapters respective authors 2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-0-230-00223-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-28056-8 ISBN 978-0-230-28733-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230287334 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Between Europe and the Mediterranean : the challenges and the fears / edited by Thierry Fabre and Paul Sant-Cassia. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-28056-8 (cloth) 1. Europe Emigration and immigration. 2. Europe Relations Mediterranean Region. 3. Mediterranean Region Relations Europe. I. Sant Cassia, Paul. II. Fabre, Thierry. JV7590.B48 2007 304.8 401822 dc22 2006049432 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7

Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Notes on Contributors vii viii ix x Introduction: Between Europe and the Mediterranean: the Challenges and the Fears 1 Thierry Fabre and Paul Sant-Cassia Part I The Challenges of Demography and Migration 9 1 Demographic Transition in Europe and Around the Mediterranean 11 Chris Wilson 2 Does Europe Need New Immigration? 28 Catherine Wihtol de Wenden 3 Putting Asylum to the Test: Between Immigration Policy and Co-Development 41 Sylvie Mazzella 4 The Mediterranean Divide and its Echo in the Sahara: New Migratory Routes and New Barriers on the Path to the Mediterranean 51 Ali Bensaad Part II The Challenges of Identities and Cultures 71 5 Identity, Nationalism and Anthropologists 73 Maria Couroucli 6 Altering the Perspective 88 Dionigi Albera 7 Identity Crises and Value Conflicts 113 Abdou Filali-Ansary v

vi Contents 8 The Face of the Foreigner: Reflections on the Case of Lebanon s Palestinians 124 Daniel Meier Part III Political Challenges 135 9 Turkish Conservatism and the Idea of Europe 137 Hakan Yilmaz 10 Europe in the Mirror of the Mediterranean 162 Kalypso Nicolaïdis and Dimitri Nicolaïdis Part IV Geopolitical Fears and Institutional Responses 195 11 Europe, America and the Greater Middle East 197 Martyn Bond 12 Expansion towards the South: an Alternative Scenario for a Partnership in Crisis 207 Jean-Robert Henry 13 The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Reformulating a Process 219 Thierry Fabre Index 226

List of Figures 1. Total fertility rate in EU-25 and Med-10 countries 14 2. Age-sex structure of Med-10 countries, 2004 16 3. Age-sex structure for EU-25, 2004 17 4. Age-sex structure of EU-25 (shaded) & Med-10, 2004 18 5. Age-sex structure of Northern-7 countries, 2004 19 6. Age-sex structure of Southern-4 countries, 2004 19 7. Age-sex structure of Med-10, 2030 24 8. Age-sex structure of EU-25, 2030 24 9. Age-sex structure of EU-25 (shaded) & Med-10, 2030 25 10. Dilemmas and tensions in the EMP 167 vii

List of Tables 9.1 Indicators of the Tanzimat syndrome in Turkish public opinion: public attitudes towards basic rights and freedoms 148 9.2 Indicators of the Tanzimat syndrome in Turkish public opinion: public attitudes towards basic rights and freedoms 148 9.3 Indicators of the Sèvres syndrome in Turkish public opinion: Europe s historical intentions towards Turkey 153 9.4 Indicators of the Sèvres syndrome in Turkish public opinion: public beliefs on the Crusades, capitulations and the Sèvres Treaty 154 9.5 Indicators of the Sèvres syndrome in Turkish public opinion: public attitudes towards the idea of Westernisation without the West 154 viii

Preface This edited volume has emerged out of a collaborative interdisciplinary research network on the Mediterranean region, supported by the 5th Framework Programme of the EU until 2005. The Research Network, called REMSH, was ably coordinated by the Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l Homme (MMSH) at the University of Aix-Marseilles. A series of international specifically focused seminars were held in Alicante, Durham and Genoa, on various aspects of Mediterranean societies and cultures, grouping together anthropologists, historians, political scientists, policymakers, and specialists on the Middle East and North Africa, amongst others. The various essays are now published in English as part of a series entitled Mediterranean Studies. The aim of this series will be to provide original, well-edited material of high quality that will act as a catalyst for further research within a sound framework of academic excellence. The editors would like to thank the following who generously assisted in the preparation of this volume for publication: Mrs P. Craven, Dr D. Middleton, Mrs J. Starkey and Dr R. A. Wilson. They would also like to thank Penny Allen for translating a number of the contributions from the original French. ix

Notes on Contributors Dionigi Albera is an anthropologist affiliated to the CNRS (Idemec, MMSH, Aix-en-Provence). His most recent work is La Méditerranée des anthropologues: fractures, filiations, contiguïtés (edited with Mohamed Tozy), Paris, Maisonneuve et Larosse 2005. Ali Bensaad is a geographer and Maître de Conférence at the University of Provence, Aix-Marseille 1. Martyn Bond s career has spanned academia, journalism and the European civil service. Among his various roles, he was Director of the UK Office of the European Parliament, and Director of the Federal Trust for Education and Research. He is also visiting professor of European Politics and Policy at Royal Holloway, London. Maria Couroucli is an anthropologist and Chargée de recherche, CNRS (University of Paris X, Nanterre). She has worked extensively on Greece and the Greek world. Thierry Fabre is a researcher, essayist, and a Mediterranean specialist, based at the Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l Homme, University of Provence, Aix-Marseille 1. He is the author of Le Noir et le Bleu (Librio, 1998), Traversées (Actes Sud, 2001, Grand Prix littéraire de Provence) and Les Représentations de la Méditerranée (Maisonneuve et Larosse, 2000) and other works. Abdou Filali-Ansary is Director of the King Abdulaziz al-saoud Foundation for Islamic Studies and Human Sciences in Casablanca, Morocco, and editor of the journal Prologues. Jean-Robert Henry is Director of Research at the CNRS, IREMAM-Aixen-Provence. Sylvie Mazzella is Charge de Recherche in Sociology at the CNRS (Institut de Recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain, Tunis). Her most recent work focuses on the right of asylum in France and the recent immigration of sub-saharan graduates to North Africa. x

Notes on Contributors xi Daniel Meier is a sociologist and teaches at the Graduate Institute of Development Studies (Geneva). He has conducted extensive research in Lebanon. Dimitri Nicolaïdis is a researcher on the European Union. Kalypso Nicolaïdis is University Lecturer in International Relations, European Studies Centre, University of Oxford, UK. She is a specialist on the EU. Paul Sant-Cassia is Reader in Anthropology at the University of Durham, UK. His most recent work is Bodies of Evidence. Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus (Oxford: Berghahn, 2005). Catherine Wihtol de Wenden is a sociologist and Director of Research at the CNRS (CERI), Paris. Chris Wilson is a demographer at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria. Hakan Yilmaz is Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Bogazici University, Istanbul. His most recent work has concentrated on the attitudes of the Turkish elites and masses towards Europe and the European Union.