Transport and Communications

243 Transport and Communications Snapshots Road networks have expanded rapidly in most economies in Asia and the Pacific since 1990. The latest data show that the People s Republic of China (PRC) and account for almost twothirds of the region s roads. The number of vehicles has surged in the region. Nineteen economies have at least 100 vehicles per 1,000 people. The increase in the number of registered motor vehicles in many developing economies has been accompanied by a relatively high incidence of fatal road accidents. While rail networks have expanded in all but six of the region s economies since 1990, rail lines are still heavily concentrated in three economies the PRC,, and Japan. Mobile phone subscriptions have shown huge growth across the region since 2000, while the penetration of fixed-line phones has increased more moderately and even declined in some economies. The number of fixed broadband internet subscriptions has risen throughout Asia and the Pacific, but many developing economies still have low penetration rates. Key trends Road networks have expanded rapidly since 1990, with the People s Republic of China (PRC) and accounting for almost two-thirds of the region s roads. Roads provide access to employment, markets, education, and health services, and thus are crucial for economic development. Since 1990, road networks have expanded in all developing economies except Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan (Figure 5.1). Bhutan and the PRC extended their road networks the most on an average annual basis between 1990 and the latest year for which data are available 10.0% per year for Bhutan (1990 2003) and 6.4% per year for the PRC (1990 2009). The number of vehicles has surged in developing Asian economies. In 1990, only two developing Asian economies recorded 100 or more motor vehicles per 1,000 people (IRF World Road Statistics). In 2010, or the latest year for which data are available, 19 economies had more than 100 vehicles per 1,000 people (Table 5.2). Taipei,China had the highest number of registered vehicles at 958 per 1,000 people, followed by Brunei Darussalam at 903 and at 706. For comparison, the developed economies of, Japan, and New Zealand had registered vehicle rates of 729, 702, and 739, respectively. In Singapore, which imposes high costs on vehicle registration, the number of vehicles per 1,000 people in 2010 was 186, reflecting annual growth of only 1.0% since 1990 (IRF World Road Statistics). The primary type of vehicle in each economy whether cars and other four-wheeled vehicles, or two- and three-wheeled vehicles depends on a mix of factors such as an economy s level of development and population density, as well as subregional characteristics (Figure 5.2). For example, in developed economies with low population densities such as and New Zealand cars and other four-wheeled vehicles comprise about 90% of all registered vehicles. This ratio is only slightly lower in some developing economies of the Pacific (the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Samoa) and of Central and West Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,

244 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 Figure 5.1: Average Annual Percentage Increase in Road Networks, 1990 to Latest Year Bhutan PRC Brunei Darussalam Nepal Lao PDR Afghanistan Taipei,China Kyrgyz Republic Viet Nam Indonesia Pakistan Bangladesh Hong Kong, China Philippines Solomon Islands Mongolia Fiji Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Singapore Papua New Guinea Myanmar Cambodia Japan Sri Lanka New Zealand Azerbaijan Armenia Georgia Tajikistan Kazakhstan 2.6 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.6 4.5 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 10.0 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 5.1. and Tajikistan). In most of, twoand three-wheeled vehicles are the primary form of motorized transportation, with their share of all registered vehicles exceeding 80% in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Myanmar, and Viet Nam. Figure 5.2: Distribution of Registered Vehicles by Type, 2010 (%) Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Indonesia Kazakhstan Lao PDR Maldives Marshall Islands FSM Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Samoa Sri Lanka Taipei,China Tajikistan Timor-Leste Tonga Vanuatu Viet Nam 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cars and four-wheeled vehicles Heavy trucks Buses Others Two- to three-wheeled vehicles FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Source: Table 5.2. The increase in number of registered motor vehicles in developing economies has been accompanied by a relatively high incidence of fatal road accidents. Twenty-eight out of 35 developing Asian economies had fatality rates exceeding 10 deaths per 100,000 people, with the highest rates in (38) and and Viet Nam (25 each). By contrast, the number of fatalities in developed regional economies averaged about

Transport and Communications 245 six per 100,000 people (Table 5.3). Notably, the three economies with the highest levels of road traffic deaths per 1,000 people were also among those with the highest percentage of two- and three-wheeled registered vehicles. Figure 5.3 provides a breakdown of road deaths by type of vehicle. According to the ADB Road Safety Action Plan 2012, developing economies relatively high fatality rates are the result of underdeveloped road networks; mixed traffic; limited availability of traffic engineering expertise; governance issues; and rapid growth of the vehicle fleet, particularly motorcycles. Moreover, road deaths are concentrated among poorer households, which have fewer resources to draw on in times of emergency or income loss. The ADB plan quotes estimates that the cost to developing economies from road accidents in 2007 was about 2.0% of their total gross domestic product, or $96 billion each year. Measures including safer road construction, better protection for pedestrians, stricter enforcement of traffic regulations, and road safety education can sharply reduce road deaths. Nearly half of the 32 economies with available data have reduced their fatalities per 100,000 people since 2000, often sharply. For example, three economies the Republic of Korea; Taipei,China; and lowered their fatality rates by at least 40% between 2000 and 2010 (IRF World Road Statistics). The region s rail networks are heavily concentrated in three economies the PRC,, and Japan. Taipei,China and have been the most aggressive in the region in terms of extending the length of their rail systems, with increases of 59.6% and 38.0%, respectively, in 1990 2012. In terms of rail network density kilometers of rail lines per 1,000 square kilometers this represented an annual average increase of 1.8% for Taipei,China and 1.6% for (Figure 5.4). Figure 5.3: Distribution of Road Deaths by Type of Vehicle, 2010 (%) Bhutan Cook Islands Japan Kazakhstan Kiribati Kyrgyz Republic Marshall Islands New Zealand Pakistan Palau Singapore Solomon Islands Vanuatu Source: Table 5.3. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Four-wheeled vehicle Two- to three-wheeled vehicle Cyclists Pedestrian Others Figure 5.4: Average Annual Percentage Increase in Rail Network Density, 1990 2012 Taipei,China PRC Cambodia 0.36 0.16 Bangladesh 0.15 Sri Lanka 0.03 Philippines 0.00 Japan 0.04 Kazakhstan 0.05 Georgia 0.05 Armenia 0.10 Mongolia 0.25 Pakistan 0.54 Viet Nam 0.63 PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 5.4. 1.80 1.64 1.37 1.01 0.85 0.78 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

