Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan ARIF HASAN WITH MANSOOR RAZA OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents Abbreviations Glossary Preface ' ix xi xiii 1. The Pakistan Context 1 Political Structure 1 Demography 3 Poverty in Pakistan 4 Physical Conditions 5 Unequal Development 7 Government Programmes for Poverty Alleviation 8 Impact of Structural Adjustment, WTO Regime,, and Globalisation 10 2. The Geographic Setting and its Relation to Sociology 13 and Migration The Northern Mountains 13 The Western Highlands 16 The Indus Plains 17 The Eastern Deserts 18 3. Migration to Pakistan 19 The Development of the Punjab Canal Colonies 19 The 1947 Migration from India: 20 - The Socio-economic Impact " 23 - The Physical Impact 24 - The Case of Sindh 24 Migration as a Result of the India-Pakistan Wars: 25 - The Kashmir War 1947-1948 25 - The 1965 and the 1971 Wars 26 Migration as a Result of the Afghan Conflict 28
vi CONTENTS The Bengali and the Burmese Migrations 30 Some Related Issues 31 4. Rural-Urban Migration 33 Scale of Migration 33 Causes of Migration 34 Process of Migration 37 Physical Impact of Migration 41 Social Impact 43 The Political Impact 46 5. Emigration 48 Causes of Emigration 49 Scale and Destinations 51 Foreign Remittances and their Impact on Pakistan's Economy 53 The Socio-economic Impact of Foreign Remittances 54 Human Smuggling and Trafficking 57 The Makran Emigration 58 Role of Emigrant Organisations in the Socio-economic Development in Pakistan 59 Emigration and Remittance Processes: 63 - Legal Processes 63 - Illegal Emigration 65 - Formal and Informal Remittance Processes 67 The Response of the State 68 6. Small Towns in Pakistan 71 Small Indus Valley Towns in History: 71 - Changes due to Colonisation 72 - Changes since Independence 74 - New Directions 74 Demographic Change and Small Towns 74 7. Three Small Towns 79 Choice of Towns 79 Reasons for the Choice 79
CONTENTS vii Mithi 81 - Social Structure 82 - Seasonal Migration 83 - Process of Change 83 - Reasons for Migration to Mithi 84 - Repercussions of Migration in the Rural Areas 85 - Reasons for Migration from Mithi 86 - Impact of Migration on Tharparkar 86 - Process of Migration 88 - Governance and Migration 88 Uch 89 - The Old Social Structure 90 - Process of Change 92 - Reasons for Migration to Uch 93 - Effect on the Rural Areas 93 - Reasons for Migration/Emigration from Uch 94 - Impact of Migration and Emigration 95 - Process of Migration 98 - Governance 98 Chiniot 99 - Social Structure 100 - Process of Change 102 - Reasons for Migration to Chiniot 103 - Reasons for Emigration from Chiniot 104 - Impact of Emigration on Chiniot 104 - Process of Migration 106 - Governance 106 8. Broad Conclusions 109 Appendix 1. Excerpts from Interviews Appendix 2. Tables - Table 1: Pakistan Population Size, Rural, Urban Ratio and Growth Rate, 1901-1998 - Table 2: Physical Conditions Pakistan - Table 3: Karachi: Demographic Change due to Partition - Table 4: Languages Spoken Pakistan/Provinces 111 154 154 155 156 156
viii CONTENTS Table 5: Migrant Population by Place of Previous Residence: Pakistan, 1981 and 1998 158 Table 6: Migrant Population by Place of Birth, 1998 Census 160 Table 7: Migrant Population by Reason of Migration, 1998 Census 161 Table 8: The Status of Migrant Population in the Urban Areas of Pakistan as a Whole and its Provinces, 1981-98 162 Table 9: Sources of Urban Growth 163 Table 10: Number of Pakistani Emigrants, 1971 to January 2007 164 Table 11: Countries of Destination 165 Table 12: Development in Economic Growth and Workers Remittances 166 Table 13: Urban Population Distribution, 1951-1998 168 Table 14: Pakistan: Urban Localities Population and Growth,1951-1998 169 Table 15: Cities of Different Sizes 172 Table 16: Mitthi Taluka (Sub-District); Selected Socio-economic indicators 1981 and 1998 174 Table 17: Ahmad Pur Tehsil (Sub-District); Selected socio-economic indicators 1981 and 1998 177 Table 18: Chiniot Tehsil (Sub-District);.Selected Socio-economic indicators 1981 and 1998 181 Table 19: Selected Indicators of Education for Bahawalpur, Jhang and Tharparkar Districts 185 Table 20: Health facilities Bahawalpur, Jhang and Tharparkar districts 189 Table 21: 1998 Person per facility in the three districts 191 Index 193