246 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 The PRC has invested heavily in railways, extending its total rail routes by 24.2% between 1990 and 2012, making its network the largest in the region (Table 5.4)., with the region s largest rail network in 1990 and the second-largest in 2012, expanded its rail lines 3.3% over this period. From 1990 to 1999, the length of the rail networks in New Zealand declined by 2.9% while in, it declined by 0.6% from 1990 2011. The length of rail networks also declined in Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, and Viet Nam over the same period. Air traffic has increased significantly in much of East, South, and since 1990. There were smaller increases, and even some declines, in air traffic in and the Pacific. The PRC experienced an increase in air carrier departures between 1990 and 2012, with the total number of takeoffs rising from 196,000 to 2.8 million (Table 5.6). On an average annual basis, this represented growth of 12.8% per year (Figure 5.5). Only Viet Nam (22.0%) and Vanuatu (20.4%) had more rapid annual increases over this period. At the other end of the spectrum, several economies in (Azerbaijan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Turkmenistan) and the Pacific (Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands) had lower levels of air traffic in 2012 than in 1990. The PRC accounted for nearly half of all container port traffic in Asia and the Pacific in 2012. At 155,000 million twenty-foot equivalent units (teu), container port traffic in the PRC in 2012 was nearly equal to the sum of all such traffic in the rest of Asia and the Pacific combined (Figure 5.6). The next largest amounts were in Singapore (32,422 teu) and Hong Kong, China (23,100 teu). Between 2000 and 2012, container port traffic rose in all 14 economies in Asia and the Pacific for which data are available. Figure 5.5: Average Annual Percentage Increase in Air Carrier Departures, 1990 2012 Viet Nam Vanuatu PRC Kazakhstan Singapore Lao PDR Bhutan Sri Lanka Philippines Afghanistan Armenia Georgia Indonesia Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Tajikistan Japan New Zealand Taipei,China Bangladesh Uzbekistan Hong Kong, China Nepal Pakistan Mongolia Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Fiji Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Turkmenistan 22.0 20.4 12.8 9.7 7.8 7.7 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.5 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.3 9.4 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 5.6. Figure 5.6: Share of Container Port Traffic in Asia and the Pacific, 2012 Hong Kong, China 7.0% Singapore 9.8% PRC 47.0% PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 5.7. 6.5% 6.3% Japan 5.6% 3.0% Indonesia 2.8% 2.2% 2.2% Others 7.4%

Transport and Communications 247 Mobile phone subscriptions have risen at very rapid rates since 2000. Figure 5.7 shows that economies with the largest number of mobile phones in 2013 were the PRC, where the number soared from 85.3 million in 2000 to 1.2 billion in 2013;, up from just 3.6 million in 2000 to 886.3 million in 2013; and Indonesia, up from 3.7 million to 303.7 million over 13 years. A number of least developed economies recorded rapid percentage increases in mobile phone subscriptions over this period, including Afghanistan (from 25,000 to 21.4 million), Bhutan (from 2,300 to 544,300), Myanmar (from 13,400 to 6,832,400), and Solomon Islands (from 1,200 to 323,100). Growth rates for fixed telephone line penetration have been moderate, with rates falling in some economies as mobile phones have become more available. Between 2000 and 2013, the number of fixed-line phones more than doubled in the following developing economies: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Georgia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, the Lao PDR, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Viet Nam (Table 5.8). At the same time, the rate of penetration of fixed-line phones showed only small increases in many economies, including higherincome economies such as Singapore and Japan. Penetration rates fell in Brunei Darussalam, Fiji,,, the Maldives, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Fixed broadband internet penetration rates have increased throughout the region but remain low in many economies. Although the number of fixed broadband internet subscriptions has soared since 2000 (Figure 5.8), the region s average penetration level the number of subscriptions per 100 inhabitants was 6.7, below the global average of 11.2, according to the International Telecommunications Union. Higher-income economies had penetration levels above 25 per 100 inhabitants, but for 74% of the economies of Asia and the Pacific, the penetration level was below 5. Figure 5.7: Mobile Phone Subscriptions, 2000 and 2013 ( 000) Armenia Georgia Turkmenistan Kyrgyz Republic Tajikistan Azerbaijan Afghanistan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Pakistan Mongolia Hong Kong, China Taipei,China PRC Bhutan Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Lao PDR Myanmar Singapore Cambodia Philippines Viet Nam Indonesia Marshall Islands Tuvalu Nauru Kiribati Palau FSM Tonga Samoa Vanuatu Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Fiji Papua New Guinea New Zealand Japan 0 25 21,388 2 544 13 6,832 1 323 85,260 3,577 3,669 303,695 150,000 300,000 2000 2013 886,304 1,229,113 FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 5.8. 450,000 600,000 750,000 900,000 1,050,000 1,200,000 1,350,000

248 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 Figure 5.8: Fixed Broadband Internet Subscriptions per 100 People, 2010 and 2013 Armenia Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Georgia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Pakistan Afghanistan Hong Kong, China Taipei,China Mongolia PRC Sri Lanka Maldives Bhutan Bangladesh Nepal Singapore Viet Nam Brunei Darussalam Philippines Indonesia Lao PDR Cambodia Myanmar Data issues and comparability Recent and complete data for all types of road indicators are scarce. Consequently, writers can describe, but not draw, analytical results that may be needed to convince policy makers to adopt corrective measures. The most recent data are usually 2 3 years lagged. Some subregions, especially the Pacific, have incomplete or no data. The problems with the data organization, collection, compilation, and dissemination pose a continuing challenge and affect the availability, quality, and timeliness of road statistics. Most data on telephone and internet subscriptions come from questionnaires the International Telecommunications Union sent to participating countries. Other information and reports are sourced from the ministries in charge of telecommunication and staff estimates. Samoa Marshall Islands Fiji Vanuatu Palau Nauru Tonga Timor-Leste Cook Islands Papua New Guinea FSM Solomon Islands Tuvalu Kiribati New Zealand Japan 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2010 2013 FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table 5.9.

Transport and Communications Transport 249 Table 5.1: Road Indicators Network Roads, Total Network (thousand kilometers) Road Density (kilometers of road per thousand square kilometers of land area) Paved Roads (% of total roads) Access to an All-Season Road (% of rural population) Latest Year Growth Rate a Latest Year Growth Rate a Latest Year Growth Rate a Latest Year Afghanistan 42.2 (2006) 4.5 64.6 (2006)... 29.3 (2006) 5.1... Armenia 7.7 (2010) 0.0 270.5 (2010) 0.0 93.6 (2009) 0.3... Azerbaijan 52.9 (2006) 0.1 640.7 (2006)... 50.6 (2006) 5.0 67.0 (2002) Georgia 20.3 (2007) 0.4 292.5 (2007) 0.4 94.1 (2007) 0.0... Kazakhstan 96.8 (2009) 2.6 35.9 (2009)... 88.5 (2009) 2.5... Kyrgyz Republic 34.0 (2007) 3.5 177.3 (2007)... 91.1 (2001) 0.1 75.6 (1998) Pakistan 258.4 (2009) 2.3 335.1 (2009) 2.3 65.4 (2006) 1.2 61.3 (2004) Tajikistan 27.8 (2001) 0.7 198.4 (2000) 0.7 82.7 (1995) 2.9 73.7 (2003) Turkmenistan 24.0 (2001) 1.1 51.1 (2000) 1.2 81.2 (2001) 0.9... Uzbekistan 81.6 (2001) 1.1 191.8 (2000) 1.2 87.3 (2001) 0.9 57.0 (2000) China, People s Rep. of 3,860.8 (2009) 6.4 413.9 (2009)... 53.5 (2008) 1.6... Hong Kong, China 2.1 (2009) 1.7 1,967.4 (2009) 1.7 100.0 (2010)... 105.0 (2009) 3.3 1,081.2 (2009) 3.4 79.3 (2009) 0.5... Mongolia 49.3 (2002) 1.3 31.7 (2002) 1.3 3.5 (2002) 8.5 36.0 (2003) Taipei,China 42.0 (2012) 4.2 1,161.0 (2012) 4.2......... Bangladesh 239.2 (2003) 1.9 1,837.8 (2003) 1.9 9.5 (2003) 2.3 37.0 (2000) Bhutan 8.1 (2003) 10.0 200.9 (2003)... 62.0 (2003) 1.7 47.0 (2003) 4,109.6 (2008) 4.1 1,382.2 (2008) 4.1 49.5 (2008) 0.3 60.0 (2001) Maldives 0.1 (2005)... 293.3 (2005)... 100.0 (2005)...... Nepal 19.9 (2008) 6.1 138.6 (2008)... 53.9 (2008) 2.0 17.2 (2003) Sri Lanka 97.3 (2003) 0.3 1,551.4 (2003) 0.3 81.0 (2003) 8.0... Brunei Darussalam 3.0 (2008) 6.2 564.0 (2008)... 81.1 (2008) 5.4... Cambodia 38.3 (2004) 0.5 216.7 (2004) 0.5 6.3 (2004) 1.2 80.7 (2003) Indonesia 476.3 (2009) 2.7 262.9 (2009) 2.7 56.9 (2009) 1.2... Lao PDR 39.6 (2009) 5.6 171.4 (2009)... 13.7 (2009) 2.9 64.4 (2002) 90.1 (2006) 3.3 300.5 (2004)... 82.8 (2006) 1.1... Myanmar 27.0 (2005) 0.5 41.3 (2005) 0.5 11.9 (2005) 0.6... Philippines 200.0 (2003) 1.7 670.9 (2003) 1.7 9.9 (2003) 5.6... Singapore 3.4 (2009) 1.0 4,794.3 (2009) 0.7 100.0 (2009) 0.2... 180.1 (2006) 5.9 352.4 (2006) 5.9 98.5 (2000) 5.9... Viet Nam 160.1 (2007) 3.0 516.3 (2007) 3.3 47.6 (2007) 4.2 83.5 (2004) Cook Islands..................... Fiji 3.4 (2001) 1.1 188.3 (2000) 1.2 49.2 (2001) 0.9... Kiribati 0.7 (2001)... 827.2 (2000)............ Marshall Islands..................... Micronesia, Fed. States of 0.2 (2001)... 342.9 (2000)... 17.5 (2001) 0.9... Nauru..................... Palau..................... Papua New Guinea 19.6 (2001) 0.5 43.3 (2000) 0.6 3.5 (2001) 0.8 68.0 (1997) Samoa 2.3 (2001)... 279.2 (1998)... 14.2 (2001) 16.5... Solomon Islands 1.4 (2001) 1.3 49.7 (2000) 1.4 2.4 (2001) 1.4... Timor Leste.................. 89.5 (2001) Tonga 0.7 (2001)... 944.4 (2000)... 27.0 (2001) 0.0... Tuvalu..................... Vanuatu 1.1 (2001)... 87.8 (2000)... 23.9 (2001) 0.9... 817.1 (2009) 0.0 106.4 (2009) 0.0 43.5 (2009) 1.1... Japan 1,207.9 (2009) 0.4 3,313.8 (2009) 0.4 80.1 (2009) 0.8... New Zealand 94.3 (2010) 0.1 358.0 (2010) 0.1 66.2 (2010) 0.8...... = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, 0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Average compound annual growth rate since 1995 for Samoa and Tonga; 1994 for Azerbaijan and the Philippines; 1991 for Bangladesh,, and Sri Lanka; and 1990 for the rest of the regional members. Sources: International Road Federation; ADB estimates; for Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development.

250 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 Transport Table 5.2: Road Indicators Vehicles Number of Registered Vehicles in 2010 Total By Type Cars and Four- Two- to Three- Thousand Per 1,000 people Heavy Trucks Buses Others Wheeled Wheeled Afghanistan 731.4 28.1 471,804 84,507 120,082 54,644 391 Armenia 300.1 92.3 247,723 28 40,924 11,396 20 Azerbaijan 982.6 108.5 815,683 1,643 118,460 29,569 17,198 Georgia 736.5 (2011) 166.0 610,537 2,585 106,119 17,229... Kazakhstan 3,250.0 199.2 2,686,748 64,103 287,509 93,956 117,650 Kyrgyz Republic 430.3 79.4 400,838 7,744... 21,732... Pakistan 7,853.0 45.3 1,849,229 4,506,948 216,119 198,790 1,081,936 Tajikistan 357.9 47.0 297,341 8,480 37,395 14,653 Turkmenistan..................... Uzbekistan..................... China, People s Rep. of 207,061.3 155.0............... Hong Kong, China..................... 19,710.8 398.9 13,631,769 1,825,474 3,203,808 1,049,725 Mongolia 366.0 133.6............... Taipei,China a 22,346.4 (2012) 958.4 6,091,324 15,139,628 1,023,486 31,098 60,862...... Bangladesh 1,624.9 10.9 529,215 975,682 81,561 38,101 303 Bhutan 57.6 (2011) 81.4 37,538 9,094 7,116 277 3,593 114,952.0 (2009) 98.6 15,313,000 82,402,000 6,041,000 1,486,000 9,710,000 Maldives 50.1 (2011) 123.2 6,539 41,095 2,299 119 Nepal 1,178.9 (2011) 44.3 133,992 891,018 47,930 35,100 70,871 Sri Lanka 3,954.3 191.5 619,500 2,630,375 296,692 84,280 323,464 Brunei Darussalam 349.3 903.0............... Cambodia b 1,652.5 115.5 244,267 1,372,525 32,775 3,240 Indonesia 72,693.0 305.9 8,148,330 60,152,752 3,296,315 1,095,554 Lao PDR 1,008.8 161.2 167,882 812,629 2,825 25,452 20,188.6 706.2 9,114,920 9,441,907 966,177 69,149 596,412 Myanmar 2,326.6 (2011) 38.5 269,423 1,911,040 65,579 21,578 59,019 Philippines 6,634.9 71.9 2,770,591 3,482,149 347,182 34,933... Singapore 945.8 186.3............... 28,484.8 432.1 9,887,706 17,322,538 816,844 137,943 319,798 Viet Nam c 33,166.4 381.5 556,945 31,452,503 552,244 97,468 67,607 Cook Islands 9.4 398.3 4,470 4,849... 25 95 Fiji 77.6 (2011) 90.9............... Kiribati 1.6 15.7 975 480... 163 Marshall Islands 1.9 34.9 1,715 37 55 85 Micronesia, Fed. States of 8.3 81.1 7,356 96 747 138 Nauru..................... Palau 5.8 318.7............... Papua New Guinea..................... Samoa 15.0 80.3 13,491 153 1,028 293 Solomon Islands 16.8 31.8............... Timor Leste 9.7 9.1 1,684 7,370 586 20 Tonga 5.8 56.5 4,411 62 1,285 48 Tuvalu..................... Vanuatu 5.2 (2011) 20.5 3,974 118 227 834 16,061.1 729.0 14,729,873 660,107 397,871 86,367 186,880 Japan 89,871.1 701.7............... New Zealand 3,227.0 738.8 2,979,000 113,000 112,000 8,300 14,700... = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Combination of trucks and wagon in the category Heavy Trucks. b Data for vehicle types do not add up to total. c Includes 439,644 destroyed or unacounted vehicles. Sources: World Health Organization; ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development.

Transport and Communications Transport 251 Table 5.3: Road Indicators Safety Estimated Road Traffic Deaths Road Users Deaths in 2010 in 2010 (%) Death Rate Four-Wheeled Two- to Three- Total Cyclists Pedestrian Others (per 100,000 population) Vehicle Wheeled Vehicle Afghanistan..................... Armenia 558 18 54.1...... 43.9 2.0 Azerbaijan 1,202 13 62.6... 0.7 36.0 0.8 Georgia 685 16...... 0.3 25.0 74.7 Kazakhstan 3,514 22 68.4 2.4 0.4 24.4 4.4 Kyrgyz Republic 1,022 19 21.7 0.6 0.2 17.7 59.8 Pakistan 30,131 17 16.1 38.6 40.9 4.4 Tajikistan 1,244 18 53.0... 4.6 42.1 0.2 Turkmenistan..................... Uzbekistan..................... China, People s Rep. of 275,983 21 22.6 34.5 10.4 25.0 7.6 Hong Kong, China..................... 6,784 14 24.9 19.7 5.3 37.8 12.3 Mongolia 491 18 39.7 18.7 0.2 25.1 16.3 Taipei,China..................... Bangladesh 17,289 12............... Bhutan 96 13 60.8 2.5 5.1 31.7 231,027 19 15.5 32.4 4.6 8.7 38.7 Maldives 6 2 50.0 33.3 16.7 Nepal 4,787 16............... Sri Lanka 2,854 14 67.5...... 32.5... Brunei Darussalam..................... Cambodia 2,431 17 11.8 66.6 4.0 12.0 5.7 Indonesia 42,434 18 6.1 35.7 1.7 21.1 35.4 Lao PDR 1,266 20 14.6 74.4 1.3 6.3 3.4 7,085 25 26.0 58.7 2.8 9.1 3.4 Myanmar 7,177 15 26.2 22.9 8.6 26.5 15.9 Philippines 8,499 9............... Singapore 259 5 8.8 46.1 8.3 28.5 8.3 26,312 38 13.3 73.5 3.0 7.8 2.5 Viet Nam 21,651 25............... Cook Islands 2 10 100.0 Fiji..................... Kiribati 6 6 16.7 33.3 50.0 Marshall Islands 4 7 25.0 75.0 Micronesia, Fed. States of 2 2............... Nauru..................... Palau 3 15 100.0 Papua New Guinea..................... Samoa 30 16............... Solomon Islands 79 15 22.2 44.4 33.3 Timor Leste 219 20............... Tonga 6 6 50.0 16.7 33.3 Tuvalu..................... Vanuatu 39 16 33.3 66.7 1,363 6 67.9 16.4 2.9 12.8 0.1 Japan 6,625 5 31.2 17.7 16.2 34.6 0.3 New Zealand 398 9 69.1 13.3 2.7 9.3 5.6... = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Source: World Health Organization.

252 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 Transport Table 5.4: Rail Indicators Rail Lines (total route, kilometers) Rail Network, Length per Land Area (kilometers per thousand square kilometers) 1990 2000 2012 1990 2000 2012 Afghanistan.................. Armenia 845 842 826 29.7 29.7 29.0 Azerbaijan... 2,116 2,068... 25.6 25.0 Georgia 1,583 1,562 1,566 (2011) 22.8 22.7 22.5 Kazakhstan 14,465 13,545 14,319 5.4 5.0 5.3 Kyrgyz Republic...... 417...... 2.2 Pakistan 8,775 7,791 7,791 11.4 10.1 10.1 Tajikistan...... 621...... 4.4 Turkmenistan... 2,529 (2005) 3,115... 5.4 (2005) 6.6 Uzbekistan... 3,645 4,192... 8.6 9.9 China, People s Rep. of 53,378 58,656 66,298 5.7 6.2 7.1 Hong Kong, China.................. 3,091 3,123 3,650 31.7 31.6 37.6 Mongolia 1,920 1,810 1,818 1.2 1.2 1.2 Taipei,China 1,105 1,190 1,764 73.0 79.0 108.0 Bangladesh 2,746 2,768 2,835 21.1 21.3 21.8 Bhutan.................. 62,367 62,759 64,460 20.9 21.1 21.7 Maldives.................. Nepal.................. Sri Lanka 1,453 1,449 (2004) 1,463 (2008) 23.2 23.1 23.3 Brunei Darussalam.................. Cambodia 600 601 650 (2005) 3.4 3.4 3.7 Indonesia... 3,370 4,684... 1.9 2.6 Lao PDR.................. 1,668 1,622 2,250 5.1 4.9 6.8 Myanmar 3,336 3,336 (1991)... 4.9...... Philippines 479 491 479 (2008) 1.6 1.6 1.6 Singapore.................. 3,861 4,103 5,327 7.3 7.9 10.4 Viet Nam 2,832 3,142 2,347 8.7 8.7 7.6 Cook Islands.................. Fiji.................. Kiribati.................. Marshall Islands.................. Micronesia, Fed. States of.................. Nauru.................. Palau.................. Papua New Guinea.................. Samoa.................. Solomon Islands.................. Timor Leste.................. Tonga.................. Tuvalu.................. Vanuatu.................. 6,612 9,499 8,615 (2011) 0.9 1.2 1.1 Japan 20,254 20,165 20,140 55.8 55.3 55.3 New Zealand 4,029 3,913 (1999)... 15.3 14.9 (1999)...... = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Sources: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=rail+indicators (accessed 9 June 2014); ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y123.pdf

Transport and Communications Transport 253 Table 5.5: Railways, Passengers Carried, and Goods Transported Passengers Carried (million passenger-km) Goods Transported (million ton-km) 1990 2000 2010 2012 1990 2000 2010 2012 Afghanistan........................ Armenia 316 47 50 50 4,884 354 346 346 Azerbaijan 791 (1995) 493 917 591 37,288 5,770 8,250 8,212 Georgia 1,969 453 655 641 (2011) 15,477 3,912 6,228 6,055 (2011) Kazakhstan 19,734 10,215 15,448 18,498 406,963 124,983 213,174 235,846 Kyrgyz Republic... 45 (2006) 99 76... 715 (2006) 738 923 Pakistan 19,964 18,495 24,731 20,619 5,709 3,754 6,187 1,757 Tajikistan... 50 (2005) 33 24 10,657 1,326 808 555 Turkmenistan... 1,286 (2005) 1,811 1,811... 8,670 (2005) 11,992 11,992 Uzbekistan 5,368 (1994) 2,163 2,905 3,025 18,868 (1994) 15,441 22,282 22,482 China, People s Rep. of 263,530 441,468 791,158 795,639 1,060,100 1,333,606 2,451,185 2,518,310 Hong Kong, China........................ 29,863 28,097 33,027 21,603 13,663 10,803 9,452 9,996 Mongolia 570 1,070 1,220 1,399 5,088 4,293 1,0287 11,418 Taipei,China 8,323 12,624 20,931 24,208............ Bangladesh 4,587 3,941 7,305 7,305 651 777 710 710 Bhutan........................ 295,644 430,666 903,465 978,508 235,785 305,201 600,548 625,723 Maldives........................ Nepal........................ Sri Lanka 2,781 3,175 (1999) 4,767 (2008)... 164 88 135 (2008)... Brunei Darussalam........................ Cambodia 34 45 45 (2005)... 24 92 92 (2005)... Indonesia 9,290 16,196 (1998) 14,344 (2008) 20,283 3,190 4960 (1998) 4,390 (2008) 7,166 Lao PDR........................ 1,840 1,312 1,527 3,293 1,404 907 1,384 3,071 Myanmar 3,702... 4,163 (2006)... 388... 885 (2006)... Philippines 341 171 83 (2006)... 12... 1 (2004)... Singapore........................ 11,612 9,935 8,037 7,504 3,291 3,384 3,161 2,455 Viet Nam 1,913 3,200 4,378 4,558 847 1,902 3,901 3,959 Cook Islands........................ Fiji........................ Kiribati........................ Marshall Islands........................ Micronesia, Fed. States of........................ Nauru........................ Palau........................ Papua New Guinea........................ Samoa........................ Solomon Islands........................ Timor-Leste b........................ Tonga........................ Tuvalu........................ Vanuatu........................ 1,093 (1997) 1,265 1,500... 22,579 34,050 64,172 59,649 Japan 237,551 240,793 244,235 244,591 26,803 22,313 20,432 20,255 New Zealand 370 (1991) (1999)...... 2,744 4,078......... = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, km = kilometer, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Sources: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=rail+indicators&language=&format= (accessed 9 June 2014); for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y123.pdf

254 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 Transport Table 5.6: Air Transport Carrier Departures Worldwide (number of takeoffs) Freight (million ton-km) Passenger Carried (thousands) 1990 2000 2012 1990 2000 2012 1990 2000 2012 Afghanistan 5,300 3,409 17,775 9.4 8 116.7 241 150 1,738 Armenia 2,200 (1996) 4,406 6,043 11.8 (1996) 8.8 3.0 358 (1996) 298 365 Azerbaijan 22,200 (1993) 8,012 16,597 19.9 (1992) 47.2 13.0 1,455 (1992) 546 1,560 Georgia 1,300 (1994) 1,906 3,487 1.8 (1994) 2.0 0.8 170 (1994) 118 189 Kazakhstan 5,900 (1993) 8,041 44,970 32.2 (1992) 11.8 49.2 5,273 (1992) 461 4,207 Kyrgyz Republic 10,400 (1993) 6,051 7,719 0.7 (1993) 3.7 0.8 464 (1993) 241 495 Pakistan 66,100 63,956 67,208 420.5 340.3 277.0 5,180 5,294 7,747 Tajikistan 3,200 (1994) 3,953 6,799 2.5 (1993) 2.0 8.5 783 (1993) 168 847 Turkmenistan 12,500 (1994) 21,858 1,441 2.3 (1993) 11.9 2.8 748 (1993) 1,284 148 Uzbekistan 15,600 (1994) 30,075 24,328 36.7 (1992) 79.6 110.7 4,033 (1992) 1,745 2,594 China, People s Rep. of 196,000 572,921 2,779,741 818.3 3,900.1 15,568.8 16,596 61,892 318,476 Hong Kong, China 124,500 (1991) 79,182 185,536 2,325.3 (1992) 5,111.5 9,499.1 5,957 (1992) 14,378 32,247 120,100 226,910 285,000 2,459.4 7,651.3 12,290.7 15,685 34,331 39,970 Mongolia 9,800 (1991) 6,200 9,611 1.2 (1991) 8.4 9.5 616 (1991) 254 626 Taipei,China 251,823 586,560 404,695 0.7 1.2 1.1 18,723 46,430 43,547 Bangladesh 13,000 6,313 20,778 69.5 193.9 114.8 1,044 1,331 2,430 Bhutan 600 1,138 2,738... 0.5 8 34 180 125,800 198,426 660,862 662.9 547.7 1,713.0 10,862 17,299 70,501 Maldives 800 5,970...... 13.2... 9 315... Nepal 25,800 12,130 34,745 11.2 17.0 5.8 679 643 777 Sri Lanka 7,900 5,206 35,940 93.4 255.7 405.4 892 1,756 4,616 Brunei Darussalam 4,400 12,739 10,327 9.9 140.2 116.4 307 864 1,064 Cambodia... 4,648 (2002) 5,244... 4.1 (2002) 0.1... 125 (2002) 380 Indonesia 205,400 159,027 528,842 458.6 408.5 1,008.4 9,223 9,916 77,157 Lao PDR 3,400 6,411 15,836 0.8 1.7 1.0 115 211 878 130,500 169,263 343,518 574.2 1,863.8 1,944.0 10,242 16,561 39,165 Myanmar 13,800 10,329 32,354 1.1 0.8 3.5 319 438 1,540 Philippines 70,100 44,547 241,699 316.0 289.9 533.3 5,639 5,756 27,758 Singapore 30,500 71,042 154,429 1,652.5 6,004.9 7,507.1 7,046 16,704 29,067 69,500 101,591 252,369 661.0 1,712.9 2,758.4 8,201 17,392 35,725 Viet Nam 1,800 28,999 141,913... 117.3 485.1 89 2,878 17,053 Cook Islands........................... Fiji 23,500 57,776 16,011 5.1 90.8 90.9 433 586 1,225 Kiribati 2,900 3,200 (1998)... 0.8 0.8 (1998)... 25 28 (1998)... Marshall Islands 3,300 2,324... 2.5 0.2... 66 16... Micronesia, Fed. States of........................... Nauru........................... Palau........................... Papua New Guinea 62,400 27,512 37,310 14.8 22.3 28.5 931 1,100 1,630 Samoa 6,500 (1996) 10,877... 1.5 (1996) 2.2... 270 (1996) 164... Solomon Islands 11,100 11,481 6,660 1.2 (1993) 1.0 3.0 69 75 138 Timor-Leste........................... Tonga 4300 3,814...... 0.0... 35 52... Tuvalu........................... Vanuatu 300 1,402 17,834 0.1 1.8 0.2 19 102 256 255,900 382,514 611,472 1,222.3 1,730.7 2,731.1 17,553 32,578 65,158 Japan 476,000 645,087 874,677 5,068.8 8,672.0 7,035.9 76,224 109,123 98,908 New Zealand 128,300 240,046 211,624 325.1 817.1 927.1 5,866 10,781 14,146... = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, km = kilometer, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Sources: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=air+transport&language=&format= (accessed 9 June 2014); for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y125.pdf

Transport and Communications Transport 255 Table 5.7: Container Port Traffic (thousands) Container Port Traffic (teu) 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Afghanistan........................... Armenia........................... Azerbaijan........................... Georgia......... 185 254 182 226 239 249 Kazakhstan........................... Kyrgyz Republic........................... Pakistan... 1,686 1,777 1,936 1,938 2,058 2,149 2,193 2,281 Tajikistan........................... Turkmenistan........................... Uzbekistan........................... China, People s Rep. of 41,000 67,245 84,811 103,823 115,942 108,800 130,290 143,897 155,017 Hong Kong, China... 22,602 23,539 23,998 24,494 21,040 23,699 24,384 23,100 9,030 15,113 15,514 17,086 17,418 15,700 18,543 20,834 21,454 Mongolia........................... Taipei,China........................... Bangladesh 456 809 902 978 1,091 1,182 1,356 1,432 1,489 Bhutan........................... 2,451 4,982 6,141 7,398 7,672 8,014 9,753 9,979 9,826 Maldives......... 48 54 56 65 69 71 Nepal........................... Sri Lanka 1,733 2,455 3,079 3,687 3,687 3,464 4,000 4,263 4,433 Brunei Darussalam............ 90 86 99 105 109 Cambodia......... 253 259 208 224 237 246 Indonesia 3,798 5,503 4,316 6,583 7,405 7,255 8,483 8,966 9,325 Lao PDR........................... 4,642 12,198 13,419 14,829 16,094 15,923 18,267 20,139 20,867 Myanmar......... 170 180 164 190 201 209 Philippines 3,032 3,634 3,676 4,351 4,471 4,307 4,947 5,264 5,721 Singapore 17,100 23,192 24,792 28,768 30,891 26,593 29,179 30,728 32,422 3,179 5,115 5,574 6,339 6,726 5,898 6,649 7,171 7,372 Viet Nam 1,190 2,537 3,000 4,009 4,394 4,937 5,984 6,335 6,589 Cook Islands........................... Fiji........................... Kiribati........................... Marshall Islands........................... Micronesia, Fed. States of........................... Nauru........................... Palau........................... Papua New Guinea......... 282 255 262 295 314 326 Samoa........................... Solomon Islands........................... Timor Leste........................... Tonga........................... Tuvalu........................... Vanuatu........................... 3,543 5,191 5,742 6,290 6,102 6,200 6,668 7,012 7,183 Japan 13,100 17,055 18,470 19,165 18,944 16,286 18,098 19,418 18,476 New Zealand 1,067 1,603 1,807 2,312 2,318 2,325 2,463 2,517 2,799... = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic, teu = twenty foot equivalent unit. Source: World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=rail+indicators&language=&format= (accessed 9 June 2014).

256 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2014 Communications Table 5.8: Telephone and Internet Subscriptions Fixed Telephone Lines (thousands) Mobile Phone (thousands) Fixed Broadband Internet (thousands) 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 Afghanistan 29.0 95.8 25.0(2002) 21,387.7 0.0 (2002) 1.5 Armenia 533.4 578.4 17.5 3,346.3 0.0 (2001) 234.4 Azerbaijan 801.2 1,757.9 420.4 10,130.1 1.0 (2002) 1,603.4 Georgia 508.8 1,201.2 194.7 4,993.1 0.4 (2001) 444.6 Kazakhstan 1,834.2 4,384.4 197.3 29,675.6 1.0 (2003) 1,907.3 Kyrgyz Republic 376.1 461.3 9.0 6,737.5 0.0 (2002) 53.3 Pakistan 3,053.5 6,370.9 306.5 127,737.3 14.6 (2005) 1,078.0 Tajikistan 218.5 425.0 1.2 7,537.1 0.0 (2003) 5.8 Turkmenistan 364.4 602.0 7.5 6,125.3 0.1 (2008) 1.8 Uzbekistan 1,655.0 2,000.0 53.1 21,500.0 2.8 (2003) 306.3 China, People s Rep. of 144,829.0 266,985.0 85,260.0 1,229,113.0 22.7 188,909.0 Hong Kong, China 3,925.8 4,538.5 5,447.3 17,194.3 444.5 2,215.5 25,863.0 30,333.1 26,816.4 54,680.8 3,870.0 18,737.1 Mongolia 117.5 175.7 154.6 3,525.7 0.0 (2001) 139.7 Taipei,China 12,642.2 16,597.5 17,873.8 29,709.7 229.0 5,634.0 Bangladesh 491.3 1,138.9 279.0 105,051.0 43.7 (2007) 989.5 Bhutan 14.1 26.5 2.3(2003) 544.3 2.1 (2008) 20.5 32,436.1 28,894.2 3,577.1 886,304.2 50.0 (2001) 14,540.0 Maldives 24.4 22.6 7.6 625.2 0.2 (2002) 20.1 Nepal 266.9 851.2 10.2 19,864.9 1.0 (2006) 208.8 Sri Lanka 767.4 2,706.8 430.2 20,315.2 0.3 (2001) 423.5 Brunei Darussalam 80.5 56.7 95.0 468.8 1.9 (2001) 23.8 Cambodia 30.9 420.9 130.5 20,264.5 0.1 (2002) 32.6 Indonesia 6,662.6 40,165.0 3,669.3 303,695.2 4.0 3,251.8 Lao PDR 40.9 678.7 12.7 4,481.4 0.0 (2003) 9.0 4,628.0 4,535.8 5,121.7 42,996.0 4.0 (2001) 2,443.1 Myanmar 271.4 534.8 13.4 6,832.4 0.2 (2005) 95.3 Philippines 3,061.4 3,148.8 6,454.4 102,823.6 10.0 (2001) 2,572.8 Singapore 1,946.0 1,970.8 2,747.4 8,420.7 69.0 1,390.8 5,591.1 6,058.0 3,056.0 92,463.0 1.6 (2001) 4,926.0 Viet Nam 2,542.7 9,289.0 788.6 120,000.0 1.1 (2002) 5,151.4 Cook Islands.................. Fiji 86.4 75.0 55.1 891.0 7.0 (2005) 10.5 Kiribati 3.4 9.0 0.3 17.0 0.3 (2005) 1.1 Marshall Islands 4.0 5.5(2004) 0.4 0.7(2005) Micronesia, Fed. States of 9.6 10.0 0.1(2002) 31.4 0.0 (2003) 2.1 Nauru 1.8 1.9(2009) 1.2 6.8(2012) 0.4 (2010) Palau 6.9 (2002) 7.0 2.5(2002) 18.9 0.1 (2004) 1.6 Papua New Guinea 64.8 140.0 8.6 3,000.0 3.0 (2008) 11.3 Samoa 8.5 19.5(2005) 2.5 86.0(2007) 0.0 (2004) 0.2 Solomon Islands 7.7 7.6 1.2 323.1 0.2 (2004) 1.9 Timor Leste 2.0 (2003) 3.0 20.1(2003) 650.0 0.0 (2003) 0.7 Tonga 9.7 31.0 0.2 57.5 0.0 (2002) 1.7 Tuvalu 0.7 1.5 0.5(2004) 3.4 0.1 (2004) 0.7 Vanuatu 6.6 5.0 0.4 150.0 0.0 (2003) 0.3 10,050.0 10,350.0 8,562.0 24,940.0 122.8 (2001) 5,839.0 Japan 61,957.1 64,061.7 66,784.4 146,454.9 854.7 36,664.5 New Zealand 1,831.0 1,850.0 1,542.0 4,766.0 4.7 1,316.0... = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Sources: International Telecommunication Union. International Telecommunication Union World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. http://www.itu.int/en/ ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed 9 June 2014).

Transport and Communications Communications 257 Table 5.9: Telephone and Internet Subscription (per 100 people) Telephone Subscribers Mobile Phone Subscribers Internet Users 1990 2000 2010 2013 1990 2000 2010 2013 1990 2000 2010 2013 Afghanistan 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 45.8 70.0 0.0 0.0 Armenia 15.8 17.3 20.0 19.4 0.6 130.4 112.4 2.9 7.9 Azerbaijan 8.6 9.9 16.6 18.7 5.2 100.1 107.6 5.1 17.0 Georgia 9.9 10.7 25.3 27.7 4.1 90.6 115.0 5.3 10.2 Kazakhstan 8.1 12.6 25.5 26.7 1.4 121.9 180.5 5.5 11.6 Kyrgyz Republic 7.2 7.6 9.2 8.3 0.2 98.9 121.4 0.4 1.0 Pakistan 0.8 2.1 3.5 3.5 0.2 57.3 70.1 0.3 0.6 Tajikistan 4.5 3.5 4.8 5.2 0.0 77.9 91.8 0.1 0.1 Turkmenistan 6.0 8.1 10.3 11.5 0.2 63.4 116.9 0.0 0.0 Uzbekistan 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.9 0.2 75.5 74.3 0.4 1.1 China, People s Rep. of 0.6 11.3 21.6 19.3 6.7 63.2 88.7 0.0 9.3 13.6 Hong Kong, China 42.7 57.4 61.9 63.0 2.3 79.7 195.7 238.7 6.5 29.9 30.8 30.9 56.3 58.9 61.6 0.2 58.3 104.8 111.0 0.0 8.4 35.5 38.0 Mongolia 3.0 4.9 7.1 6.2 6.4 92.5 124.2 2.6 4.9 Taipei,China 31.1 57.6 70.8 71.2 0.4 81.5 119.9 127.5... 1.0 22.7 24.2 Bangladesh 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 44.9 67.1 0.3 0.6 Bhutan 0.3 2.5 3.7 3.5 55.0 72.2 1.2 2.7 0.6 3.1 2.9 2.3 0.3 62.4 70.8 0.9 1.2 Maldives 2.8 9.0 8.7 6.5 2.8 151.8 181.2 4.7 5.8 Nepal 0.3 1.2 3.1 3.1 0.0 34.3 71.5 0.2 0.8 Sri Lanka 0.7 4.1 17.2 12.7 0.0 2.3 83.6 95.5 1.1 2.0 Brunei Darussalam 13.9 24.3 19.9 13.6 0.7 28.6 108.6 112.2 5.4 5.7 Cambodia 0.0 0.3 2.5 2.8 1.1 56.7 133.9 0.2 0.2 Indonesia 0.6 3.2 17.0 16.1 0.0 1.8 87.8 121.5 0.0 0.9 1.3 Lao PDR 0.2 0.8 1.6 10.0 0.2 62.6 66.2 0.1 0.1 8.7 19.8 16.3 15.3 0.5 21.9 119.7 144.7 6.5 8.2 Myanmar 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.0 1.1 12.8 0.0 0.2 Philippines 1.0 3.9 3.6 3.2 8.3 89.0 104.5 1.8 2.6 Singapore 34.9 49.7 39.3 36.4 1.7 70.1 145.4 155.6 1.8 25.0 25.7 2.3 9.0 10.3 9.0 0.1 4.9 108.0 138.0 4.9 7.4 Viet Nam 0.2 3.1 16.1 10.1 1.0 125.3 130.9 4.1 5.6 Cook Islands 17.0 31.9 35.6... 3.1 38.5... 15.7 35.7... Fiji 5.8 10.6 15.1 8.5 6.8 81.1 101.1 2.7 1.2 Kiribati 1.7 4.1 8.6 8.8 0.4 10.8 16.6 0.9 1.1 Marshall Islands 1.1 7.7 0.9 Micronesia, Fed. States of 2.5 9.0 8.2 9.7 26.6 30.3 1.0 2.0 Nauru 13.1 17.9 11.9 61.8 0.0 4.0 Palau... 34.1 33.5... 70.9 90.4 1.2 7.6 Papua New Guinea 0.7 1.2 1.8 1.9 0.2 27.8 41.0 0.1 0.2 Samoa 2.5 4.9 1.4 0.1 0.1 Solomon Islands 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.4 0.3 21.9 57.6 0.5 0.3 Timor Leste... 0.3 0.3 43.8 57.4 0.0 0.1 Tonga 4.6 9.9 29.8 29.4 0.2 52.2 54.6 1.1 1.6 Tuvalu 1.3 7.0 12.2 14.7 16.3 34.4 2.4 7.1 Vanuatu 1.8 3.6 3.0 2.0 0.2 71.9 59.3 0.2 0.1 45.6 52.2 47.4 44.3 1.1 44.5 100.4 106.8 0.6 24.0 25.0 Japan 44.6 49.3 51.5 50.4 0.7 53.1 96.8 115.2 0.0 0.7 26.8 28.8 New Zealand 43.2 47.5 43.0 41.1 1.6 40.0 107.8 105.8 0.1 24.0 29.2... = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Sources: International Telecommunication Union. International Telecommunication Union World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. http://www.itu.int/en/ ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed 9 June 2014).